The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates, mostly of Turkic and Pashtun (Afghan) origin in mediaeval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).
Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave (Mamluk) of Muhammad Ghori, was the first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty managed to conquer large areas of northern India. Afterwards the Khilji dynasty was also able to conquer most of central India, but both failed to unite the Indian subcontinent. The sultanate is also noted for being one of the few states to repeatedly defeat the Mongol Empire.[2]
The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion and clothing. It is surmised that the Urdu language (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during this period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to have enthroned one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.
THESE WERE THE FIVE DYNASTIES AND THEIR ORIGINS:
MAMLUK DYNASTY
The Mamluk Dynasty (sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) (Persian: سلطنت مملوک‎, Hindi: ग़ुलाम ख़ानदान
was directed into Northern India by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkic general from Central Asia. It was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule India's Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290.[2][3] Aybak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator ranged between 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Qutb-ud-din Aibak (Arabic: قطب الدين أيبك‎, Persian: قطب الدین ایبک‎; lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutub Minar and the Quwwat Al Islam mosque.[1] He was of Turkic descent from central Asia(modern day Aybak, Samangan, Afghanistan), the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Ghulam dynasty (Mamluk Sultanate) of India. He ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died while playing polo in Lahore.[2]
Razia Sultana:
Raziyya al-Din (1205 – October 13, 1240) (Urdu: رضیہ سلطانہ‎, Hindi: रज़िया सुल्ताना, throne name Jalâlat ud-Dîn Raziyâ (Urdu: جلالۃ الدین رضیہ‎, Hindi: जलालत उद-दीन रज़िया, usually referred to in history as Razia Sultan, was the Sultan of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. Like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary.[1][dead link] Razia Sultana was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period, although other women ruled from behind the scenes.[2] Razia refused to be addressed as Sultana because it meant "wife or mistress of a sultan". She would answer only to the title "Sultan". Razia had all qualities of a great monarch.
Razia (also called Radiyya or Raziyya) succeeded her Turkic father Shams-ud-din Iltutmish to the Sultanate of Delhi in 1236. Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when he designated his daughter Razia as his heir apparent. Razia was the first and last women ruler of Delhi Sultnate. (According to one source, Iltumish's eldest son had initially been groomed as his successor, but had died prematurely.) But the Muslim nobility had no intention of acceding to Iltutmish's appointment of a woman as heir, and after the sultan died on April 29, 1236, Razia's brother, Rukn ud din Firuz, was elevated to the throne instead.
KHILJI DYNASTY
The Khilji dynasty (Persian: سلسله خلجی‎; Hindi: सलतनत ख़िलजी or Khalji was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin who ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and 1320.[2] It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji and became the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India. Under Ala-ud-din Khilji, the Khiljis became known for having repeatedly defended South Asia against the Mongol invasions.[3][4]
Alauddin Khilji:
Juna Khan Khilji,[1] commonly known by his title as Ala-ud-din Khilji (علاء الدین الخلجی; died 1316), was the second ruler of the Turko-Afghan[2][3][4][5] Khilji dynasty in India. He is considered the most powerful ruler of the dynasty,[6] reigning from 1296 to 1316.[1][7]
He was a brilliant strategist and an outstanding military commander who commanded forces across the Indian subcontinent. Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji is also noted in history for being one of the few rulers in the world to have repeatedly defended his empire against Mongol invasions. He defeated large Mongol armies and then launched punitive expeditions against them in Central Asia, around modern-day Afghanistan
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
The Tughlaq dynasty (Persian: سلسلہ تغلق‎, often also called "Tughluq", was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin which established a Delhi sultanate in medieval India. Its reign started in 1321 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq:
Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq (Urdu: غیاث الدین تغلق‎, Hindi: ग़ियास अल-दीन तुग़लुक़, also known as Ghazi Malik (Urdu: غازی ملِک‎, Hindi: ग़ाज़ी मलिक; died in February, 1325) was the founder and first ruler of the Muslim Tughluq dynasty (of Turkic origin) in India, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi (Sep, 08, 1320 – Feb, 1325). He has been the founder of the third city of Delhi called Tughluqabad.[1]
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, born of a Turk father and Hindu Jat mother,[2] was in origin a poor Qarauna who took service with a merchant of Sind. It is a generally held notion among the scholars that the name 'Tughlaq' belonged to a tribe or clan from which came the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. but others still think that 'Tughlaq' is the personal name of the sultan which his successors also bear for example Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq or Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Ghazi Malik or Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq came from an obscure tribe 'Qaraunah' the origin and development of which is a matter of conjecture among the historians.
SAYYID DYNASTY
The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate from 1414 to 1451. They succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled that sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty.
This family claimed to be Sayyids, or descendants of Muhammad. The central authority of the Delhi Sultanate had been fatally weakened by the successive invasion of Timur and his sack of Delhi in 1398. After a period of chaos, when no central authority prevailed, the Sayyids gained power at Delhi. Their 37-year period of dominance witnessed the rule of four different members of the dynasty.
Khizr Khan:
Khizr Khan ibn Malik Sulaiman (reigned 1414–21) was the founder of the Sayyid dynasty, the ruling dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, in northern India soon after the invasion of Timur and the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty. He was known to be an able administrator. He did not take up any royal title from fear of Amir Timur and contended himself with the titles of Rayat-i-Ala (Sublime Banners) and Masnad-i-Aali or (Most High Post). During his reign, coins were struck in the name of Amir Timur and after his death in the name of his successor Shah Rukh. After his death on 20 May 1421, he was succeeded by his son Mubarak Khan,[1] who took the title of Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah.
LODI DYNASTY
The Lodhi dynasty (Lodhi (Pashto: لودي) (Pashto: د لوديانو واکمني‎ was an Pashtun dynasty that ruled northern India, including modern day Pakistan, from 1451 to 1526. It was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty and ended after Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur from Kabulistan in the 1526 Battle of Panipat. It was during the period of the Lodi's that the first Portuguese Armada under Vasco da Gama landed in India.
Ibrahim Lodi:
Ibrahim Lodi (Pashto: ابراهیم لودي‎, Hindi: इब्राहिम लोधी; born ? – April 21, 1526) was the Sultan of Delhi in 1526 after the death of his father Sikandar. He became the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years between 1517 until being defeated and killed by Babur's invading army in 1526.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate
Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave (Mamluk) of Muhammad Ghori, was the first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty managed to conquer large areas of northern India. Afterwards the Khilji dynasty was also able to conquer most of central India, but both failed to unite the Indian subcontinent. The sultanate is also noted for being one of the few states to repeatedly defeat the Mongol Empire.[2]
The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion and clothing. It is surmised that the Urdu language (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during this period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to have enthroned one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.
THESE WERE THE FIVE DYNASTIES AND THEIR ORIGINS:
MAMLUK DYNASTY
The Mamluk Dynasty (sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) (Persian: سلطنت مملوک‎, Hindi: ग़ुलाम ख़ानदान
was directed into Northern India by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkic general from Central Asia. It was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule India's Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290.[2][3] Aybak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator ranged between 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Qutb-ud-din Aibak (Arabic: قطب الدين أيبك‎, Persian: قطب الدین ایبک‎; lit. "Axis of the Faith") was a Turkic king of Northwest India who ruled from his capital in Delhi where he built the Qutub Minar and the Quwwat Al Islam mosque.[1] He was of Turkic descent from central Asia(modern day Aybak, Samangan, Afghanistan), the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Ghulam dynasty (Mamluk Sultanate) of India. He ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died while playing polo in Lahore.[2]
Razia Sultana:
Raziyya al-Din (1205 – October 13, 1240) (Urdu: رضیہ سلطانہ‎, Hindi: रज़िया सुल्ताना
, throne name Jalâlat ud-Dîn Raziyâ (Urdu: جلالۃ الدین رضیہ‎, Hindi: जलालत उद-दीन रज़िया, usually referred to in history as Razia Sultan, was the Sultan of Delhi in India from 1236 to May 1240. Like some other Muslim princesses of the time, she was trained to lead armies and administer kingdoms if necessary.[1][dead link] Razia Sultana was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate and the Mughal period, although other women ruled from behind the scenes.[2] Razia refused to be addressed as Sultana because it meant "wife or mistress of a sultan". She would answer only to the title "Sultan". Razia had all qualities of a great monarch.Razia (also called Radiyya or Raziyya) succeeded her Turkic father Shams-ud-din Iltutmish to the Sultanate of Delhi in 1236. Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when he designated his daughter Razia as his heir apparent. Razia was the first and last women ruler of Delhi Sultnate. (According to one source, Iltumish's eldest son had initially been groomed as his successor, but had died prematurely.) But the Muslim nobility had no intention of acceding to Iltutmish's appointment of a woman as heir, and after the sultan died on April 29, 1236, Razia's brother, Rukn ud din Firuz, was elevated to the throne instead.
KHILJI DYNASTY
The Khilji dynasty (Persian: سلسله خلجی‎; Hindi: सलतनत ख़िलजी
or Khalji was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin who ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and 1320.[2] It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji and became the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India. Under Ala-ud-din Khilji, the Khiljis became known for having repeatedly defended South Asia against the Mongol invasions.[3][4]Alauddin Khilji:
Juna Khan Khilji,[1] commonly known by his title as Ala-ud-din Khilji (علاء الدین الخلجی; died 1316), was the second ruler of the Turko-Afghan[2][3][4][5] Khilji dynasty in India. He is considered the most powerful ruler of the dynasty,[6] reigning from 1296 to 1316.[1][7]
He was a brilliant strategist and an outstanding military commander who commanded forces across the Indian subcontinent. Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji is also noted in history for being one of the few rulers in the world to have repeatedly defended his empire against Mongol invasions. He defeated large Mongol armies and then launched punitive expeditions against them in Central Asia, around modern-day Afghanistan
TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
The Tughlaq dynasty (Persian: سلسلہ تغلق‎
, often also called "Tughluq", was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin which established a Delhi sultanate in medieval India. Its reign started in 1321 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq:
Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq (Urdu: غیاث الدین تغلق‎, Hindi: ग़ियास अल-दीन तुग़लुक़
, also known as Ghazi Malik (Urdu: غازی ملِک‎, Hindi: ग़ाज़ी मलिक; died in February, 1325) was the founder and first ruler of the Muslim Tughluq dynasty (of Turkic origin) in India, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi (Sep, 08, 1320 – Feb, 1325). He has been the founder of the third city of Delhi called Tughluqabad.[1]Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, born of a Turk father and Hindu Jat mother,[2] was in origin a poor Qarauna who took service with a merchant of Sind. It is a generally held notion among the scholars that the name 'Tughlaq' belonged to a tribe or clan from which came the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. but others still think that 'Tughlaq' is the personal name of the sultan which his successors also bear for example Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq or Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Ghazi Malik or Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq came from an obscure tribe 'Qaraunah' the origin and development of which is a matter of conjecture among the historians.
SAYYID DYNASTY
The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate from 1414 to 1451. They succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled that sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty.
This family claimed to be Sayyids, or descendants of Muhammad. The central authority of the Delhi Sultanate had been fatally weakened by the successive invasion of Timur and his sack of Delhi in 1398. After a period of chaos, when no central authority prevailed, the Sayyids gained power at Delhi. Their 37-year period of dominance witnessed the rule of four different members of the dynasty.
Khizr Khan:
Khizr Khan ibn Malik Sulaiman (reigned 1414–21) was the founder of the Sayyid dynasty, the ruling dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, in northern India soon after the invasion of Timur and the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty. He was known to be an able administrator. He did not take up any royal title from fear of Amir Timur and contended himself with the titles of Rayat-i-Ala (Sublime Banners) and Masnad-i-Aali or (Most High Post). During his reign, coins were struck in the name of Amir Timur and after his death in the name of his successor Shah Rukh. After his death on 20 May 1421, he was succeeded by his son Mubarak Khan,[1] who took the title of Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah.
LODI DYNASTY
The Lodhi dynasty (Lodhi (Pashto: لودي
) (Pashto: د لوديانو واکمني‎ was an Pashtun dynasty that ruled northern India, including modern day Pakistan, from 1451 to 1526. It was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty and ended after Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur from Kabulistan in the 1526 Battle of Panipat. It was during the period of the Lodi's that the first Portuguese Armada under Vasco da Gama landed in India.Ibrahim Lodi:
Ibrahim Lodi (Pashto: ابراهیم لودي‎, Hindi: इब्राहिम लोधी; born ? – April 21, 1526) was the Sultan of Delhi in 1526 after the death of his father Sikandar. He became the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years between 1517 until being defeated and killed by Babur's invading army in 1526.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate
