The Chinese Fierce Dragon fighter plane cabin designs far ultra newest F-16 and the typhoon same level
The Chinese Fierce Dragon fighter plane cabin designs far ultra newest F-16 and typhoon same level _ the Sina military _ Sina Net
After entering the supersonic time, the technical aeronautics swift development, each generation of fighter aircraft makes the huge progress on the cabin environment and the navigation electricity equipment. China and Pakistan united the development around a FC 1 fighter aircraft to experience in the recent 20 years, its navigation electricity system and the cabin designed several pass through the twists and turns, built the fruits of virtue finally, not only had the world first-class cabin environment, also had the world advanced level entire digitized navigation electricity system.
　　In ours impression, in front of the fighter pilot is always flooding the massive measuring appliances and the switch. Take the Mig 121 as the example, on the gauge board altogether more than 70 size different measuring appliance demonstration airplane various equipment's working condition, the pilot by the nearly 200 switches and button surrounding. The early fighter aircraft uses the graphic display device mostly is the mechanical and electrical -like measuring appliance, the function is simple, the use is unitary, each measuring appliance can only demonstrate that at most one, two kind of equipment's active status, airplane's function is more complex, the measuring appliance and the controlling switch are also more. The F 115 early time model's switch number even surpasses 500, the F 114 fighter aircraft's equipment are too many are too complex, more than 90 measuring appliances and more than 600 switches, must take two pilots to divide the work processing to be able to guarantee the normal use.
　　However, the fighter aircraft cabin's space is quite limited, in front of pilot's gauge board space and the area are intense, is getting more and more complex along with the fighter aircraft, electronic installation's function to be getting more and more, continues the measuring appliance to demonstrate that the special-purpose stop-go control's path is more and more may not accept. Starts from the late 60s, the American fighter aircraft has used the fire control computer. The initial computer performance and the function are quite weak, still used the positive governing, the special-purpose demonstration old plan. Along with the technology advancement, specially swift development's electricity industry, computer's data-handling capacity has assumed the geometry level promotion, the people already might use the computer to carry on the logical management to aeronautical equipment's electronic impulse signal, uses the gate the computer to be possible to use program management various equipment's signal, the pilot arranges through some cut button these the order the signal to demonstrate that in advance, the such majority frequency of use very small measuring appliance may not appear on the gauge board.
　　The traditional measuring appliance uses the mechanical and electrical composite structure generally, uses the pulse simulated signal, the computer can only use the logical gate to control these signals the switch, cannot carry on processing to it, this has wasted computer's ability obviously. The miniature digital chip's appearance, causes at the monitoring equipment end carries on the digital-analog conversion directly into possibly, does not need to output the simple signal impulse again, but is the output coding digital signal, therefore presented the digital measuring appliance. The digital measuring appliance mostly is multi-purpose, may cut measuring appliance's demonstration content through the simple peripheral cut key, thus becomes Multi-functional Displays' predecessors. Huo Niweier has produced massive military or civil multi-purpose digital colored LED, may simulate over a hundred kind of measuring appliances to demonstrate, and demonstrates many plant parameters through the programming control at the same time in a picture, but cannot the display image, the color quite be also unitary.
　　The so-called glass cabin, its concept originates from the early time starts the application Multi-functional Displays. This kind of monitor started from the mid-70s to be operational, uses traditional the cathoderay tube. Cathoderay tube before generally only uses in radar display, after the fire control computer appears, it can while the radar signal demonstrated superimposes demonstrates some related information. Because uses the computer programmable control, the Multi-functional Displays are more nimble than digital instrument's fixed grouping information demonstration, but can also superimpose the video image, therefore experimentally uses in the airplane information demonstration management. In the future this kind of design is very without doubt successful, is honored as the direction which the cockpit will develop. The fighter aircraft monitor needs to withstand the very high load, cathoderay tube Bao Zhuo the very thick glass bulb, therefore, the people the entire multifunction display's cabin named glass cabin, express the advanced design concept.
　　Cabin project analysis
　　A FC 1 fighter aircraft cabin's initial project objective is close or maintains consistent with American F 116 A/B, because the Pakistani Air force uses the most advanced fighter aircraft is F 16 Blockl5 which in 1981 purchased. In “ultra” 7 plans, Pakistan hoped that uses the F 116 same equipment, has close or the same performance, is advantageous for the training and the rear service maintenance unification. As a result of the well known reason, used the American equipment's plan to be disillusioned. after “ultra” 7 rebirths, the cabin design basic too sweeping change, only has not been changes the equipment by the US the European product. Because the 1990s was F a 16 MLU intermediate stage improve plan high tide, the European manufacturer also had is suitable massively for the F 116 standard electronic installations, this was a FC 1 choice brings is very greatly convenient. But, from “wears a sword”Ⅱ“Ultra” 7 arrive at FC again one 1, the entire plan surmounted the long more than 20 years. This more than 20 years were precisely the navigation electricity system swift development time, the time have changed, the operational goal have also changed, even the armament system has also changed, insisted that the original design was nearly impossible. Therefore, when the airplane development is close mature, a FC 1 cabin layout also finally got rid of the F 116 series shadows, develops one kind of brand-new design.
　　First, FC one 1 had determined the HOTAS design, can let pilot both hands not leave the control handle to be able to complete to the main sensor for instance radar, the electronic warfare system, the missile or the aerial cannon as well as the monitor including the even obviously major function control. A FC 1 control handle design and F 116 have many similarities, this is obviously considered Pakistani pilot's operation custom, what but is different is the joy stick has not used the F 116 sides to set at the design, but uses traditional to set at the joy stick. Because a FC 1 crosswise lateral control for the mechanical type, the longitudinal stabilizer also faxes the operation, uses the F 116 finite displacement strength to feed the type joy stick not to be obviously inappropriate. For the better man-machine relations, FC one 1 used the more advanced belt invariable strength to feed the displacement control handle, crosswise and the longitudinal control feeling will adjust the coordination the situation, the stick force and the throwout lever depth changes along with the mobile overload and the control surface strength back coupling, lets the pilot have more direct operating control feeling. This kind of displacement evolution type strength feeds the dual control patterns are in the world the most advanced steering-column control pattern, may avoid the early F 116 fights feeding mechanical effectively the pilot guidance sensation block system which the control handle creates, reduces the suggestion shake greatly the accident rate. This question not only lets F 116 fall, 122 has not been able to escape by luck including F, but 611 development several kind of fax control system airplanes not, because the fax system question has had the crashed plane record.
　　A FC 1 fighter aircraft at first at the air show and on 01, 03 prototypes the application cabin design is simpler than F 116 C/D, approaches in F 120: Has cancelled the F 116 series special radar set warning receiver monitor (the top left-hand corner), simultaneously has cancelled the right flank backup horizon, uses same as F 116 C/D “even two” the design, two 5.25 inch multi-purpose colored active LCD monitors pass in review in about both sides. However a FC 1 position is higher than F 116 C/D, central multi-purpose even obviously under also retained many measuring appliances, for instance the horizon, the speed table, the angle of attack table, under the left side Multi-functional Displays have the weapon to hang carry the control and the altimeter, the speed table, right flank is the dynamic system measuring appliance. In 2002 at the Zhuhai air show, this set of navigation electricity's simulation cabin once publicized demonstrated that and provides the simulated flight for the visitor. Said by impression then, Multi-functional Displays' sizes were small, the display board peripheral was very spatial, as if had the reservation. At that time the majority commentaries thought that such design estimate will be leaves behind the installment controlling switch's position for the later addition equipment, will present FTC looking from China at the same time 12,000 and the L 1152 kind of advanced training machine's cabin designs, approximately maintained the consistent style, will be nearly uniform “even two”, middle and the breast will retain installs part of measuring appliances, did not have to vitrify completely.
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Avionics system Xiaolong Comments: on-board computers than the F16C / D to 10 times faster
FC-1 navigation electricity system is the key key point from the very beginning, from “wears a sword”ⅡThe project starts, Pakistan locks the navigation electricity system on the advanced digital navigation electricity system. In the 1980s-90s, the Western navigation electricity system development was very quick, take standard MIL-STD 11,553 B main lines as core navigation electricity system rapid mature, presented the massive industrialization, the standardized system module, has laid the foundation for this project's implementation.
　　Pakistan's F 116 A/B uses early MIL-STD 11,553 A main lines, the new navigation electrical system sums up the construction design and its construction basic similar, uses from goes against, but the under centralism distributional structure, through two serve as each other's backup's 1553B data buses machine on all navigation electricity equipment networking, could the collection control, the sensor, the demonstration, the communication, the network and so on many kinds of technologies be a body, not can only display functions and so on traditional fire control system, aeronautical instrument, but can also realize the resource sharing, the data fusion, even partial information fusion's ability, may unify the entire vitrification cabin, provides better information for the pilot and the better man-machine contact surface.
　　A FC 1 navigation electricity system take weapon task management computer (WMMC) as a core, modular way management radar, inertial guidance, electronic warfare, communication guidance and recognition, mechanical and electrical management, external management, atmospheric data and flight control system and so on. The weapon task management system uses the high performance PPC processor's redundancy high fault-tolerant on-board computer by two is a core, manages a double redundancy 1553B data bus separately as the main line supervisor. These two computers and the main line serve as each other's backup, the run-time system operational flight software package, completes the entire navigation electricity system's task management and the operation control, meanwhile must complete fire control tasks and so on resolving, external management, information integration, data transmission, demonstrates and ways and so on pronunciation warning, and can the automatic control various subsystems' movement, monitor its movement condition. FC one 1 uses the duty computer performance is formidable, the computation speed compared to F above 116 C/D quick 10 times, the storage capacity also increased to 30 times above, 116 enters a raid of ability newly amended basically with F quite. Its duty computation uses the module type structure, may through promote the CPL sub-card or increases the CPU sub-card to further promote the performance. As a result of its core status, the promotion duty computer hardware and the software may enhance the fight flight operations electricity performance effectively, thus enhances the airplane operational performance, resists the new threat which appears unceasingly.
　　The radar radar system is the modern fighter aircraft most important navigation electron system. China in the entire the 80s (including the early 90s), suffered the setback repeatedly in the airborne radar approach aspect, on the one hand own technical force inextricability high performance pulse Doppler radar's question, the outsourcing also many times is diligently defeated by the political factor disturbance. But the urgent demand lets the radar concentration of industries energy development attack, when in 2004 a FC 1 navigation electricity project official development, the Chinese airborne radar approach already got rid has been unable to produce the advanced pulse Doppler radar's predicament. Pakistan chooses the Italian GRIFO radar at first, it was Italian FIAR Corporation in the 70s for Italy and Brazil joint production light attack airplane AMX development. In the early 90s, FIAR Corporation made a series of improvements to this kind of light radar, caused it to enter at that time most popular F a 5E/F series fighter aircraft to improve, “the illusory image”Ⅲ/5 fighter aircraft series improvement and the Mig 121/annihilate 7 fighter aircraft series improvement in the market, the accumulation sale surpasses 400. Pakistan is this kind of radar's biggest user, altogether purchased has surpassed 200 to use in “the illusory image” and annihilates 7 series fighter aircrafts. The GRIFO$2000 radar is the Italian FIAR Corporation's newest product, for the ultra 7 plan development, meanwhile has participated in European F specially 116 MLU intermediate stage long life improve plan competition.
　　The GRIFO radar designs from the very beginning uses the low side lobe dull notch antenna and the small central TW tube, has the programmable fast Fournier transformation processor, therefore has the very big expansion elastic space (and same time light radar compares); Has used the pulse compression, the frequency agility, the single pulse angulation system, has the very good electromagnetic compatibility and anti-electronic countermeasure ability, the trouble-free gap target is also splendid. First GRIFO radar construction number P2801, installed equipment the experiment in 1985, in 1988 promoted officially, is called GRIFO-ASV, was develops specially to the place to the sea fire control radar. It has ability which the very good simple target track and the sea level goal track while scan, has the terrain avoidance and real wave beam image formation ability, also has the detectability to low-altitude flying's airborne target; Uses, the low pulse rate, to model warship goal (RCS=1000 rice.)The maximum probing range amounts to 102 kilometers, to airborne target (RCS=5 square meter) biggest probing range 36 kilometers. This kind of radar purchases in Italy and Brazil on AMX altogether equips 180.
　　in 1990, the world second generation of fighter aircraft re-equipping upsurge emerged, FIAR Corporation has developed the GRIFO-X radar in the GRIFO-ASV foundation, numbered P2803. This kind of radar uses the high school low entire pulse repetition rate, the more suitable fighter aircraft use, to be possible to provide more air-to-air abilities and certain downward looking undershoot ability; Simultaneously renewed a more formidable fire control computer, may provide complex to the air-to-ground function. in 1992, this radar success obtained Singapore F a 5E/F fighter aircraft to re-equip the contract, total ordered 43, this batch of radar's serial number was P2804, and has developed the special-purpose minor diameter antenna. in 1996, this kind of radar entered Pakistan, used for to replace “the illusory image”Ⅲ/5 on “west Norah” radar. This batch of radars are in the GRIFO series the biggest one kind, is away from the ultra 111 kilometers to the sea level target detection, also surpasses 50 kilometers to the airborne target, has the downward looking ability. Pakistan is satisfied to this batch of radar's performance, therefore purchased over a hundred in 1997 to reduce antenna's radar gear to annihilate 7 series fighter aircrafts.
　　The GRIFO newest model is S2000, it is said that 166 radars is more advanced than formidable American F 116 AN/the APG. GRIFO S2000 still used the I, J wave band, some diameter 600 millimeter dull slot antennas, the antenna peak power enhances from 850 tiles to 1.5 kilowatts, needs 2 kilowatt power source supplies, the average power enhances from 350 tiles to 800 tiles; Renewed radar's digital processor, strengthened the air detection capability enormously, can, in TWS tracks while scans in the function simultaneously to track 8 goals, the maximum probing range amounts to 70 kilometers, the downward looking biggest probing range 37 kilometers. Is bigger than 120 kilometers to the sea probing range.
　　GRIFO S2000 air-to-air function: The aiming interception, uses in the airborne wrestle, the radar beam width, the scanning velocity is quick; Obviously intercepts evenly, also uses in the airborne wrestle, mainly uses in using the even obviously fire control infrared air-to-air missile, the radar scan width slightly is bigger than evenly obviously; The double target tracking pattern, mainly uses in the distant surveillance or the medium-range attack; On the one hand searches on the other hand the range finder auto-adapted, the radar basis goal characteristic automatic control pulse rate, reduces is away from fuzzily; On the one hand the search on the other hand range finder, belongs to the manual pattern, is suitable in the complex air fight environment or the electronic countermeasure environment; Simple target track, this is radar's most key property, nearly all weapons will shoot control will use this function; On the one hand the track on the other hand scans, this is uses the computer to the radar signal memory establishment multi-objective information path, uses in the tactic environmental surveillance; May deflect the scanning, is suitable appears in the goal in the airplane side; The sighting line scanning, uses in the fire control. In addition, but also has the speed to dispel doubt, the vertical interception and so on 16 kind of ground-to-air working patterns.
Italian GRIFO series airborne radar approach
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(Unfinished paternity continued)
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