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http://www.thehindu.com/news/nation...-role-in-freedom-struggle/article22445480.ece
Releases book on revolts against the British prior to 1857
The revolt by Indians against the British prior to 1857 is not known to many, more so, about the freedom movement prevalent in the Andhra region.
Throwing light on this aspect, historian Prof. K.S.S. Seshan brought out a book, Early anti-British revolts in Andhra, 1766-1857, which was unveiled at the Indian History Congress held at Jadavpur University, Kolkata recently. The book was released by Prof. Irfan Habib, considered a doyen among historians.
The work compiles the numerous struggles carried out in the Andhra region against the British, much before the outbreak of the 1857 sepoy mutiny. “The book deals with such early revolts from the time the Company started acquiring the Andhra region in 1766,” Prof. Seshan told The Hindu.
The revolt had its roots mostly in disproportionate revenue sharing or the lack of respect shown by the Company for local chieftains. In the Circar region, the Zamindars revolted over the quantum of revenue, while the rebellion of minor Zamindars in the agency area was a result of the Company's utter disregard to them.
The Chittoor Palegars raised a banner of revolt with the dispossession of Arcot Nawabs. “The Wahabi movement and the role of Rasool Khan, the Nawab of Kurnool, the courage with which the Hyderabad prince Mubarez-ud-Daulah conspired, though unsuccessfully, against the British and the valour of Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy against the Company armies in 1846 serve as inspiring examples for posterity,” Prof. Seshan explained.
The work also highlights the Visakhapatnam, the Mominabad and the Bolaram mutinies, which are examples of the courage of conviction of the native sepoys in the British army.
A former professor and head of history at the University of Hyderabad, Prof. Seshan hails from Chittoor district and obtained his Ph.D. from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. He also taught at Besant Theosophical College, Madanapalle and founded the history department at Assam Central University, Silchar, before moving to Hyderabad.
An executive member of IHC, the highest body of professional historians in India, Prof. Seshan feels that the book captured and projected the rebellious spirit of the natives against colonial injustices, both on civil and military fronts.
The stage is set for the conduct of the State festival, ‘Rottela panduga’, amid tight security from Friday.
The ‘Rotiyaan-ki-Eid’ at the Bara Shaheed Dargah, a mausoleum of 12 tombs of martyred warriors, who had sacrificed their lives fighting against the British forces.
The saints here are known to preach communal harmony to devotees from across all communities. In fact, it is claimed that the saints of the shrine are the descendants of the Holy Messenger Hazrat Muhammad S.A.W.S. The masjid is believed to have been constructed in 1683.
The then-Nawab of Sidhout Taluk, Nawab Nek nam Khan, had even changed the name of the area to Neknamabaad, on the advice of Perullah Hussaini. Neknamabaad eventually became Kadapa.
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But in A. D, 1309 came the invasion by the mongols during the reign of the Khilji Emperor AllahHid-din., Pratāparudra (r. c. 1289-1323), also known as Rudradeva II, was the ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty of India, In 1310, Rudradeva II faced Mongol invasion from the Muslim Delhi Sultanate.
Around 1308, Alauddin sent his general Malik Kafur to Devagiri, after Ramachandra discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296. Malik Kafur returned to Delhi after forcing Ramachandra to become Alauddin's vassal. Prataparudra determined that the mongol forces were likely to invade Deccan again, and therefore, he reorganized his defence set-up. He is said to have raised an army of 900,000 archers, 20,000 horses and 100 elephants. Despite these preparations, when Malik Kafur was in Warangal in 1310, Prataparudra was forced to negotiate a truce. He surrender a substantial amount of wealth to the mongol invaders, and agreed to become a tributary to Alauddin. Subsequently, he maintained friendly relations with Alauddin.
Malik Kafur also known as Taj al-Din Izz al-Dawla, In 1306, Alauddin sent an army led by Kafur to Punjab to repulse a Mongol invasion from the Chagatai Khanate. The Mongol army had advanced up to the Ravi River, ransacking the territories along the way. This army included three contingents, led by Kopek, Iqbalmand, and Tai-Bu. Malik Kafur completely routed the Mongol army, with support from other commanders such as Malik Tughluq.
The 16th-century chronicler `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni also credits Kafur with leading Alauddin's army in the 1305 Battle of Amroha, but this claim is based on the erroneous identification of another officer called Malik Nayak (a.k.a. Malik Nanak) with Malik Kafur.
After Alauddin's death in 1318 mongol invasion forced him to pay tribute to Alauddin's son Mubarak Shah.
The day after Alauddin's death, Kafur convened a meeting of important officers and nobles in the palace, read out a will of the late sultan that named Shihabuddin as his successor while disinheriting Khizr Khan, and then seated Shihabuddin on the throne as the new Sultan.
Tomb of Malik Taj-ul-Mulk Kafur, the great wazir of Sultan Ala-ud-din. He was a most wise and intelligent minister, and acquired many countries, on which the horses of former sovereigns had never placed their hoofs, and he caused the Khutba of Sultan Ala-ud-din to be repeated there. He had 52,000 horsemen. His grave had been levelled with the ground, and his tomb laid low. I caused his tomb to be entirely renewed, for he was a devoted and faithful subject.
The inscriptions in the temple belong to the Chola, Pandya, Hoysala and Vijayanagar dynasties who ruled over the region. These inscriptions range in date between the 9th and 16th centuries
During the period of invasion and plunder by the mongol forces , the Ala ud Din Khilji's Muslim general Malik Kafur and his Delhi Sultanate forces in 1311 , the Arabic texts of the period stated that mongol forces raided a "golden temple" on river, destroyed the temple and took the plunder with the golden idol of the deity. The Tamil texts that followed offer various inconsistent legends on how the temple regained the Vishnu idol. According to one found in Koil Oluku, a young girl had vowed to fast till she had seen the idol.She followed the Delhi army as it returned with the loot back to Delhi.The Delhi Army Commander bring the idol from Delhi to Srirangam on a horse, symbolizing that love brought back the icon after war had taken it away by Mongol Forces.
In the early 14th Century, India was subjected to repeated invasions by mongol armies, in 1311 CE was led by Malik Kafur, Following this there were two more expeditions from the Delhi Sultanate - the second in 1314 CE, the third in 1323 CE
These invasions shattered the Pandyan empire beyond revival. While the previous invasions were content with plunder, Ulugh Khan annexed the former Pandyan dominions, India came under the Delhi's rule and military was deployed from five provinces - Devagiri, Tiling, Kampili, Dorasamudra and Ma'bar against the Mongol Forces.
The Chagatay Khan (whom Ibn Battuta visited on his way to India) had invaded India and threatened Delhi, the new capital city about 1323. But the armies of the feisty Sultan Muhammad Tughluq in Delhi had chased them back across the Indus River.
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