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The USA has classed MQM as a "Tier 3 terrorist" organization

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

BUREAU OF COUNTERTERRORISM

Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) are foreign organizations that are designated by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended. FTO designations play a critical role in our fight against terrorism and are an effective means of curtailing support for terrorist activities and pressuring groups to get out of the terrorism business.

Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Date Designated

Name

10/8/1997

Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)

10/8/1997

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

10/8/1997

Aum Shinrikyo (AUM)

10/8/1997

Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)

10/8/1997

Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) (IG)

10/8/1997

HAMAS

10/8/1997

Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM)

10/8/1997

Hizballah

10/8/1997

Kahane Chai (Kach)

10/8/1997

Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) (Kongra-Gel)

10/8/1997

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

10/8/1997

National Liberation Army (ELN)

10/8/1997

Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)

10/8/1997

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)

10/8/1997

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLF)

10/8/1997

PFLP-General Command (PFLP-GC)

10/8/1997

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

10/8/1997

Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N)

10/8/1997

Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)

10/8/1997

Shining Path (SL)

10/8/1999

al-Qa’ida (AQ)

9/25/2000

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

5/16/2001

Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA)

12/26/2001

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM)

12/26/2001

Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LeT)

3/27/2002

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (AAMB)

3/27/2002

Asbat al-Ansar (AAA)

3/27/2002

al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

8/9/2002

Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army (CPP/NPA)

10/23/2002

Jemaah Islamiya (JI)

1/30/2003

Lashkar i Jhangvi (LJ)

3/22/2004

Ansar al-Islam (AAI)

7/13/2004

Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)

12/17/2004

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG)

12/17/2004

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (formerly al-Qa'ida in Iraq)

6/17/2005

Islamic Jihad Union (IJU)

3/5/2008

Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI-B)

3/18/2008

al-Shabaab

5/18/2009

Revolutionary Struggle (RS)

7/2/2009

Kata'ib Hizballah (KH)

1/19/2010

al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

8/6/2010

Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI)

9/1/2010

Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP)

11/4/2010

Jundallah

5/23/2011

Army of Islam (AOI)

9/19/2011

Indian Mujahedeen (IM)

3/13/2012

Jemaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT)

5/30/2012

Abdallah Azzam Brigades (AAB)

9/19/2012

Haqqani Network (HQN)

3/22/2013
Ansar al-Dine (AAD)

11/14/2013
Boko Haram

11/14/2013
Ansaru
12/19/2013
al-Mulathamun Battalion
1/13/2014
Ansar al-Shari'a in Benghazi
1/13/2014
Ansar al-Shari'a in Darnah
1/13/2014
Ansar al-Shari'a in Tunisia
4/10/2014
Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis

5/15/2014
al-Nusrah Front

Delisted Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Date Removed

Name

Date Orginally Designated

10/8/1999

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine -Hawatmeh Faction

10/8/1997

10/8/1999

Khmer Rouge

10/8/1997

10/8/1999

Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Dissidents

10/8/1997

10/8/2001

Japanese Red Army

10/8/1997

10/8/2001

Tupac Amaru Revolution Movement

10/8/1997

5/18/2009

Revolutionary Nuclei

10/8/1997

10/15/2010

Armed Islamic Group (GIA)

10/8/1997

9/28/2012

Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK)

10/8/1997

5/28/2013
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM)10/11/2005
7/15/2014United Self Defense Forces of Colombia9/10/2001

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

@alimohsan52 & @That Guy

Guys you both will be appreciated if you could find MQM in above list issued from state department :enjoy:
 
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Foreign Terrorist Organizations

BUREAU OF COUNTERTERRORISM

Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) are foreign organizations that are designated by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended. FTO designations play a critical role in our fight against terrorism and are an effective means of curtailing support for terrorist activities and pressuring groups to get out of the terrorism business.

Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Date Designated

Name

10/8/1997

Abu Nidal Organization (ANO)

10/8/1997

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

10/8/1997

Aum Shinrikyo (AUM)

10/8/1997

Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)

10/8/1997

Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) (IG)

10/8/1997

HAMAS

10/8/1997

Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM)

10/8/1997

Hizballah

10/8/1997

Kahane Chai (Kach)

10/8/1997

Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) (Kongra-Gel)

10/8/1997

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

10/8/1997

National Liberation Army (ELN)

10/8/1997

Palestine Liberation Front (PLF)

10/8/1997

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)

10/8/1997

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLF)

10/8/1997

PFLP-General Command (PFLP-GC)

10/8/1997

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

10/8/1997

Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N)

10/8/1997

Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)

10/8/1997

Shining Path (SL)

10/8/1999

al-Qa’ida (AQ)

9/25/2000

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

5/16/2001

Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA)

12/26/2001

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM)

12/26/2001

Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LeT)

3/27/2002

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (AAMB)

3/27/2002

Asbat al-Ansar (AAA)

3/27/2002

al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

8/9/2002

Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army (CPP/NPA)

10/23/2002

Jemaah Islamiya (JI)

1/30/2003

Lashkar i Jhangvi (LJ)

3/22/2004

Ansar al-Islam (AAI)

7/13/2004

Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)

12/17/2004

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG)

12/17/2004

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (formerly al-Qa'ida in Iraq)

6/17/2005

Islamic Jihad Union (IJU)

3/5/2008

Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI-B)

3/18/2008

al-Shabaab

5/18/2009

Revolutionary Struggle (RS)

7/2/2009

Kata'ib Hizballah (KH)

1/19/2010

al-Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

8/6/2010

Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI)

9/1/2010

Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP)

11/4/2010

Jundallah

5/23/2011

Army of Islam (AOI)

9/19/2011

Indian Mujahedeen (IM)

3/13/2012

Jemaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT)

5/30/2012

Abdallah Azzam Brigades (AAB)

9/19/2012

Haqqani Network (HQN)

3/22/2013
Ansar al-Dine (AAD)

11/14/2013
Boko Haram

11/14/2013
Ansaru
12/19/2013
al-Mulathamun Battalion
1/13/2014
Ansar al-Shari'a in Benghazi
1/13/2014
Ansar al-Shari'a in Darnah
1/13/2014
Ansar al-Shari'a in Tunisia
4/10/2014
Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis

5/15/2014
al-Nusrah Front

Delisted Foreign Terrorist Organizations

Date Removed

Name

Date Orginally Designated

10/8/1999

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine -Hawatmeh Faction

10/8/1997

10/8/1999

Khmer Rouge

10/8/1997

10/8/1999

Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front Dissidents

10/8/1997

10/8/2001

Japanese Red Army

10/8/1997

10/8/2001

Tupac Amaru Revolution Movement

10/8/1997

5/18/2009

Revolutionary Nuclei

10/8/1997

10/15/2010

Armed Islamic Group (GIA)

10/8/1997

9/28/2012

Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK)

10/8/1997

5/28/2013
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (GICM)10/11/2005
7/15/2014United Self Defense Forces of Colombia9/10/2001

Foreign Terrorist Organizations

@alimohsan52 & @That Guy

Guys you both will be appreciated if you could find MQM in above list issued from state department :enjoy:
Paris_Tuileries_Garden_Facepalm_statue.jpg

Are...are you seriously making this argument? Did you NOT read OP's post? Are you really that ignorant?

Let me spell it out for you again.

TIER THREE CLASSIFICATION DOESN'T REQUIRE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT DESIGNATION!

God, it's like I'm arguing with teenagers.
 
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Are...are you seriously making this argument? Did you NOT read OP's post? Are you really that ignorant?

Let me spell it out for you again.

TIER THREE CLASSIFICATION DOESN'T REQUIRE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT DESIGNATION!

God, it's like I'm arguing with teenagers.


Thanx to spell it for me but can you give me an official link where above line is mentioned .............

Of course it is a terrorist organization. In Canada, it has long been declared a terrorist organization yet still so many MQM sympathizers are permanent


Did Canadian government declare to MQM as terrorist organization....????
 
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Not really, I'm just surprised he's doing this with so much zeal, even though it's been years of him making these tired old arguments of "MQM is persecuted" argument.

bhai this is not MQM worker argument, but the canadian department for immigration and refugees, the same source you keep quoting for MQM to be a terrorist organisation.

please read this (do you reject this or not?)

canadian immigration and regugee board detailed analysis of the events of 1992 operation and comments on pak army, pak rangers and sindh police

Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada

he MQM alleged that it was being specifically targeted by the army operation (Asian Survey Feb. 1993, 131; AI Feb. 1996, 4; The Far East and Australasia 1996 1996, 858). Several sources indicate that the army and intelligence agencies had become increasingly alarmed at the MQM's growing strength in urban Sindh, where it had become a "virtual parallel government" and was "sounding an increasingly aggressive note" toward the government in Islamabad (UNRISD June 1993, 32; Asian Survey Nov. 1995, 1000; The Economist 1-7 July 1995, 30). On 19 June 1992, combined police and army forces raided MQM offices in Karachi with the assistance of the dissident MQM Haqiqi group (MQM(H) or "real" MQM), which was then installed and sanctioned as the only faction acceptable to the government (Asian SurveyNov. 1995, 998, 1000; UNRISD June 1993, 32; AI Feb. 1996, 4; ibid. Dec. 1993, 38). Several sources indicate that support for the MQM(H) was part of an army strategy to weaken, if not crush, the main MQM(A) faction under Altaf Hussain (The Herald May 1994a, 32; ibid. Aug. 1995a, 26;Asian Survey Nov. 1995, 1000-01; AI Feb. 1996, 4). Efforts to discredit the Altaf faction as a "criminal organization" were aided by the army's allegations of having uncovered 23 MQM torture cells where "hundreds" of political opponents and party dissidents had been tortured and killed (AI Dec. 1993, 38-40; ibid. Feb. 1996, 4; Asian Survey Nov. 1995, 1001; The Far East and Australasia 1996 1996, 858).

Over the following months hundreds of MQM(A) activists in Karachi and Hyderabad were arrested and the party leadership driven underground (AI Dec. 1993, 38; Asian Survey Nov. 1995, 1001; UNRISD June 1993, 32). Most of the party's elected representatives to the provincial and national assemblies resigned their seats, and criminal charges were brought against many of them (AI Dec. 1993, 38; ibid. Feb. 1996, 4; UNRISD June 1993, 32). While Altaf Hussain and the top MQM leadership went into self-imposed exile in London (Asian Survey Nov. 1995, 1001; The Herald May 1994b, 42b), many who remained were reportedly pressured to join the Haqiqi faction (UNRISD June 1993, 32; The Herald Aug. 1995a, 26). As the police and army carried out raids, mass round-ups and siege-and-search operations in pursuit of MQM(A)leaders and militants over the next 30 months, thousands of ordinary MQM supporters and mohajirs were subjected to arbitrary arrest and detention, extrajudicial execution, beatings, torture, extortion and other ill-treatment (The Herald Nov. 1994b, 63-64; AI Dec. 1993; ibid. 5 Apr. 1994; ibid. 13 Dec. 1994; ibid. Jan. 1995; UNRISD June 1993, 32).

in a later report The Herald noted that the new operation was "lopsided and uneven," with security forces "not targetting all criminals, but a particular group of political activists" (ibid. Aug. 1995a, 25). Despite General Babar's claim that security forces had adopted a new strategy of "target arrests" (IPS 18 Aug 1995; The Herald Aug. 1995a, 27), mass round-ups and military-style siege-and-search operations were still commonly used (see subsection 4.1) (AFP 20 Aug 1995; The Herald Aug. 1995b, 28-30; AI 17 Aug. 1995; Country Reports 1995 1996, 1338). There was growing evidence that the Rangers and police were involved in human rights abuses, including beatings, extortion, disappearances, torture and extrajudicial executions of suspected militants in faked encounter killings (see subsections 4.2 to 4.4) (IPS 18 Aug. 1995; AFP 29 Aug. 1995; AI 17 Aug. 1995; ibid. Feb 1996, 17-18; The Herald Aug. 1995b, 28-30; ibid. Nov. 1995a, 46-47; ibid. Nov. 1995c, 56-58).

According to one source, the abuses committed during cordon-and-search operations are worse in low-income areas such as Orangi, Baldia and Korangi; while the procedures of arrest and extortion are the same,

During Operation Clean-up the army's Field Investigation Team (FIT) reportedly operated several interrogation cells in Karachi in which detainees were "subjected to severe torture" (The Herald Nov. 1994b, 64; ibid. Jan. 1995b, 50), and extortion

this is irish board of refugees report on MQM

about haqiqi
[1]
“The Haqiqi, or ‘real’ MQM, split off from the main group in 1991 in opposition to
the leadership of Altaf Hussain. According to Jane's Intelligence Review, the
MQM-Haqiqi were originally covertly backed by the military in an attempt to
undermine the MQM (ibid.). Thus the MQM (A) still frequently refers to the MQM- Haqiqi group as ‘state-sponsored terrorists’


[2]

The dissidents attached Haqiqi
meaning real or authentic in Urdu as a suffix to the MQM acronym as an
assertion of the outfit's legitimacy. Many former MQM members who were
expelled from the Altaf faction due to alleged criminal links joined the Haqiqi

[3]

“In 1992, a breakway MQM faction, led by Afaq Ahmed and Aamir Khan,
launched the MQM Haqiqi (MQM-H), literally the ‘real’ MQM. Many Pakistani
observers alleged that the MQM-H was supported by the government of Pakistan
to weaken the main MQM led by Altaf Hussein
, which became known as the
MQM-A (Jane's 14 Feb 2003).

in conclusion: all the expelled criminals from MQM were taken by the military and recruited for MQM haqiqi faction to counter MQM

Refworld | Pakistan: Information required on the MQM - Haqiqi Party, particularly in Karachi. Information on its activities, objectives, policies, leadership, membership, history and current situation in Pakistan

and this is US state department report, please see this

false cases on MQM and their acquittal

US state department report on Pakistan

e. Denial of Fair Public Trial

On June 11, 16-year-old Mohammad Saleem was convicted by an antiterrorist court of killing three police officers; however, Saleem was tried and acquitted of the same charges by a court in January on the grounds of insufficient evidence and lack of a motive.

On August 21, two MQM members, Mohammed Saleem and Ahmed Saeed, were convicted in an antiterrorist court of the 1997killings of two foreign employees of Union Texas Petroleum and their driver. The two were sentenced to death, as well as to and approximately $40,000 (PRs 2 million) in fines. Many questioned the fairness of the trial, since the convictions were based largely on the confessions of the accused; the confessions later were retracted on the grounds that they were obtained by the police through the use of torture.

In February 2000, two police inspectors charged with killing an MQM activist in custody in 1998 were denied bail after the Sindh High Court determined that they falsified precinct records and appeared to have committed the crime (see Section 1.a.). During the year, the two police inspectors were released on bail.


this is jinnahpur rejection by the military itself


this is verdict on hakeem saeed on which pretext entire crop of MQM workers were butchered


if MQM is a terrorist organisation pakistan army, pakistani government are also terrorist according to the above report since they patronised terrorist haqiqi
 
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Are...are you seriously making this argument? Did you NOT read OP's post? Are you really that ignorant?

Let me spell it out for you again.

TIER THREE CLASSIFICATION DOESN'T REQUIRE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT DESIGNATION!

God, it's like I'm arguing with teenagers.

please forget tier this or that, the argument is not valid that MQM is a terrorist organisation until its not officially declared one, only harmonal surge for few members want MQM o be believed as a terorrist organisation

nobody rejects that MQM has done militant activities in the past but it's background needs to be fully inspected as the state itself was involved in starting the events that lead to MQM doing such activities

MQM did kick out militants from its party which were later patronised by pakistan military and were shifted to MQM haqiqi (the fact which you cannot denied)
 
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@That Guy what else do you expect from the Altafists? Their doctrine puts a heavy emphasis on denial and stops them from opening their eyes.

Foreign Terrorist Organizations = Tier 1 Terrorist Organization.

There is no list present for Tier 3 Terrorist groups like MQM
 
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Are...are you seriously making this argument? Did you NOT read OP's post? Are you really that ignorant?

Let me spell it out for you again.

TIER THREE CLASSIFICATION DOESN'T REQUIRE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT DESIGNATION!

God, it's like I'm arguing with teenagers.


Bhai Jaan, a US government agency has officially classed MQM as a tier 3 terrorist organisation. To be classed as tier 1 you have to be anti US which MQM is perceived not to be. Nevertheless it fits the definition of a terrorist organization and its member can potentially be deemed to be inadmissible.

Designated or undesignated it is still a terrorist organization. These MQM trolls have no balls to face the truth.
 
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Bhai Jaan, a US government agency has officially classed MQM as a tier 3 terrorist organisation. To be classed as tier 1 you have to be anti US which MQM is perceived not to be. Nevertheless it fits the definition of a terrorist organization and its member can potentially be deemed to be inadmissible.

Designated or undesignated it is still a terrorist organization. These MQM trolls have no balls to face the truth.

why is Afaq Ahmed acceptable to you as tier 3 terroist but not MQM? :lol:

10343002_10152210393442971_7044984539412232628_n.jpg

MQM H leader Afaq Ahmed arriving in the UK on 5th of June 2014 on the Invitation of Lord Nazir

zv2b6u.png
 
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I wonder whether anybody has actually questioned 'how' the US Government concluded that MQM was a terrorist organization.

Furthermore, our fellow members are so smart that they do not even care to think why the leader of this supposedly TIER-3 terrorist organization is living as a free person in England for the past 2 decades and that too as a Citizen. By virtue of all this, either the UK Government is complicit and by extension an aider and abettor of Terrorism or the members of this forum, rejoicing at MQM being considered an organization that may meet some criteria of a TIER-3 organisation, totally devoid of common sense.

Take your pick.
 
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I wonder whether anybody has actually questioned 'how' the US Government concluded that MQM was a terrorist organization.

Furthermore, our fellow members are so smart that they do not even care to think why the leader of this supposedly TIER-3 terrorist organization is living as a free person in England for the past 2 decades and that too as a Citizen. By virtue of all this, either the UK Government is complicit and by extension an aider and abettor of Terrorism or the members of this forum, rejoicing at MQM being considered an organization that may meet some criteria of a TIER-3 organisation, totally devoid of common sense.

Take your pick.

at least now MQM is not MI6, CIA agent
 
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P.S. For those who actually have a brain, and the ability to use it:

On February 13, 2008, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”)
denied Ahmed’s application on the basis that he was a current member of the MQM-A.2
Compl. Ex. 5, at 3. UCSIS found that the MQM, and its factions the MQM-A and MQM-H, met the
contemporary definition of an undesignated or “Tier III” terrorist organization under the
Immigration and Naturalization Act
(“INA”).

1. It is the view of the prosecutor, the UCSIS, that MQM (both factions) met the contemporary definition of the TIER-3 position.....it is by no means the stand of either the US Government or the honourable court.

2. All this case deals is with the Immigration and Naturalization Act and has no jurisdiction beyond the contemporary courts, even then the court has not considered the position of UCSIC on MQM.

3. The Honourable judge decreed:

I will grant in part and deny in part the motion to dismiss for the reasons discussed below.
With respect to the motion for summary judgment, while I agree with Defendants that there are
no material issues of fact remaining for trial, I find that Ahmed is entitled to an order requiring
Defendants to adjudicate his application on or before 120 days from my judgment in this case.

Which means that the sidetracking attempt by the defendants was not entertained, rather the defendant were ordered to adjudicate the application of the claimant within 120 days. The case is still open until Aqeel Ahmed is provided a resolution.

4. In this case, the UCSIS will be unable to hold their stated stance on MQM and will have to provide relief to Aqeel Ahmed simply because the Government of the United States neither considers MQM a terrorist organization not designates it as such!

SO NOW, MANY OF YOU CAN GO AND CRY US A RIVER!

at least now MQM is not MI6, CIA agent

It will still be MI6 agent, CIA agent, RAW agents, INDIAN supporters and sympathisers and involved in Jinnahpur and disintegration of Pakistan. I wonder when AH will be blamed for the independence of Bangladesh!
 
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P.S. For those who actually have a brain, and the ability to use it:

On February 13, 2008, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”)
denied Ahmed’s application on the basis that he was a current member of the MQM-A.2
Compl. Ex. 5, at 3. UCSIS found that the MQM, and its factions the MQM-A and MQM-H, met the
contemporary definition of an undesignated or “Tier III” terrorist organization under the
Immigration and Naturalization Act
(“INA”).

1. It is the view of the prosecutor, the UCSIS, that MQM (both factions) met the contemporary definition of the TIER-3 position.....it is by no means the stand of either the US Government or the honourable court.

2. All this case deals is with the Immigration and Naturalization Act and has no jurisdiction beyond the contemporary courts, even then the court has not considered the position of UCSIC on MQM.

3. The Honourable judge decreed:



Which means that the sidetracking attempt by the defendants was not entertained, rather the defendant were ordered to adjudicate the application of the claimant within 120 days. The case is still open until Aqeel Ahmed is provided a resolution.

4. In this case, the UCSIS will be unable to hold their stated stance on MQM and will have to provide relief to Aqeel Ahmed simply because the Government of the United States neither considers MQM a terrorist organization not designates it as such!

SO NOW, MANY OF YOU CAN GO AND CRY US A RIVER!



It will still be MI6 agent, CIA agent, RAW agents, INDIAN supporters and sympathisers and involved in Jinnahpur and disintegration of Pakistan. I wonder when AH will be blamed for the independence of Bangladesh!


Why Altaf hussain wrote a letter to british government and offered MQM services to western powers ?
 
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Another of hate thread, with any logical link to Pakistani siyasat?

Why Altaf hussain wrote a letter to british government and offered MQM services to western powers ?
& then we had PPP & PML n govts serving to the western interstes with all of their powers?
MEMO GATE SCANDLER,s THEN 1.5 BILLIONS IN THE POCKETS.
 
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