For years, the United States applied pressure to Russia through diplomatic channels
and sanctions against actors believed to contribute to Iranian nuclear and missile
programs. Though the United States did not succeed in its attempts to dissuade
Moscow from launching the Bushehr nuclear power station project,
Russia did sign the
Gore-Chernomyrdin memorandum restraining its military sales to Iran for a period of
five years. On several occasions, the U.S. government applied sanctions against
individual Russian entities for proliferation activities related to Iran's nuclear and
missile programs.
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