Deino
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Each wafer have dies of three main grades: Prime, then grades 2 and 3. Overall, the prices for each grade decreases with maturity and maturity equals to higher yield and CONSISTENT yield. Even so, the prime dies will command higher prices than product grades 2 and 3.
At tech nodes below 20 nm, customers are less likely to be interested in buying PGL 2 and 3 dies, whether it is in wafer sales or packaged forms. I said 'less likely', not never. The reason is because at lower than 20 nm, the physical structures of the cell, whether it is processor memory, is small enough that manufacturing defects will create even greater unpredictable FUTURE failure modes. Imagine the cell structures like that of the walls and roof of houses, now imagine them thinner and thinner with each construction of each new house. There will be a point where you can no longer predict how the house will collapse in a storm or even a spring rain. There is a testing process call 'wafer level reliability' (WLR) testing.
Basically, what WLR does is extreme stress on the cell with higher voltage, current, and temperature, then there are fancy algos to calculate the product's estimate lifespans. Since memory is in the news these days, I will use NAND for an example...
One of the top five testing conditions is called the 'checkerboard' pattern.
The wafer's dies are injected with ones and zeros in a checkerboard pattern. At tech nodes below 20 nm, the walls between the dies can be thin enough due to various manufacturing defects that data (1) can leak into adjacent (0) dies. Now create the pattern with higher voltage, current, and temperature. By higher temperature, I mean hot enough to bake a pizza or lasagna. Going back to the house analogy, imagine living with your parents and hear them having sex or arguing in the next room. That is data leakage. At tech nodes below 20 nm for some products, prime dies commands the highest contract and spot market prices, PGL 2 dies sells at cost or loss, and PLG 3 dies are scrapped. For other memory products, PGL 3 dies can sell to Joe Schmoe Memory Emporium run out of someone's garage in the middle of Montana or Kansas.
So why would anyone sell such low grade/quality semicon products? To answer your question with a question -- Why not? China have nothing to lose but much Russian cash to gain. Chinese gray markets are notorious at being skilled enough to get their hands on wafers that should have been scrapped. They get them via shell companies that buy these lower grades wafers/dies ostensibly to be used in toys or non-critical electronics. Then they repackage the dies into something 'respectable' looking and sell at a profit.
China is screwing Russia over, if this article is true.
Chinese distributors reportedly dump dud chips on Russia
What? Sanctions-busting sellers aren't interested in your complaints? That's a shamewww.theregister.com
The effects of this ffukking over will not be felt for some time because the semicon crap that Russia is buying now still need to go thru their manufacturing pipelines. Put aside the nuclear option for now and assume Russia is defeated. The economic and technological sanctions from the West will not be lifted and that leave China as the only seller for anything semicon. Russian electronics makers will have no choice but to drop trou, bend over, spread cheeks, and take it without lube. Their companies' reputations for shoddy products, from toasters to cars, will suffer, going back to the Soviet era.
Hmm, it shows two things.
1.) I was right about the Russian soldier ditches their uniform and flee in civilian clothes.
2.) Assuming these Russian soldiers are not trying to flee to the Ukrainian side, that mean this video would be shot quite close to the rear of Russian line in Kherson. Which means Ukraine is taking quite a lot of ground in operation around Kherson.
For duck sake Russia can never lose a war against 32 million people against 160 millions , all Russia can do is destroy their energy infrastructure and Ukrainians will die of cold , Putin is not resorting to it , the outer power which wants to weaken Russia is just prolonging this war just to weaken Russia , Putin ain't that stupid . If Putin is to nuke Ukraine what can the world do? West is using Ukraine as a test ground against Russia nothing else they don't care an inch about Ukrainians lives
Some of my source told me they are close to Nova Kakhovka near Beryslav, if that is true then the Ukrainian made around 50km from DudchanyI have seem photos of Russian 8 inch guns being destroyed, and their 300mm MLRSes. Normally they would be 30km-40km behind the lines.
That means AUF managed to chop that much of the territory controlled somewhere near
Since when violating proportionality a war-crime , its called escalation, and even for that it all come to the point what was produced at the factory at the timeBombing a factory which produces washing machines is likely to violate the principle of proportionality, and thus a war crime.
if there is military value , its justifiedThat says that the military value of a target must be high enough to motivate the damage to civilians.
if the equipment in that factory is used to maintain those military equipment ?Since Western military equipment does not use commercial grade electronics, microcontrollers in washing machines does not have a military value.
and ukraine is even more incompetent than russia ,otherwise they already had their copy of gran-1 and gran-2Russia, not being competent in designing electronics, have to use commercial components, so they have a military value in Russian hands.