Pakistan's WMD

[Last Hope]

Assalam u alaikum and greetings.

I was searching for all the information on the Ballastic Missiles of Pakistan and as it is all scattered, decided to make a new thread for once and for all.

[MODERATORS/ADMINISTRATORS PLEASE MAKE THIS A STICKY]


Hatf 6
Country: Pakistan
Alternate Name: Shaheen 2
Class: MRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Length: 17.20 m
Diameter: 1.40 m
Launch Weight: 23600 kg
Payload: Single warhead, 700 kg
Warhead: 15-35 kT nuclear, HE, chemical, FAE, submunitions
Propulsion: 2-state solid
Range: 2500 km
Status: Operational
In Service: 2005?
Details

The Hatf-6 is an intermediate-range, road mobile, solid propellant ballistic missile. It appears to be a two-stage version of the Hatf-4 Shaheen 1 design, using a modified Hatf-4 as the second stage motor and RV. It is believed that the Hatf-6 may be based upon the People’s Republic of China (PRC) M-18, though this has not been confirmed. The Hatf-6 is designed to threaten Pakistan’s primary enemy, India, with whom three wars have been fought since 1947. It is one of the newer missiles involved in the Indian-Pakistani arms race. It is Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle-launched and uses inertial guidance, with the possibility that a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system has been added for terminal guidance.



The Hatf-6 is a strategic missile with a range of 2,500 km. An unconfirmed report suggests the range could be as distant as 3,500 km, but this is considered unlikely. The accuracy is advanced for a Pakistani design of this range and payload. The missile is sufficient to strike strategic targets such as airports, manufacturing complexes, military bases, and civilian facilities (power plants, water purification centers, etc.) with a reasonable chance of damaging or destroying the target. Due to the advancing nuclear and missile programs in India, the Hatf-6 will probably be targeted at Indian population centers to deter against an Indian nuclear strike. Equipped with a nuclear warhead, the Hatf-6 would be capable of causing widespread damage in civilian population centers and would be an effective deterrent. The mobility provided from its TEL vehicle maximizes the missile’s survivability in the event of a war and prevents a successful pre-emptive strike. It also allows for a launch time under ten minutes from locations that maximize the potential damage of the missile.



The Hatf-6 has a reported range of 2,500 km with an accuracy of 350 m CEP. It is 17.2 m in length, has a maximum diameter of 1.4 m and has a launch weight of 23,600 kg. The payload assembly separates before re-entry or after burn-out in the second stage. The RV has four small motors to improve accuracy and maneuverability upon re-entry. Its payload is a single warhead weighing 700 kg, though reports suggest that payloads up to 1,230 kg have been developed. The heavier payloads probably have a decreased range. The Hatf-6 warhead can be equipped for a nuclear yield between 15 and 35 kT. There are also provisions to deploy the missile with conventional high explosives (HE), submunitions, fuel-air explosives (FAE), or chemical agents.



The Hatf-6 was first displayed in March 2000; however, there are reports that indicate the missile was ready for testing as early as 1999. The first flight test occurred in March 2004. Subsequent flight tests occured in March 2005, April 2006, February 2007, and two final tests in April 2008. Limited production of 5 to 10 missiles may have begun in 2005 with production numbers reaching 25 to 30 by 2008. The second flight test in 2008 was performed by an army crew from the Strategic Force Command, so the missile is presumably in service.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 1

Country: Pakistan
Associated Country: France, People's Republic of China
Class: BSRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Length: 6.00 m
Diameter: 0.56 m
Launch Weight: 1500 kg
Payload: Single warhead, 500 kg
Warhead: HE, chemical, submunitions
Propulsion: Single-stage solid
Range: 70 (Hatf 1) or 100 (Hatf 1A/1B) km
Status: Operational
In Service: 1992 (Hatf-1); 1995 (Hatf-1A); 2004 (Hatf-1B)
Details

The Hatf-1 is a short-range, road mobile, solid propellant ballistic missile. There are three versions: the 1, 1A, and 1B.



The Hatf-1 is a mobile, tactical system. As it has little or no guidance, it is nothing more than an artillery rocket. It is ground mobile and can be launched from Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles. Due to its solid propellant it is easy to store, transport, and fire. Its major use is as an unguided general bombardment weapon, to be fired across a battlefield or at a general target area. If properly aimed, it can probably hit within several kilometers of the target area.



The Hatf-1 has a range of approximately 70 km (43 miles) and can carry a 500 kg warhead. As it is either unguided or uses a crude inertial system, it should be considered a long-range artillery weapon, with the location of the impact depending upon the proper direction, angle of launch and the ability of the missile to fly straight. The Hatf-1 is probably deployed with high explosive or chemical weapons, although it could theoretically carry a tactical nuclear weapon. The missile has a diameter of 0.56 m and is 6 m in length. It uses a single-stage solid propellant engine.



The Hatf-1A is a variant of the Hatf-1 with a 30 km (18 miles) increase in range and an improved accuracy. This is not recorded with any decrease in the payload, although that is likely the manner in which the range was increased.



The Hatf-1B represents the final evolution of the Hatf-1 missile. The Hatf-1B is probably a Hatf-1A that employs a rudimentary inertial guidance system while retaining the range and payload of the original Hatf-1. Despite the addition of the guidance system, which presumably gives it accuracy in the hundreds of meters CEP, it is still effectively an artillery system.



The Hatf-1 and its variants were probably developed with foreign assistance. While the majority of aid for development of nuclear warheads came from the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the missiles themselves may have been derived from the second-stage of the French Eridan missile system. There are also reports of help provided from European companies. The French last used the Eridan system in 1979 and consider the missile obsolete.



The Pakistani missile development program dates back to the 1980s. The Hatf-1 was officially revealed by Pakistani officials in 1989 and it is believed to have entered service in 1992. The Hatf-1A is believed to have entered service in 1995. The Hatf-1B was first flight tested in February 2000. It likely became operational in 2004.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 2

Country: Pakistan
Alternate Name: Abdali
Class: SRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Length: 6.50 m
Diameter: 0.56 m
Launch Weight: 1750 kg
Payload: Single warhead, 250 to 450 kg
Warhead: HE, chemical, submunitions
Propulsion: Single-stage solid
Range: 180-200 km
Status: Operational
In Service: 2005


Details

The Hatf-2 is a short-range, road mobile, solid propellant missile. The Hatf-2 was originally designed as the two-stage version of the Hatf-1, essentially a solid-propellant stage attached to the bottom of a Hatf-1. However, the program was cancelled in 1994, likely due to the purchase of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) M-11 missiles that rendered development of the Hatf-2 uneconomical. A new design for the Hatf-2 was started in 1997, presumably to supplement the limited numbers of M-11 missiles purchased. The Hatf-2 is similar in size and shape to the Argentinian Alacran short-range ballistic missile and the Chinese TY-3 research rocket.



The Hatf-2 provides a longer range missile for use against military targets. Its relatively small warhead makes it impractical for deployment against civilian population centers, though it could be used to disrupt city operations, i.e. power plants and factories. Its accuracy is sufficient for use against military targets such as bases or airfields. An upgraded guidance system would significantly increase the accuracy to the point where it might be of use against specific military units and not just a small area. It is carried on a road mobile Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicle. The use of solid propellant and the TEL vehicle make the missile easy to store, transport and fire.



The Hatf-2 has a range of 180-200 km (112 miles) and an accuracy of 150 m CEP. It is currently equipped with an inertial guidance system, but if it were equipped with a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system or terminal guidance, its accuracy could likely be improved to 30 m CEP. It is estimated to be equipped with a variable payload between 250 and 450 kg and can probably carry a single high explosive or submunition warheads. It is believed to have a launch weight of1,750 kg. It uses a single-stage solid propellant engine and has a length of 6.5 m and a width of 0.56 m.



The original Hatf-2 missile started development in 1987 and was first displayed in 1989. The program was cancelled in 1994 after the purchase of M-11 missiles. The program was restarted with a new design in 1997 and flight tested in May 2002, March 2005, and February 2006. Reports suggest additional test firings in June 2006 and March 2007. It is believed that the missile first entered service in 2005.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 2A

Country: Pakistan
Associated Country: People's Republic of China
Alternate Name: Abdali
Class: SRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Payload: Single warhead
Warhead: Nuclear, HE, chemical
Propulsion: Solid
Range: 300 km
Status: Operational
In Service: 1997

Details

The Hatf-2A system represents a substantial divergence away from the Hatf-2. It is very possible that despite the name, the missile system is wholly unrelated to the Hatf-1 and 2. Little is known about the Hatf-2A except that it bears little relation to the Hatf-2. It is likely that Hatf-2A is the Pakistani name for imported People’s Republic of China (PRC) M-11 missiles.(1)



The M-11 is a short-range, road mobile, solid-propellant ballistic missile exported from the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Like most PRC exports, it is identical to a PRC’s own deployed version, in this case the DF-11. The DF-11 is the PRC’s improvement upon the Russian ‘Scud B’. The original M-11 missiles have been phased out and replaced with the longer range but less destructive M-11A variant. As an improved Scud, M-11 is designed for deployment against fixed, large targets. Its range easily outdistances most conventional weapons, and the mobility obtained from a mobile launch vehicle allows it to be deployed during a military conflict. While it is insufficiently accurate to target individual military units, it is able to attack small areas such as military bases, airfields and cities. The original M-11 is 7.5 m in length, has a diameter of 0.8 m and a launch weight of 3,800 kg. It can carry an 800 kg warhead, which can be equipped with high explosive, chemical, sub-munitions, fuel-air explosive (FAE) or a nuclear yield of 2, 10 or 20 kT. It has a range that is supposedly 280 to 350 km (174 to 217 miles), within the limits of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), and an accuracy of 600 m CEP.



The range of the Hatf-2A is 300 km (186 miles) and it can carry a wide range of warheads including nuclear weapons. If it is an M-11 variant, it is probably based on the original M-11 design. The missiles are currently deployed throughout the Pakistani-Indian border and are generally obscured in caves or other terrain features that may hide the missile and mobile launching system. They are likely deployed in converted Scud launch systems. The Hatf-2A has been in operation since 1997.(2)



More information about the M-11 can be found in the description for the PRC CSS-7.

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 3

Country: Pakistan
Associated Country: People's Republic of China
Alternate Name: Ghaznavi
Class: SRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Length: 8.50 m
Diameter: 0.80 m
Launch Weight: 4650 kg
Payload: Single warhead, 700 kg
Warhead: Nuclear 12 to 20 kT, HE, submunitions
Propulsion: Single-stage solid
Range: 290 km
Status: Operational
In Service: ~2004
Details

The Hatf-3 is a short-range, road mobile, solid propellant ballistic missile. The system appears to be similar to both the Hatf-2A and the M-11 designs, rather than the earlier Hatf projects based on the French Eridan missile. The original development of the Hatf-3 was terminated in 1994 following the purchase of a large number of People’s Republic of China (PRC) M-11 missiles. With the acquisition of the M-11 missiles, the creation of the Hatf-3 was no longer a high priority and a new version did not start development until 1997. It has been speculated that the Hatf-3 program may be an imported M-11 or a domestically-produced M-11 clone.



Like the M-11, the Hatf-3 appears to be an improved ‘Scud’ type ballistic missile. Its greatest military utility is in deployment against large, fixed targets. It easily outdistances most battlefield weapons and is ideal for a long-range strike at targets such as military bases, airfields and cities. The payload is impractical for deployment against cities, but capable of disabling military and production facilities. However, the addition of terminal guidance could provide sufficient accuracy to attack moving military units.



The Hatf-3 is believed to be 8.5 m in length, have a diameter of 0.8 m and a launch weight of 4,650 kg. The payload separates from the main body sometime after burn-out and before re-entry. It carries a single warhead which weighs up to 700 kg. The warhead can be conventional high explosive (HE), nuclear 12 to 20 kT or submunitions. It has a range of 290 km (180 miles), with an inertial guidance system that provides an accuracy of 250 m CEP. However, if it is indeed a clone of the PRC M-11, the maximum is likely 350 km (217 miles) and deliberately underestimated to escape the 300 km (186 miles) limit of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). It can probably be equipped with terminal guidance that could increase the accuracy to 50 m CEP. It uses a single-stage solid propellant engine.



The development of the Hatf-3 originally started in 1987, but was terminated seven years later with the purchase of a number of PRC M-11 missiles. This rendered production of the Hatf-3 uneconomical. It was restarted in 1997, likely to supplement the limited number of M-11 missiles or to disguise further purchases. The first flight test of the Hatf-3 occurred in May 2002, five years after the M-11 first entered service in Pakistan. Subsequent tests took place in October 2003, November 2004, June 2006, December 2006, and February 2008. The Hatf-3 entered service in March 2004. Final production of the missiles was completed in April 2007 with between 30 and 50 missiles in service in September 2007.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 4

Country: Pakistan
Alternate Name: Shaheen 1/Tarmuk
Class: SRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Length: 12.00 m
Diameter: 1.00 m
Launch Weight: 9500 kg
Payload: Single warhead, 700 kg
Warhead: 750 kg; Nuclear 35 kT, chemical, HE, submunitions
Propulsion: Single-stage solid
Range: 750 km
Status: Operational
In Service: 1999 Details

The Hatf-4 is an short-range, road mobile, solid propellant ballistic missile. It appears to be a scaled up version of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) M-11 design and was possibly designed with the assistance of PRC engineers.



The M-11 is an improved Scud design, 34 of which are known to have been imported by Pakistan. It is possible that the M-11 was reverse engineered to develop the technology needed to design the Hatf-4. Like the M-11, the Hatf-4 is launched from modified Russian ‘Scud-B’ Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles.



The Hatf-4 is designed to destroy strategic assets. The accuracy on the weapon is insufficient to deploy a high explosive warhead against a military target, but it is easily capable of striking key facilities, such as an airport, oil refinery, shipyard, port, or factory. If equipped with submunitions, it seems likely that it could be deployed against a military column, though the limited accuracy makes this less practical. The launch range on the Hatf-4 allows it to reach major targets within India and the TEL vehicle gives it a high degree of mobility and flexibility. The TEL vehicles are capable of traveling at 55 km/hr (34 mph), can cover over 650 km (404 miles) without refueling and can launch in five to ten minutes, allowing the missile to be transported and fired quickly.



The Hatf-4 has a range of 750 km (433 miles) with an accuracy of 200 m CEP. Its accuracy is provided by an inertial guidance system, though it is possible that an inertial/Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) terminal guidance system has also been included. It carries a payload of a single warhead weighing no more than 1,000 kg. The warhead can be a 700 kg high explosive (HE), chemical, submunitions or 35 kT yield nuclear warhead. It is 12.0 m in length, 1.0 m in diameter, and has a launch weight of 9,500 kg. It uses a single-stage solid propellant engine.



Development of the Hatf-4 is believed to have started in 1993 and the missile was first displayed in 1999. It is believed that low-rate production began in 1998 and produced five to ten missiles ready for testing or operational use by the end of 1999. The first flight test is reported by Pakistan to have occurred in April 1999, though a test may have occurred as early as July 1997. Subsequent tests took place in October 2002, October 2003, December 2004, November 2006, and January 2008. The missile system was put into service by the Pakistan Army Strategic Force Command in March 2003. It is likely that the Hatf-4 missile system makes up the second stage of the Hatf-6 Shaheen 2.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 5
Country: Pakistan
Associated Country: Iran, People's Republic of China, North Korea
Alternate Name: Ghauri 1/Mark III
Class: MRBM
Basing: Road Mobile
Length: 15.90 m
Diameter: 1.35 m
Launch Weight: 15850 kg
Payload: Single warhead, 1200 kg
Warhead: Nuclear 15 to 35 kT, chemical, HE, submunitions
Propulsion: Single-stage liquid
Range: 1300 km
Status: Operational
In Service: 1998

Details

The Hatf-5 is a medium-range, road mobile, liquid propellant ballistic missile. It is believed to be based upon technology derived from the North Korean No-dong 1 and 2. 5 to 12 No Dong missiles were reportedly sold to Pakistan, though North Korea denies the connection. It also appears that the Hatf-5 was developed in conjunction with Iran, as the Iranian Shahab 3 missile appears very similar to the Hatf-5 both in appearance and capabilities. It is reliably reported that all three countries have cooperated extensively since 1993. The guidance system is believed to have been obtained from the People’s Republic of China (PRC), possibly passed through North Korea. A scenario wherein the PRC disseminates technology to North Korea, which in turn sells or gives this technology to Pakistan and Iran is quite likely, especially in this instance.



The Hatf-5 is designed as a strategic weapon. Its reported accuracy of 2,500 m CEP is too low to be used against any sort of target less than several kilometers across. This limits the military usage of this missile to striking large airports and military bases, though it could strike a city with ease. The only truly effective use for the Hatf-5 would be for deployment against civilian areas, most likely with a low yield nuclear weapon. However, the guidance device is believed to have been passed from the PRC, and it may be far more accurate than reported. An accuracy of 500 m CEP is not unreasonable, and such an accuracy would make the missile effective against strategic targets such as shipyards, airfields, etc., though it would still be ineffective against missile silos. Regardless of accuracy, the Hatf-5 is designed to strike strategic targets deep within India.



Like most Pakistani missile systems, the Hatf-5 is designed to be launched from modified Russian ‘Scud-B’ Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles. A modified tank is also known to have been used for a TEL vehicle. These vehicles hide the Hatf-5 from attack and allow for rapid transport and deployment.



The Hatf-5 missile has a minimum range of 350km and a maximum range of 1,300km. It is 15.9 m in length, has a diameter of 1.35 m and a launch weight of 15,850 kg. Its payload is a single separating warhead weighing up to 1,200 kg. The warhead can carry a 500 kg 15 to 35 kT yield nuclear weapon, or chemical, HE, or submunitions. The missile uses a single-stage liquid propellant engine, which may be the missile's greatest weakness, since liquid-fuelling significantly increases launch preparation time and poses storage and transportation problems. A report in 2000 suggested that Pakistan was terminating their liquid-fuelled missiles, but subsequent reports have not confirmed this claim.



The Hatf-5 program started development at the Khan Research Laboratories in 1993, with the first flight test occurring in 1998. Though the Hatf-5 missile likely entered service in 1998, the program continued testing the Hatf-5 and its variants through 2008 (and possibly beyond). Test flights were made in April 1999, May 2002, May 2004, June 2004, October 2004, November 2006, and February 2008. Two longer-ranged versions have been developed under the designations Hatf-5A and Ghauri 3.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 5 (Ghauri-3)
Country: Pakistan
Class: IRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Payload: Single warhead
Warhead: Nuclear, HE
Propulsion: Multiple-stage liquid
Range: 3000-3500 km
Status: Development

Details

The Ghauri 3 is an intermediate-range, liquid propellant ballistic missile under development by Pakistan. It is considered to be a project of the Hatf 5 program. The missile reportedly started development in 1994 with a planned range of 3,000 km (1864 miles). However, recently statements from Pakistan claim a range of 3500 km (2175 miles). There is also a Ghauri 3A that has a reported range of 3500 km. It is possible that the 3A program started in 2004. It is presumed to be road mobile and use an inertial guidance system, like previous Pakistani designs. These two missiles may serve as the basis for a satellite launch vehicle (SLV) based on the Taep'o-dong 1 (SLV).



The Ghauri 3 is likely designed for long-range strikes into India. It is nuclear capable and will probably be equipped to deploy nuclear warheads against civilian and military targets deep within India. There have been three wars fought between India and Pakistan since 1947, and there is a considerable danger that the next one would be nuclear. Both sides have been engaging in an arms race, of which the Pakistani Ghauri 3 and the Indian Agni-3 are the latest developments.



Pakistan reported in late May 2004 that it would be testing the Ghauri 3 in early June, but instead tested two Hatf-5 (Ghauri 1) missiles, to a range of 1,500 km (932 miles).

 

[Last Hope]

Hatf 5A

Country: Pakistan
Associated Country: Iran, People's Republic of China, North Korea
Alternate Name: Ghauri 2
Class: MRBM
Basing: Road mobile
Length: 15.9 m
Diameter: 1.35 m
Payload: Single warhead, 700 kg
Warhead: Nuclear (unknown yield), chemical, HE, submunition
Propulsion: Single-stage liquid
Range: 1500-1800 km
Status: Operational
In Service: 1999?

Details

The Hatf-5A is a medium-range, road mobile, liquid propellant ballistic missile. It is a longer ranged variant of the Hatf-5, developed by replacing the heavier steel construction of the Hatf-5 with an aluminum alloy and using improved propellants. It is believed that the Hatf-5 is based upon technology derived from the North Korean No-dong 1 and 2, though this is denied by North Korea. It also appears that the Hatf-5 and Hatf-5A were developed in conjunction with Iran, as the Iranian Shahab 3 and 4 designs appear extremely similar both in appearance and capabilities. It is reported that all three countries have cooperated extensively in missile development since 1993. The Hatf-5 guidance system is believed to have been obtained from the People’s Republic of China (PRC), possibly passed through North Korea.

Previous Pakistani designs combined with range/accuracy observations indicate that the Hatf-5A probably has an extremely poor accuracy of several kilometers CEP. This limits the military usage of this missile to striking large airports and military bases, though it could be used against a city. The most effective use for the Hatf-5A would be in deployment against civilian areas, most likely with a low yield nuclear warhead. However, should the accuracy be improved from a guidance system obtained from the PRC, the Hatf-5A would likely have the capability to strike strategic targets in India such as air and sea ports, factories and shipyards. The range of the Hatf-5A is sufficient to strike targets deep within India.

Like most Pakistani missile systems, the Hatf-5A is designed to be launched from modified Russian ‘Scud-B’ Transporter-Erector-Launcher (TEL) vehicles. A modified tank is also known to have been used for a TEL vehicle. These vehicles hide the Hatf-5A from attack and allow for rapid transport and deployment.

The Hatf-5A missile has a maximum range of 1,800 km with an unknown accuracy. Given the range compared to previous Pakistani designs, the accuracy is probably poor. The missile is believed to be nearly identical to the Hatf-5 in size and shape, though it is presumably lighter. Therefore, the missile is probably about 15.9m in length with a diameter of 1.35 m. The payload has been reduced from 1,200 kg to 700 kg for use at its maximum range. The reduced payload is probably indicative of advances in nuclear warhead design that allow for a lighter warhead with a similar yield. The Hatf-5 carries 750 kg warhead of 15 to 35 kT yield nuclear or a chemical, HE or submunition warhead. The Hatf-5A is probably capable of carrying similar warheads of reduced weight. The missile uses a single-stage liquid propellant engine.

The Hatf-5 started development at the Khan Research Laboratories in 1993, with the first flight test occurring in 1998. The first flight test of the Hatf-5A took place in 1999. It is believed that the Hatf-5 entered service in 1998, though flight testing for both missiles has continued through 2008. Given test dates and numbers, the Hatf-5A is probably operational and in use by the Pakistani Army’s 47th Artillery Brigade.(1)

 

[Last Hope]

 

[sur]

Just wanted to make a point,,, Above video thanked Pak Army,,, Definitely they have a role to play BUT it's actually Pak-Scientists who worked on these missiles and WMDs,,, They are the real ones to be thanked,,,

 

[Leader]

I WANT TIPU intercontinental ballistic missile

 

[Last Hope]

Just wanted to make a point,,, Above video thanked Pak Army,,, Definitely they have a role to play BUT it's actually Pak-Scientists who worked on these missiles and WMDs,,, They are the real ones to be thanked,,,

Yes sir, agreed. This video was made by some kids, as the initial lines suggest.

I WANT TIPU intercontinental ballistic missile

I wanted Shaheen III and Ghauri III

Lets not expect Tipu until 2018.

 

[T-Rex]

Yes sir, agreed. This video was made by some kids, as the initial lines suggest.


I wanted Shaheen III and Ghauri III

Lets not expect Tipu until 2018.

What's the problem if it is tested before that? I think Pakistan already has an inventory of ICBM. It's not politically expedient to test it now, I suppose.

 

[Last Hope]

What's the problem if it is tested before that? I think Pakistan already has an inventory of ICBM. It's not politically expedient to test it now, I suppose.

International and political pressure from US and India.