The Making of a Drone
QF-4 conversions are performed by BAE Systems in Mojave, California. Over 230 Phantoms have been “droned” since 1995, and conversions will continue through 2011 if all contract options are exercised. Production at first concentrated on F-4E tactical fighters and F-4G “Wild Weasel” defense-suppression aircraft. As the last models retired from active duty, these airframes were in good condition and still had a military supply chain. The earliest conversions included a few RF-4C photo-reconnaissance variants, which were found harder to control than later models because they lacked slats. Nonetheless, with no suitable F-4Gs left and stocks of candidate F-4Es depleted, RF-4C conversions resumed in 2007.
Candidate aircraft are taken from storage at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group, at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base (AFB), Arizona. Following depot maintenance, the aircraft are flown to Mojave, where the drone conversion is performed. Completed aircraft are ferried to Tyndall AFB, Florida for Air Force acceptance tests. The process takes about seven months from storage at AMARG to active status and costs about $800,000 U.S. per aircraft.
The QF-4 conversion adds a digital control system for remote operation of the aircraft’s steering, throttles, flaps, landing gear, brakes, braking parachute, and tailhook. Also fitted are a vector Doppler scoring system, transponder, second autopilot, and GPS for navigation and formation-keeping in remote flight. Non-essential equipment such as the F-4E’s 20mm cannon is replaced with ballast, while unused avionics like radar are left aboard but disabled. Finally, the wingtips and tail are painted orange to distinguish the aircraft as a drone.
The QF-4s are assigned to the 82nd ATRS at Tyndall, part of the 53rd Weapons Evaluation Group. The squadron operates full-scale and sub-scale drones over Tyndall’s air weapons range in the Gulf of Mexico. Detachment 1 of the 82 ATRS, based at Holloman AFB, New Mexico, provides target services for the Army and civilian contractors over the Army’s White Sands Missile Range (WSMR).