Muslims invented alcohol

[poseidon]

yes but indians were one of the first to use it in real life calculations and write books on them and create stuff that really mattered. science is always and learned and improved. muslims, persians or iranians didnt even do anything before india.

You saying Indian invented algebra you moron, stop contradicting yourself.

 

[yyetttt]

solidstate... again history stealing... (fake) india did squat... actually all the civilizations in pakistan were the ones who enphasized on it...

 

[solidstate]

Hinduism originated in Pakistan... Indian culture was made in Pakistan. Indian dance was mde in Pakistan. All you Indians really are are history stealers...

as i said u got the piece of land where it all originated because the division happened many years later. this is not anything to be proud offf. when it was done it was all hindustan. muslims or pakistanis have no contribution. stop calling indian achievements as pakistani.

 

[yyetttt]

solidstate why do you think i'm talking about muslims? i'm talking about pakistan's history, even if they were hindu's they are part of our history... the hindu's on the east side claimed our history...

 

[Desert Fox]

List of Muslim scientists throughout the ages


Islamic science has played a significant role in the history of science. There have been hundreds of notable Muslim scientists that have made a great contribution to civilization and society. The following is an incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Astronomers and astrophysicists
* 2 Chemists and alchemists
* 3 Economists and social scientists
* 4 Geographers and earth scientists
* 5 Mathematicians
* 6 Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
* 7 Physicians and surgeons
* 8 Physicists and engineers
* 9 Political scientists
* 10 Other scientists and inventors
* 11 References

Astronomers and astrophysicists

* Ibrahim al-Fazari
* Muhammad al-Fazari
* Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Al-Farghani
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
* Abu Sa'id Gorgani
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Al-Mahani
* Al-Marwazi
* Al-Nayrizi
* Al-Saghani
* Al-Farghani
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Yunus
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna(Ibn Sīnā )
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
* Averroes
* Al-Jazari
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Anvari
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
* Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
* Ahmad Nahavandi
* Haly Abenragel
* Abolfadl Harawi

Chemists and alchemists

Further information: Alchemy (Islam)

* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry[1][2][3]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Al-Majriti
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna
* Al-Khazini
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Ibn Khaldun
* Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
* Al-Khwārizmī, Father of Algebra, (Mathematics)
* Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[4]
* Mostafa El-Sayed
* Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry

Economists and social scientists

Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam

* Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
* Abu Yusuf (731-798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
* Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[5]
* Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[6] and father of Indology[7]
* Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
* Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
* Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
* Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
* Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
* Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[8] such as demography,[9] cultural history,[10] historiography,[11] philosophy of history,[12] sociology[9][12] and economics[13][14]
* Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
* Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
* Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
* Shah Abdul Hannan, Pioneer of Islamic Banking in South Asia
* Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[15][16]

Geographers and earth scientists

Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

* Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[17]
* Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[18]
* Ibn Al-Jazzar
* Al-Tamimi
* Al-Masihi
* Ali ibn Ridwan
* Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
* Ahmad ibn Fadlan
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[6][9] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[6]
* Avicenna
* Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Nafis
* Ibn Jubayr
* Ibn Battuta
* Ibn Khaldun
* Piri Reis
* Evliya Çelebi

Mathematicians

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

* Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[19] and algorithms[20]
* 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
* Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[21]
* Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
* Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Al-Khwarizmi
* Al-Mahani
* Ahmed ibn Yusuf
* Al-Majriti
* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
* Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
* Al-Khalili
* Al-Nayrizi
* Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
* Brethren of Purity
* Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
* Al-Saghani
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
* Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
* Ibn Sahl
* Al-Sijzi
* Ibn Yunus
* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Kushyar ibn Labban
* Al-Karaji
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
* Al-Nasawi
* Al-Jayyani
* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
* Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
* Omar Khayyám
* Al-Khazini
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
* Al-Marrakushi
* Al-Samawal
* Averroes
* Avicenna
* Hunayn ibn Ishaq
* Ibn al-Banna'
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
* Maryam Mirzakhani
* Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
* Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
* Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
* Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
* Ulugh Beg

* Cumrun Vafa

Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists

Further information: Islamic psychological thought

* Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[22]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[23]
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[24]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[25] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[26]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[27]
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[27]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[28]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[29]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[30]
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,[31] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[32]
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[28]
* Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[28]
* Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[33]
* Mir Sajad,Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.[34][35]
* Choudhury Mahmood Hasan

Physicians and surgeons

Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine

* Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
* Jafar al-Sadiq
* Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[36]
* Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[37]
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
* Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[24]
* Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
* Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[38]
* Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
* Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
* Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
* Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
* Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[39]
* Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[40]
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[28] craniotomy,[39] hematology[41] and dental surgery[42]
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[43] and visual perception[44]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
* Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[45] founder of Unani medicine,[41] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[46] aromatherapy,[47] pulsology and sphygmology,[48] and also a philosopher
* Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, physician of Unani medicine
* Ibn Miskawayh
* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[49] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[50] and tracheotomy[51]
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Baitar
* Ibn Jazla
* Nasir al-Din Tusi
* Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[52] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[53] pulsology and sphygmology[54]
* Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology[39]
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
* Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
* Mansur ibn Ilyas
* Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
* Syed Ziaur Rahman, pharmacologist
* Toffy Musivand
* Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[55]
* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[56][57]
* Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
* Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
* Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
* Abdul Qayyum Rana, Neurologist known for his work on Parkinson's disease

Physicists and engineers

Further information: Islamic physics

* Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
* Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
o Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
* Al-Saghani, 10th century
* Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
* Ibn Sahl, 10th century
* Ibn Yunus, 10th century
* Al-Karaji, 10th century
* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[58] pioneer of scientific method[59] and experimental physics,[60] considered the "first scientist"[61]
* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[62]
* Avicenna, 11th century
* Al-Khazini, 12th century
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
* Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
* Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
* Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[3]
* Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
* Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
* Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
* Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
* Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
* Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
* Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
* Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
* Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
* Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
* Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
* Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
* Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
* Abdus Salam, Ahmadiyya (non-Muslim under Pakistani law) Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel Laureate,
* Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
* Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German particle physicist
* Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
* Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
* Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
* Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
* Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
* Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program
* Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[63][64]
* Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[65]

Political scientists

* Syed Qutb
* Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
* Abul Ala Maududi
* Hasan al-Turabi
* Hassan al-Banna
* Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
* M. A. Muqtedar Khan
* Rashid al-Ghannushi

Other scientists and inventors

* Azizul Haque

List of Muslim scientists - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

[yyetttt]

solidstate you just admitted that it's not your history... the achievments aren't indian because before 1947 there wasn't a india. they are part of pakistani history.

 

[ares]

But it is now Pakistani history and heritage, NOT india, since all of what remained of it is now in Pakistan and most Pakistanis are descendants of these ancient civilizations and you indians are NOT.

False...Majority these states were based in territory of modern India,and their capital cities too..and Pakistan territory was but a small part of these empires..just like how Pakistani territory was small part of British India.

 

[Desert Fox]

go lock urself in a room and start crying as no one in the entire world believes u.
even here in canada we r taught that indus valley civilisation belongs to india.
no one can steal ur history as u dont have any history.

I once asked a indian Tamil here in the USA if he knew what Ghandara was, he said "is that the new Alien sequel?"

You bharatis don't even know the history you steal/claim.

 

[solidstate]

solidstate why do you think i'm talking about muslims? i'm talking about pakistan's history, even if they were hindu's they are part of our history... the hindu's on the east side claimed our history...

no one is claiming ur hostory as u dont have any
cant u understand this simple thing, that if u got the piece of land where all the civilisation by hindus were established have nothing to do with todays pakistan. lolll stop associating ur country with our great civilisations.

solidstate you just admitted that it's not your history... the achievments aren't indian because before 1947 there wasn't a india. they are part of pakistani history.

there was an indian since mauryan empire and called hindustan check the map.

 

[yyetttt]

solidstate you can believe whatever you want to believe... here in america in world history we are tuaght that indus valley is in pakistan... oh well.. indians love stealing history

 

[poseidon]

No matter how much India's cry, the indus vally is in pakistan now and will be part of their heritage always.

 

[Desert Fox]

20 Greatest Inventions by Muslims

From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life.

1) Coffee
The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London.The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.

2) Pin-Hole Camera
The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.

3) Chess
A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe - where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century - and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.

4) Parachute
A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn't. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing - concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing.Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.

5) Shampoo
Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.

6) Refinement
Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.

7) Shaft
The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.

) Metal Armor
Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders' metal armour and was an effective form of insulation - so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.

9) Pointed Arch
The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe's Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world's - with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V's castle architect was a Muslim.

10) Surgery
Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today

11) Windmill
The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.

12) Vaccination
The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.

13) Fountain Pen
The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.

14) Numerical Numbering
The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi's book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.

15) Soup
Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas - see No 4).

17) Pay Cheques
The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.

18) Earch is in sphere shape?
By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth". It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to be 40, 253.4km - less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.

19) Rocket and Torpedo
Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.

20) Gardens
Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.

 

[yyetttt]

Again, solidstate, it's not Indians achievments nor civilizations.. They are Pakistani's ancestors acievements... Sorry to say but the real India is Sindh.

 

[yyetttt]

Solidstate, all civilizations inside Pakistan had nothing to do with India. They were my ancestor's achievements and their civilizations. I think you should respect that instead of stealing our history. We don't steal your Ganga and Brahmaputra history do we? Now stop it.

 

[Desert Fox]

“If there is much misunderstanding in the West about the nature of Islam, there is also much ignorance about the debt our own culture and civilisation owe to the Islamic World. It is a failure, which stems, I think from the straight jacket of history, which we have inherited. The medieval Islamic world, from Central Asia to the shores of the Atlantic, was a world where scholars and men of learning flourished. But because we have tended to see Islam as the enemy of the West, as an alien culture, society and system of belief, we have tended to ignore or erase its great relevance to our own history.”

Prince Charles in a speech “Islam and the West”, Oxford, 27th October 1993


Islamic Inventions and contributions to the world





Islamic Scholars and Scientists (continued):