China 1992, India 2012

[jbond197]

The child labor is illegal in China, not sure about India.

Child Labour in India

That does not stop Child labor to be exploited in China. Google around and help yourself.

 

[northeast]

That does not stop Child labor to be exploited in China. Google around and help yourself.

how many？tens？maybe hundreds at most i guess.

 

[ChineseTiger1986]

Well, let me not stoop to your level here. I can get deep into your humiliations and imperfections of your society but I would rather try and improve my own.

Meanwhile how about going back to the Queue hairstyle that the Manchus forced on you.

Give hair or give head.

Your own Han society has been extremely feudal throughout with ordinary Hans crushed under the feudals' horses and no one to even bother about the lives of millions. Don't try to be racist or you will repent.

Perhaps you don't realize that the other racists don't place you high on the race pyramid at all.

This is the past, even USA got humilated many times in the past.

Do you really believe today's Japan dares to launch the attack against China? Unless they are ready to leave their existence from their boredom as a nation.

---------- Post added at 01:18 AM ---------- Previous post was at 01:15 AM ----------

That does not stop Child labor to be exploited in China. Google around and help yourself.

The illegal activities can happen in any country, nobody can prevent it, but the best way to make the law restriction on it.

My question is, does India make the child labor illegal by the law?

 

[Vinod2070]

This is the past, even USA got humilated many times in the past.

Do you really believe today's Japan dares to launch the attack against China? Unless they are ready to leave their existence from their boredom as a nation.

I have no problems with China. I wish the country well. For me, it is an ancient fellow Asian great civilization.

I am just responding to a bunch of petty, mean and frivolous trolls.

 

[Martian2]

He is trying to hide his shame that China has made no real contribution to any innovation for thousands of years.

They have made some incremental improvements over existing (and mostly stolen) technology, nothing more.

Not a single innovation that we use in our day to day live from the last several decades can be traced to China except cheap manufacturing using Western decades old technology.

Your claim is not true. For example, China is at the forefront of developing next-generation nuclear technology.

----------

China starts up first fourth-generation nuclear reactor

China Experimental Fast Reactor

China Experimental Fast Reactor control room
(Photo credits: China Institute of Atomic Energy)

China starts up first fourth generation nuclear reactor

"China starts up first fourth generation nuclear reactor
English.news.cn 2010-07-22 07:22:44

BEIJING, July 21 (Xinhua) -- Chinese scientists have succeeded in testing the country's first experimental fourth generation nuclear reactor, an expert said here on Wednesday.

The successful start up of the China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) marked a breakthrough in China's fourth generation nuclear technology, and made China the eighth country in the world to own the technology, Zhang Donghui, general manager of the CEFR project, told Xinhua over phone.

China's existing 11 nuclear power generating units all use second generation of nuclear power generation technology. The country started the construction of its first third-generation pressurized water reactors using AP1000 technologies developed by U.S.-based Westinghouse in 2009.

Compared with the third generation reactors which have an utility rate of uranium of just one percent, CEFR boasts an utility rate of more than 60 percent.

A new recycling technology called pyroprocessing is also used to close the fuel cycle by separating the unused fuel from most of the radioactive waste.

"The CEFR is safer, more environment-friendly, and more economic than its predecessors," Zhang said."

China Close to Firing Up a Fast Reactor « Carbon-Nation

"The Chinese Experimental Fast Reactor is so-named because the neutrons produced in its core are not ‘moderated’ with water like those that generate heat in nearly all commercial nuclear reactors. The faster neutrons can burn down nuclear waste and even generate new fuel, promising a solution to the thorny problem of waste storage as well as energy independence.

Fast reactors have proven difficult to operate because most rely on highly flammable liquid sodium to cool the reactor, but their promised benefits keep the hope alive."

China's Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Program

"China's Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Program

原子能快堆研究中心

China began research on fast neutron breeder reactors in the mid- and late-1960s. During its basic research period from 1965 to 1987, China's research focused on fast reactor technology such as fast reactor physics, thermodynamics, sodium technology and small sodium facility. During this initial period about 12 experimental setups were established, and one sodium loop was constructed. This included a 50 kg 235U zero-power neutron setup. On June 28 June 1970, this device reached criticality. The engineering goal for the applied basic research phase of China's FBR program (1987-1993) was to successfully construct a 65 MWt (25 MWe) experimental fast reactor. Further developments were made in sodium technology, fuel and materials, fast reactor safety, and reactor design. A preliminary foundation for a fast reactor design was established, and approximately 20 experimental setups and sodium loops were built."

Nuclear Engineering International

"Nine years after construction began on the China Experimental Fast Reactor near Beijing, the reactor is close to start up. First criticality is expected before the end of 2009 and the reactor is due to be connected to the grid in June of 2010.
...
Ordering of components for CEFR began in 1997. The components were imported mainly from Russia, France, USA and UK, with imports from abroad sharing about 30% of the total systems and components budget."

China Experimental Fast Reactor Ready to Connect | Nuclear Energy Insider

"Following the start of operations for CEFR in June, the next milestone will be the commissioning of the so-called China Demonstration Fast Reactor (CDFR), planned for 2018, though initial work on the design was approved back in 2007.

The CDFR will be located in Fujian province on China’s busy and economically active eastern seaboard, opposite Taiwan.

Following CDFR, the plan is move towards a Chinese developed commercial fast reactor (CCFR), though no preliminary dates have been released for this final stage of the programme as yet – dates including 2028 and 2035 have been [mooted] but not confirmed.

Despite this, the press has reported (unconfirmed by the central government in Beijing but suggested by sources at the government-linked China Institute of Atomic Energy) that several CDFR plants should be in operation by 2030 and that China’s nuclear capacity will rise to 240-250GWe by 2050 with most of this produced by fast breeder reactors that will be introduced to replace China’s current stock of highly polluting, inefficient and costly coal fired power plants.

New record for nuclear, for China

If China does deliver the CEFR in June then it will be the only third power-generating fast reactor in operation globally."

[Note: This is an updated post with new high-resolution pictures from "ANR."]

 

[jbond197]

You seem to have an English problem. "Boilers" and "rotors" are very different things. A boiler is a big pot.

A 1,000MW rotor is a super high-tech component that only GE, Siemens, and China can manufacture.

Ok, Rotors were Designed by Siemens and developed under their technical guidance.

USC 1000MW generator rotor is very demanding because of their technical requirements, manufacturing difficulties in the past, are dependent on imports. To create our own million-kilowatt-class ultra-supercritical rotor, double technical solutions worked out well, in strict accordance with Germany's Siemens technical standards for production. Their day or night, continuous attendant to the scene to provide technical guidance, support, led by a 1000MW generator rotor to create the conditions for successful hardening.
source

The steam turbines in Yuhuan power plant were jointly designed and manufactured by Siemens PG and its Chinese joint venture, Shanghai Electric Group (SEG). Siemens provided the technology for the ultrasupercritical steam turbines, engineering, technical services and key components. The turbines and generators were manufactured by SEG.

Siemens' design for ultrasupercritical conditions was made available to SEG under know-how transfer agreements.

Steam turbines: Driving efficiency | Turbomachinery International | Professional Journal archives from AllBusiness.com


So In all Yuhuan is a joint effort of MHI Japan, Emersson and Seimens.. Martian2 you are again proven to be a liar.. So Stop spreading your garbage around.



---------- Post added at 01:49 AM ---------- Previous post was at 01:47 AM ----------

The illegal activities can happen in any country, nobody can prevent it, but the best way to make the law restriction on it.

My question is, does India make the child labor illegal by the law?

Child labor is illegal in India by law.

 

[jbond197]

how many？tens？maybe hundreds at most i guess.

Seriously?! I don't know you have access to google or not but if you do then help yourself. It's filled with very useful information on the topic..

 

[Vinod2070]

---

Again, China is nowhere the leader in nuclear technology or any technology.

Most of what you do is what the West invented decades back.

No doubt it is great for China to play catch up, your pretensions are still funny.

 

[jbond197]

Again, China is nowhere the leader in nuclear technology or any technology.

Most of what you do is what the West invented decades back.

No doubt it is great for China to play catch up, your pretensions are still funny.

Most of what's happening there in any arena is actually with technical guidance from all the major companies world wide.. When you have money then you have the liberty to get any technology by hook or crook. That does not mean Fanboys can start claiming it as if they have invented it..

 

[Martian2]

Most of what's happening there in any arena is actually with technical guidance from all the major companies world wide.. When you have money then you have the liberty to get any technology by hook or crook. That does not mean Fanboys can start claiming it as if they have invented it..

Once again, I must disagree with you. I will reiterate my point that China develops its own high technology to create high-paying jobs. In the example below, it is China's U.S. patent No.: US006686096B1.

I will say this for the final time. China is a world leader in numerous fields of high technology. In this example, we see that China is a world leader in energy storage technology based on its patented indigenous technology.

Chinese lithium-ion battery technology powers Sino-Russian joint venture

Thunder Sky (Winston Battery), based in Shenzhen, China, is a leading supplier of patented Solid State Lithium ion Power Battery based on the Liquid Lithium Ion Battery and Solid Polymer Lithium Ion Battery. Solid Sate Lithium Ion Power Battery is mainly used for electric motorcycle, electric vehicle, bus and other electrical transportation instruments. US Patent No.: US006686096B1

Chinese, Rusnano Partner for Modern Battery Production | Business | The Moscow Times

"Chinese, Rusnano Partner for Modern Battery Production
11 December 2011
By Howard Amos

Workers at the plant were trained to use equipment labeled in Chinese. (Photo credit: Anton Unitsyn / For MT)

NOVOSIBIRSK — At first glance, Liotech's $413 million Siberian factory that plans to churn out a million batteries a year appears to be a showcase of Russian industry, innovation and expertise.

Except that all the machinery used by the plant was manufactured by Chinese companies, all the raw materials for the LT-LYP 200, LT-LYP 300 and LT-LYP 700 batteries come from China and all of the factory's finished products are destined for the Chinese market.

Located just outside Novosibirsk, the plant is run by Liotech, a daughter company of China's battery manufacturer Thunder Sky in partnership with state-owned Rusnano. Thunder Sky owns 50.0001 percent of the enterprise, Rusnano 49.9999 percent.

Liotech's batteries are primarily destined for the electric transport and energy supply industries and the company estimates that the world market for lithium-ion batteries will grow tenfold over the next nine years to be worth almost $30 billion.

About 60 Chinese engineers have been in Russia since June training local workers to use the equipment that is labeled in Chinese. But they were quietly hidden away last week during the official opening of the factory attended by guests including Novosibirsk region Governor Vasily Urchenko and Rusnano head Anatoly Chubais.

As there was a wish to "show to the leaders that Russians already know how to operate [the machinery]," Thunder Sky director Shaoping Lu told The Moscow Times on Thursday that "most of [the Chinese engineers] didn't come today."

In an address to the assembled journalists, factory workers and politicians, Chubais said that without foreign assistance, the venture could never have got off the ground.

"When we began this project, we understood that all of [Russia's] existing equipment and all of its existing production facilities associated with battery manufacture were of yesterday's standard," he said. "We were radically behind."

The new factory is a vehicle for technology transfer. It aims to use only Russian raw materials by 2015, Liotech's general director Alexander Yerokhin said in an interview. While he has a guaranteed market in Thunder Sky, Yerokhin is also free to find Russian consumers. "It's their [Thunder Sky's] obligation to buy, but not my obligation to sell," he said.

Shaoping Lu said for Thunder Sky the appeal of the project was the recognition and access it gives to its name and products in Russia. They had intended to build the plant in China, he added, but Rusnano insisted on Novosibirsk.

Liotech, registered as a company in February 2010, believes that in the face of a gradual global shift to electronic transport systems its batteries will be in greater and greater demand. Moscow will deploy a hundred electric buses next year and Novosibirsk began to use "half" electric buses — that run from overhead lines but can switch to their own power when the lines end — in June, Yerokhin said.

Liotech has currently just one contract — a 3 billion ruble ($95 million) agreement with new innovation company Mobel.

Yerokhin admitted that the growth of the market in urban electric transport systems was highly dependent on the state. "A lot depends on politics," he said.

Though Chubais said at the opening ceremony that the project had faced a lot of opposition, including in the choice of a Chinese partner, the involvement of Rusnano is likely to guarantee support for Liotech and its batteries.

The plant was constructed in record time. "In Russia, a normal time frame for the building work on this type of project is one and a half to two years … [for this] we had eight months for everything," said Oleg Mamayev, executive director of PIK Group that put up the factory during a Siberian winter in temperatures of minus 40 degrees Celsius.

Financing was provided by loans from Rusnano (5.50 billion rubles), credit from Sberbank (3.90 billion rubles), investment from Rusnano shareholders (2.08 billion rubles) and from Thunder Sky shareholders (1.45 billion rubles). The factory is expected to be profitable in five years."

[Note - Source for the first picture and caption: Lithium Batteries]

 

[ejaz007]

Again, China is nowhere the leader in nuclear technology or any technology.

Most of what you do is what the West invented decades back.

No doubt it is great for China to play catch up, your pretensions are still funny.

Dear Vinod 2070,

Your logic is a bit flawed. If we use your logic in defining who invented what then we shall continue to debate and not come to a conclusion.

Americans used captured or defected German scientist to invent a lot of stuff. Similarly India made use of a Ex-German scientist to invent her first fighter the HF-24 Marut. Even present day Indian LCA Tejas uses a lot of foreign assistance. What should we say you are not making any progress. Not correct India is still making progress today with some help and perhaps tommorrow idependently on her own. Same is the case with China.

China has made great progress and lets hope all countries of the region do the same.

 

[IND151]

science: the number of scientific articles published by India is 100 times lower than the number published by China with equal citation rates.

space: no Indian space station in orbit and only recently mastered multilaunch, something China did in 1981.

RD: the patents held by Huawei, a single Chinese company, dwarfs the number held by India.

Innovation: see science and RD. Indian companies have very innovative accounting practices, I agree.

high tech: India is nowhere near the frontier in critical areas like supercomputing, quantum communications and applied superconductivity.

labor mobility: 7 year old child laborers hauling dirt on construction sites isn't mobility. someone that commutes 100 km per day within 20 minutes on a high speed train is mobile, coincidentally, China is the country with the most high speed rail.

India is one of the only 8 nations having fast breeder reactors.

infarct while china's first fast breeder reactor started producing power in 2011, India's first first 40 MWt Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) attained criticality on 18 October 1985.

Thus, India became the sixth nation to have the technology to build and operate an FBTR after US, UK, France, Japan and the former USSR.

this means China achieved what India achieved 25 years ago.

Breeder reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

[Martian2]

India is one of the only 8 nations having fast breeder reactors.

infarct while china's first fast breeder reactor started producing power in 2011, India's first first 40 MWt Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) attained criticality on 18 October 1985.

Thus, India became the sixth nation to have the technology to build and operate an FBTR after US, UK, France, Japan and the former USSR.

this means China achieved what India achieved 25 years ago.

Breeder reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

With all due respect, it is ridiculous for you to claim backward India is 25 years ahead of China in nuclear technology.

I have already proven that China's 5,000kg DFH-4 communications satellite meets the world standards of over 30 transponders and a 15-year lifetime.

In contrast, I have also shown that India builds the 690kg Indian remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-2A and the 83kg Indian Mini Satellite (IMS-1) high-school-project satellites for orbit. India is decades behind China in satellite technology. In spite of your silly boast, the situation is also similar in nuclear technology.

Instead of your baseless claims and lack of reputable citations, let's look at a report by The New York Times on China's pioneering nuclear industry.

----------

The New York Times: A Radical Kind of Reactor

"A Radical Kind of Reactor
By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: March 24, 2011

Dr. Xu Yuanhui of Chinergy with one of the "pebbles" or fuel elements that power the reactor.
(Photo credit: Shiho Fukada for The New York Times)

SHIDAO, China — While engineers at Japan’s stricken nuclear power plant struggle to keep its uranium fuel rods from melting down, engineers in China are building a radically different type of reactor that some experts say offers a safer nuclear alternative.

The technology will be used in two reactors here on a peninsula jutting into the Yellow Sea, where the Chinese government is expected to let construction proceed even as the world debates the wisdom of nuclear power.

Rather than using conventional fuel rod assemblies of the sort leaking radiation in Japan, each packed with nearly 400 pounds of uranium, the Chinese reactors will use hundreds of thousands of billiard-ball-size fuel elements, each cloaked in its own protective layer of graphite.

The coating moderates the pace of nuclear reactions and is meant to ensure that if the plant had to be shut down in an emergency, the reaction would slowly stop on its own and not lead to a meltdown.

The reactors will also be cooled by nonexplosive helium gas instead of depending on a steady source of water — a critical problem with the damaged reactors at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi power plant. And unlike those reactors, the Chinese reactors are designed to gradually dissipate heat on their own, even if coolant is lost.

If the new plants here prove viable, China plans to build dozens more of them in coming years.

The technology under construction here, known as a pebble-bed reactor, is not new. Germany, South Africa and the United States have all experimented with it, before abandoning it over technical problems or a lack of financing.

But as in many other areas of alternative energy, including solar panels and wind turbines, China is now taking the lead in actually building the next-generation technology. The government has paid for all of the research and development costs for the two pebble-bed reactors being built here, and will cover 30 percent of the construction costs.

Despite Japan’s crisis, China still plans to build as many as 50 nuclear reactors over the next five years — more than the rest of the world combined. Most of this next wave will be of more conventional designs.

But if the pebble-bed approach works as advertised, and proves cost effective, China hopes it can eventually adopt the technology on a broad scale to make nuclear power safer and more feasible as it deals with the world’s fastest growing economy and the material expectations of its 1.3 billion people.

Western environmentalists are divided on the safety of pebble-bed nuclear technology.

Thomas B. Cochran, the senior scientist on nuclear power for the Natural Resources Defense Council, an American group, said that such reactors would probably be less dangerous than current nuclear plants, and might be better for the environment than coal-fired plants.

“Over all, in terms of design,” he said, “it would appear to be safer, with the following caveat: the safety of any nuclear plant is not just a function of the design but also of the safety culture of the plant.”

The executives overseeing construction of the new Chinese reactors say that engineers are already being trained to oversee the extensively computerized controls for the plant, using a simulator at a test reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing, apparently without mishap.

Engineers have been trained to oversee the controls on a test pebble-bed reactor that has been operating for a decade near Beijing. (Photo credit: Shiho Fukada for The New York Times)

Students look at an experimental reactor project built at Tsinghua University, north of Beijing.
(Photo credit: Shiho Fukada for The New York Times)

But Greenpeace, the international environmentalist group, opposes pebble-bed nuclear reactors, questioning whether any nuclear technology can be truly safe. Wrapping the uranium fuel in graphite greatly increases the volume of radioactive waste eventually requiring disposal, said Heinz Smital, a Greenpeace nuclear technology specialist in Germany.

But he said the waste is far less radioactive per ton than spent uranium fuel rods — one of the big sources of trouble at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.

China is building a repository for high-level nuclear waste, like conventional fuel rods, in the country’s arid west. But the far less radioactive spheres, or pebbles, like those from the Shidao reactors will not require such specialized storage; China plans to store the used pebbles initially at the power plants, and later at lower-level radioactive waste disposal sites near the reactors.

Whatever fears the rest of the world may have about China’s nuclear ambitions, the environmental cost-benefit analysis contains at least one potential positive: More nukes would let China reduce the heavy reliance on coal and other fossil fuels that now make it the world’s biggest emitter of global-warming gases.

“China epitomizes the stark choices that we face globally in moving away from current forms of coal-based electricity,” said Jonathan Sinton, the top China specialist at the International Energy Agency in Paris. “Nuclear is an essential alternative” to coal, he said. “It’s the only one that can provide the same quality of electricity at a similar scale in the medium and long term.”

Chinese leaders have been largely unwilling to engage in the global debate on climate change. But they have made a priority of reducing urban air pollution — which kills thousands of people every year and is largely caused by burning coal — and of improving mine safety. Coal mining accidents killed more than 2,400 people in China last year alone.

China’s biggest electric company, the state-owned Huaneng Group, now aims to prove that the technology can work on a commercial scale by building the two pebble-bed reactors — each capable of meeting the residential power needs of an American city of 75,000 to 100,000 people. The reactors are expected to go into operation in about four years.

The plants’ foundations have already been laid, their steel reinforcing bars pointing skyward, on a desolate landscape dominated by thatch-roofed huts and last season’s cornfields. Chinese safety regulations require that all nuclear plants be located at least 30 miles from the nearest city, in this case Rongcheng, which has a population of one million.

It was only three days after a tsunami swamped Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi plant that China’s legislature approved its five-year plan calling for dozens of new nuclear reactors. As the severity of that crisis became evident, Beijing said it would “temporarily suspend“ the approval of new nuclear reactors, but would allow construction to proceed at more than two dozen other nuclear projects already under way.

By coincidence, China’s cabinet and its national energy bureau had both given final approval for the pebble-bed reactors here in Shidao in the two weeks before the earthquake, said Xu Yuanhui, the father of China’s pebble-bed nuclear program.

China’s nuclear safety agency has met since the Japanese earthquake and reviewed the Shidao’s project plans and site preparation, and has indicated it will be the next project to receive safety clearance.

“The conclusion is clear that it is all ready to start to pour concrete,” said Dr. Xu, a former Tsinghua University professor who is now the vice general manager of Chinergy, the contractor building the reactors here.

Germany led the initial research into pebble-bed nuclear reactors and built its own research version in the 1960s. That reactor closed after an accident, caused by a jammed fuel pebble that released traces of radiation — coincidentally nine days after the Chernobyl accident in 1986, at a time of greatly increased worry about nuclear safety. Dr. Xu said that China, learning from the German mishap, had designed its reactors to keep the pebbles from jamming.

South Africa tried hard until last summer to build a pebble-bed reactor but ran into serious cost overruns.

In the United States, the federal government and companies have spent heavily on pebble-bed research. But there has been little appetite for actually building new nuclear reactors — of any sort — since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.

“The Chinese had a determination to build, to show the technology to work, and a commitment to get it done,” said Andrew Kadak, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology nuclear engineer specializing in pebble-bed reactors. 'In the U.S. we didn’t have, and still don’t have, the commitment.'”

 

[below_freezing]

You can't just take last years cite per doc to compare. Cause the citations increase with the years. Cumulative is probably the best way to compare.

And India has been ahead of China so far(overall).

Actually, citations per article always go down on average, because newer articles MUST be about more specialized topics that do not interest everyone, while older articles are about more generalized topics that others build on. That is why European countries have such an immense lead over others.

 

[Vinod2070]

Dear Vinod 2070,

Your logic is a bit flawed. If we use your logic in defining who invented what then we shall continue to debate and not come to a conclusion.

Americans used captured or defected German scientist to invent a lot of stuff. Similarly India made use of a Ex-German scientist to invent her first fighter the HF-24 Marut. Even present day Indian LCA Tejas uses a lot of foreign assistance. What should we say you are not making any progress. Not correct India is still making progress today with some help and perhaps tommorrow idependently on her own. Same is the case with China.

China has made great progress and lets hope all countries of the region do the same.

I don't deny they have made progress.

It is their pretensions and trying to mock others that I have issues with.