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27th 9th 2008
Indian Agni missiles: From regional to global deterrence challenge
Luke Visingr , Stephen Kotrba
0 0 0
The bipolar world of the Cold War built on two power blocs is gone. Today's multipolar international environment offers an opportunity for other powers who would like to gain its "place in the sun". One of them is India, which is unquestionably the position of regional power in South Asia. This position is supported by its strategic missile Agni series. The newly developed missiles Agni-III, which is to have an intercontinental range, however, suggests that Indian ambitions directed even further.
There can no longer be any doubt that the USA, the European Union and "reddening" of Latin America, there is now a huge fourth supra-regional groupings with a focus on great power role. This is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, economic and defense community that grew out of the "Agreement on deepening military trust in border areas" in 2001. Today it consists of China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In 2004, Mongolia received observer status. At the summit a year later became observers in Iran, India and Pakistan. U.S. request to be allowed to attend the summit, was rejected. So far, though remained outside the attention that Russia has for some time now gradually turning away from politically unstable Europe and focuses on Asia. It is through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Russia for many years seeks strategic partnerships with established two regional powers, India and China, a member of the blocks, which are present even these two countries for them to lose interest.
Russia, China, Pakistan and India are the owners of nuclear weapons, are significant and their cosmic ambitions. Their economic potential is enormous, are members of the WTO, IMF and World Bank. Their declared aim is to build economically and militarily consolidated central and eastern Asia.
Indian missile program is a frequent subject of articles in specialized media, while interest on the part of journalists is far weaker. Probably because India is not (despite its controversial policy on Kashmir) considered a "rogue state" and wants to maintain good relations with most of the great powers and superpowers. Although it is the largest buyer of Russian arms, but the technique also removes from the USA, the EU and Israel. The problem remains traditional and latent conflict with Pakistan and China, which was certainly the main reason for India's determination to acquire a nuclear missile deterrent capacity. The greatest pride of the Indian Armed Forces are the Agni family of ballistic missiles, which in Sanskrit means "fire." If Agni-I and Agni-II are "regional" weapons potential developed Agni-III had clearly exceeds the regional framework.
First step: Agni-TD
The roots of the development of Indian strategic ballistic missiles extend it to 70 20th century. In 1972, the project Valiant, which was to produce a three-stage rocket engines using liquid fuel. However, the program has proceeded slowly and then stopped. In 1983, however, an Indian organization for defense research and development (DRDO, Defence Research & Development Organisation) began a project IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Project), whose aim was to equip the Indian forces advanced missile of any kind. In addition to anti-aircraft missiles and anti-tank were also part of the project ballistic missiles, which should be the foundation of the Indian nuclear deterrent force.
While tactical and operational-tactical role should fulfill a series of single-stage missile Prithvi, strategic tasks were designed multi-stage Agni series of missiles. For the development and verification of the necessary technologies to serve experimental missile Agni-TD (Technology Demonstrator), sometimes also called Agni-TTB (Technology Test Bed). It was first released on the 22nd May 1989, as the first stage was used accelerator of space launchers SLV-3 engine with solid fuel and as a second stage Prithvi missile modified to operate on liquid fuel. The starting weight of the entire assembly was less than 25 tons. In tests Agni-TD matched to a maximum distance of 1450 km, but the Indians by the theoretical range of almost 2500 km.
Last test Agni-TD occurred on the 19th February 1994 brought a significant technical progress, as it was successfully tested and maneuvering the RV terminally guided. It is reported that the guidance system includes a flat optical sensor, radar and computer graph comparing the data from these two sensors are entered details on area targets; This is therefore analogous to the American system TERCOM known of the missiles with cruise missiles. Though Agni-TD was just a test shot, there were speculations that the RV RVMk. 1 could carry a nuclear fission warhead of 200 kilotons. India after the last test indicated that within two years could possess combat weapons usable form of Agni, but under pressure from the U.S. and G7 these ambitions and abandon the project suspended. Three successful tests missile Agni-TD, however, proved beyond doubt that India has strategic missile potential.
This is confirmed, moreover, by the fact that regular deletion own communications and scientific satellites, has its spaceport and quality support. The Indian space program has its origins in the 60th 20th century. In 1963, India built the first functional TERLS carrier rocket, which first flew on 21st November of 1963. Successful tests of space carriers SLV-3 (first flight in 1979, and in 1980 shipped the cargo space 40 kg), ASLV (1994 earned Satellite SROSS C2) PSLV (GSAT-1 in 2001) and so far the largest confirm GSLV efforts India's independence in telecommunications and navigation, and maybe even ambition to conquer the moon. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working with ESA, CSA Canadian and Chinese CNSA. A space that each carrier can also carry military cargo, perhaps there is no need to stress.
The answer to the proliferation of: Agni-II
But the said suspension Agni missile project was only temporary, as in the 90 years the Indian security environment began to change significantly. China to strengthen its arsenal of ballistic missiles of short and medium range missile technology and disseminating Pakistan, who also benefited from cooperation with North Korea, in exchange for missile technology it supplied information about the nuclear program. Imaginary limit was exceeded in 1998, when Pakistan carried out an experimental nuclear blast and tested Ghauri missile, which was based on the North Korean No-dong gun and could threaten most of the territory of India. India's response was not long in coming. 11th April 1999, played the first experimental rocket launch Agni-II.
This weapon technology follows the Agni-TD, but unlike her grades have both engines with solid fuel. Agni-II is often described as a "two-and-a-half-stage" rocket engines because in addition to the first and second degree has more elevation motor (HAM, High Altitude Motor), which is integrated in the return-RV Mk.2 body and burns liquid fuel. The return element is based on an experimental RV-Mk.1, but its primary focus is lighter thermonuclear warhead developed in 1995, thus providing space for motor "půltého" levels (states, however, that this concept has been tested already on the RV-Mk .1 shot Agni-TD). Furthermore, it is known that the guidance system comprises an inertial navigation laser gyros, a receiver signal from terrestrial beacons and the above-described terminal guidance. Indian sources indicate deviation from circular up to 40 m, although foreign estimated accuracy of about 100-200 m
Maximum range Agni-II depends on whether it is a re-entry integrates HAM. If so, and if we work with figures that Indians released after the tests, he could reach the top of the rocket near to 4500 km, but with a warhead weighing only 700 kg. HAM using a standard head weighing 1000 kg should range beyond 3000 km. Frequently referred to as the highest number range missile Agni-II is 2000-2500 km, which is probably not the value that does not effect the height of the engine. But even the range of "only" 2000 km covering the entire Pakistan and indispensable part of China. In May 2001, the Indian government announced that the missile Agni-II reached operational capability, but the exact number of combat-ready missile is not completely clear. While Indian sources claim that there is serial production rate of 18 units per year, foreign experts are skeptical and believe that today India has the combat readiness only about twenty missile Agni-II. The weapon exists in version rail and road, in the second case the platform launcher Czech Tatra T815 truck 8 × 8, respectively. the modifi ed version produced at the factory Tatra company in India. At shows these shots usually occur in large-drawn trailers, which are only containers, not combat platform.
Filling the gaps: Agni-I
Great disorientation in Indian ballistic missiles caused some authors to the fact that the type of Agni-I was developed to Agni-II. Numbering shots in this series is based on sorting by hand, rather than the chronology of development. The development of missile Agni-I was remarkably rapid and largely it was improvised. Agni-I began to be developed in 1999, the de facto immediately after confl ict with Pakistan on the Kargil area. In the most critical days of the war, it was claimed that the two countries could resort to a limited nuclear missile strike. India but in this direction had distinct disadvantage since then lacked the shorter medium-range missile weapons between the short-range Prithvi and Agni-II strategic.
Agni-I was first tested on the 25th January 2002. It is a single-stage missile Put simply, it is without Agni-II second stage, respectively. first stage of Agni-II, which is installed on the RV-RV Mk.2. According to some photographers and not in terms of modifi ed version of this body, which lacks the four characteristic maneuvering surfaces, suggesting that in the version of Agni-I is maneuvering to ensure otherwise, probably small rocket motors, the same as in the RV-Mk.1 . In addition to the nuclear charge at Agni-I also counts with a conventional warhead, India has allegedly produced for its extensive range ballistic weapons warheads, in addition to the normal cluster and container hitch also, among other things, the breakdown and the fuel-air. Like Agni-II, also in the case of Agni-I found significantly different information about the maximum range. As a rule, it is stated range 700-800 km with 1000 kg bombs, according to Indian sources, it is a little more, maybe even 900 km. With light by thermonuclear warhead Agni-I even reportedly had to fly 1200 km. Number valiant rockets currently is probably between 8 and 16 pieces. To drain the Agni-I is used again either ramp on the eight-wheeled car Tatra T815 or ramp at a railway wagon.
New Generation: Agni-III
Missiles Agni-I and Agni-II meant for India achieve strategic parity with Pakistan, if not superiority over him, and at the same time acquire a significant potential deterrent against China. If the information about the range Agni-II over 3000 km true, it means that the range of this weapon is, inter alia, Beijing and Shanghai. It is also clear, however, that the Agni-II has the technical limits that do not allow further significant increase in firing range, plus a shot you can not install multiple warhead (MIRV) or countermeasures to penetrate missile defenses. The logical consequence was therefore the development of another member of the Agni series, which was indeed launched in 1998, but picked up more speed in 2001, as the DRDO was the end of the century extremely busy introducing missile Agni-I and Agni-II service.
If Agni-II and Agni-I are quite closely related to each other and experimental shot Agni-TD, a new type of Agni-III had to say it can not. Basically, it is technically an entirely new weapon, which can substantiate the fact that it was first constructed test missile Agni-IIITD perform a similar role as a demonstrator Agni-TD against serial missile Agni-II and Agni-I. The existence of Agni-III admitted India in 2005 and the first test took place on the 9th July 2006, but was unsuccessful, as a result of engine failure of First Instance has lost control. The first successful test was performed on the 12th April 2007 followed by a further seventh May 2008.
Agni-III is compared missile Agni-II somewhat shorter, but has twice the diameter. Demonstrator behalf of Agni-IIITD has two stages, the first of which is made of carbon fiber and the other from a special steel alloy. Both have engines with solid fuel. Agni-I experimental IIITD showed that it is indeed a powerful weapon, because the tests flew head weighing 1000 kg for 13 minutes at a distance of about 3500 km. The RV RV-Mk.3 could theoretically carry a thermonuclear bomb and decoy. With the introduction of Agni-III into service in this form is not expected. DRDO has focused attention on MIRV warheads.
The deterrent "puzzle"
Agni-IIITD is really only works as a demonstrator, based on which the whole family will be developed strategic missiles with different numbers of stages, different heads and range. Currently information about them is mainly based on reports and statements by Indian DRDO scientists and politicians, so one can not exclude a certain amount of propaganda and misinformation, though probably not in such quantity as in the case of Iran's Shahab missile family (see ATM 12/2007).Agni-III is in any case great power strategic weapons to deter adversary, and thus also in the news for her to be presumed deterrent effect.
Payload serial version of the Agni-III with a range from 600 to almost 3500 kg and a reach of at least match the lower end of the category of intercontinental missiles, ie 5000-5500 km. But the truth is that this well-known watershed was determined "arbitrarily" during the Cold War, and it's actually distance the U.S. East Coast from the western border of the former USSR, in other words, the corresponding range crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Due to the CAL position geographer India but this paradigm is actually meaningless and Indian sources say that fighting Agni-III should have reach "truly intercontinental" or similar to that which now boasts the best weapons superpower, ie. over 10 000 km. Guidance to ensure inertial and satellite navigation, in which the signal source to be Russian GLONASS network, and from 2012 also the Indian satellite system IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System).
Indian sources speak today about the development of the three "road" Agni-III variant and one designed for raketonosné submarines. Agni-IIIA is developed as a three-stage rocket, the first and second stages are identical with Agni-IIITD and the third stage is (like the first) made of carbon composites. On it is placed a body shape of a cone with a rounded top, comprising a triad of nuclear warheads RV Mk.2A, which is essentially the cleavage head part RV Mk.2 supplemented smaller volume fusion "fuel" (i.e. hydrogen isotopes) for increasing the strength of fissile response (this principle is usually abbreviated FBF, "fusionboosted fi ssion").
Agni-IIIB planned even as a four-stage weapon because of its rounded body has a cutting edge addition to the twelve nuclear warheads Mk.5 RV-type FBF contain auxiliary rocket motor SUM (Small Upper Motor). In the distant future is reportedly planning and power unit type Aero-Spike, a revolutionary concept rocket engine able to operate effectively in all layers of the atmosphere and in a vacuum. The three-stage Agni-IIIC then is to have two levels consistent with Agni-IIITD and third degrees to the body carrying two heads RV-Mk.4 (FBF or thermonuclear) and motor type SUM or Aero-Spike.
Indian rocket perspective
The fourth member of the family bojeschopným Agni-III missile submarine to be Agni-IIISL, which should be slightly shorter than the "ground" types, a total of approximately 12 m, while the length of the Agni-IIIA, B and C is expected roughly between 14 and 17 meters. Agni-IIISL to be a three-stage, the first step should be substantially shortened the first stage of Agni-IIITD/A/B/C, while the second step is to be an extended version of the third stage Agni-IIIA and finally the third stage should be the end of the Agni-body IIIB, a combination of twelve heads-Mk.5 RV and motor SUM. Drain pits for this rocket has been tested and it is expected that later will be placed on a nuclear submarine ATV (Advanced Technology Vessel), which India builds.
Continuously there is information on intercontinental missiles Agni-IV and Agni-V and Surya, but due to the expected performance missile Agni-III series is quite possible that this is just a "propaganda" the names of some missile described above. Rockets called Surya 1 and 2 would allegedly have a range of 8000 12,000 km. In addition, India is working on an improved variant of Agni-II Agni-labeled IIAT. It should be slightly larger than the base version of Agni-II and "counter" level (or elevation motor return sink) could also use solid fuel. The gun has obviously get higher accuracy, capacity and range.
How to evaluate the Agni series of missiles? In the first place, we can say that of all types of weapons developed under the project IGMDP just Agni series best illustrates the enormous technical progress India has made in the last twenty or twenty-five years. With the increasing level of technology then, of course, grow and ambitions. Agni-I and Agni-II are weapons that adequate regional "Great Game" India, Pakistan and China, in terms of deterrence, which likely enemy obtaining nuclear parity or supremacy and creating relative stability in the logic of the "balance of fear", which is in larger scale known of the Cold War. Agni-III, although it was originally developed as a means of achieving a balance with China, but it clearly exceeds the regional level. If India wanted to remain a regional power, which competes only with Pakistan and China, he would not need missiles with a range of 10,000 km. The real reasons for the development of such powerful weapons should be sought elsewhere.
Continuation of war by other means
India now ranks among the states with the highest value of gross domestic product in Asia and also among the countries with the fastest growth in real GDP between the information superpowers center of the world production of generic pharmaceuticals and metal processing. Although India has its own oil and gas fields, mainly covering its needs through imports. From April 2008, the projected large gas pipeline Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (known as Transafghánský) at a flow rate of 350 million cubic meters of gas per day with the date placed in service in 2015. Furthermore, it is to start building the pipeline route Iran-Pakistan-India (approved in April 2008) with a capacity of 60-150 million cubic meters of gas per day. Moscow pushes the seawater version with haunting Pakistan that India could purchase gas directly from the National Iranian Oil Company NIOC. Mediation of Russia and Iran but succeeded in getting India and Pakistan, these two seemingly irreconcilable rivals can work together. Diversification consumption of raw materials will enable everyone, including India lead freer and more balanced foreign policy. Agni-III is India to global political card game in a multipolar world in which there are several centers of power that are not tied to bipolar logic "zero sum game" or identical interests. Intercontinental missiles already pointed at one particular enemy, but act as a general deterrent in case of escalation of economic or political crisis, which some other "global player" might want to deal with military aggression. Guns families Agni not only demonstrate the technological advancement of India, but also give her confidence in the negotiations on the key issues of economic and political development. We demonstrate that the former colonies finally emerged from the paradigm of post-colonial subordination and intends to capitalize on the current multipolar environment to achieve the position of a superpower with global influence, whose opinion will be taken seriously at all times.
Artwork: Stephen nob
Photo: DRDO and the Government of India
Sources:
Agni - Strategic Ballistic Missile
Agni missile system
Defence Research & Development Organisation
MissileThreat.com,
GlobalSecurity.org
Published in issue 9/2008 professional army monthly ATM . New issue is on sale from 5th 10th 2008
- See more at: http://blisty.cz/art/42941.html#sthash.JAQIpnIc.dpuf
http://blisty.cz/art/42941.html
Indian Agni missiles: From regional to global deterrence challenge
Luke Visingr , Stephen Kotrba
0 0 0
There can no longer be any doubt that the USA, the European Union and "reddening" of Latin America, there is now a huge fourth supra-regional groupings with a focus on great power role. This is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, economic and defense community that grew out of the "Agreement on deepening military trust in border areas" in 2001. Today it consists of China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In 2004, Mongolia received observer status. At the summit a year later became observers in Iran, India and Pakistan. U.S. request to be allowed to attend the summit, was rejected. So far, though remained outside the attention that Russia has for some time now gradually turning away from politically unstable Europe and focuses on Asia. It is through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Russia for many years seeks strategic partnerships with established two regional powers, India and China, a member of the blocks, which are present even these two countries for them to lose interest.
Russia, China, Pakistan and India are the owners of nuclear weapons, are significant and their cosmic ambitions. Their economic potential is enormous, are members of the WTO, IMF and World Bank. Their declared aim is to build economically and militarily consolidated central and eastern Asia.
First step: Agni-TD
While tactical and operational-tactical role should fulfill a series of single-stage missile Prithvi, strategic tasks were designed multi-stage Agni series of missiles. For the development and verification of the necessary technologies to serve experimental missile Agni-TD (Technology Demonstrator), sometimes also called Agni-TTB (Technology Test Bed). It was first released on the 22nd May 1989, as the first stage was used accelerator of space launchers SLV-3 engine with solid fuel and as a second stage Prithvi missile modified to operate on liquid fuel. The starting weight of the entire assembly was less than 25 tons. In tests Agni-TD matched to a maximum distance of 1450 km, but the Indians by the theoretical range of almost 2500 km.
This is confirmed, moreover, by the fact that regular deletion own communications and scientific satellites, has its spaceport and quality support. The Indian space program has its origins in the 60th 20th century. In 1963, India built the first functional TERLS carrier rocket, which first flew on 21st November of 1963. Successful tests of space carriers SLV-3 (first flight in 1979, and in 1980 shipped the cargo space 40 kg), ASLV (1994 earned Satellite SROSS C2) PSLV (GSAT-1 in 2001) and so far the largest confirm GSLV efforts India's independence in telecommunications and navigation, and maybe even ambition to conquer the moon. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working with ESA, CSA Canadian and Chinese CNSA. A space that each carrier can also carry military cargo, perhaps there is no need to stress.
The answer to the proliferation of: Agni-II
This weapon technology follows the Agni-TD, but unlike her grades have both engines with solid fuel. Agni-II is often described as a "two-and-a-half-stage" rocket engines because in addition to the first and second degree has more elevation motor (HAM, High Altitude Motor), which is integrated in the return-RV Mk.2 body and burns liquid fuel. The return element is based on an experimental RV-Mk.1, but its primary focus is lighter thermonuclear warhead developed in 1995, thus providing space for motor "půltého" levels (states, however, that this concept has been tested already on the RV-Mk .1 shot Agni-TD). Furthermore, it is known that the guidance system comprises an inertial navigation laser gyros, a receiver signal from terrestrial beacons and the above-described terminal guidance. Indian sources indicate deviation from circular up to 40 m, although foreign estimated accuracy of about 100-200 m
Filling the gaps: Agni-I
Great disorientation in Indian ballistic missiles caused some authors to the fact that the type of Agni-I was developed to Agni-II. Numbering shots in this series is based on sorting by hand, rather than the chronology of development. The development of missile Agni-I was remarkably rapid and largely it was improvised. Agni-I began to be developed in 1999, the de facto immediately after confl ict with Pakistan on the Kargil area. In the most critical days of the war, it was claimed that the two countries could resort to a limited nuclear missile strike. India but in this direction had distinct disadvantage since then lacked the shorter medium-range missile weapons between the short-range Prithvi and Agni-II strategic.
New Generation: Agni-III
Missiles Agni-I and Agni-II meant for India achieve strategic parity with Pakistan, if not superiority over him, and at the same time acquire a significant potential deterrent against China. If the information about the range Agni-II over 3000 km true, it means that the range of this weapon is, inter alia, Beijing and Shanghai. It is also clear, however, that the Agni-II has the technical limits that do not allow further significant increase in firing range, plus a shot you can not install multiple warhead (MIRV) or countermeasures to penetrate missile defenses. The logical consequence was therefore the development of another member of the Agni series, which was indeed launched in 1998, but picked up more speed in 2001, as the DRDO was the end of the century extremely busy introducing missile Agni-I and Agni-II service.
If Agni-II and Agni-I are quite closely related to each other and experimental shot Agni-TD, a new type of Agni-III had to say it can not. Basically, it is technically an entirely new weapon, which can substantiate the fact that it was first constructed test missile Agni-IIITD perform a similar role as a demonstrator Agni-TD against serial missile Agni-II and Agni-I. The existence of Agni-III admitted India in 2005 and the first test took place on the 9th July 2006, but was unsuccessful, as a result of engine failure of First Instance has lost control. The first successful test was performed on the 12th April 2007 followed by a further seventh May 2008.
Agni-III is compared missile Agni-II somewhat shorter, but has twice the diameter. Demonstrator behalf of Agni-IIITD has two stages, the first of which is made of carbon fiber and the other from a special steel alloy. Both have engines with solid fuel. Agni-I experimental IIITD showed that it is indeed a powerful weapon, because the tests flew head weighing 1000 kg for 13 minutes at a distance of about 3500 km. The RV RV-Mk.3 could theoretically carry a thermonuclear bomb and decoy. With the introduction of Agni-III into service in this form is not expected. DRDO has focused attention on MIRV warheads.
The deterrent "puzzle"
Agni-IIITD is really only works as a demonstrator, based on which the whole family will be developed strategic missiles with different numbers of stages, different heads and range. Currently information about them is mainly based on reports and statements by Indian DRDO scientists and politicians, so one can not exclude a certain amount of propaganda and misinformation, though probably not in such quantity as in the case of Iran's Shahab missile family (see ATM 12/2007).Agni-III is in any case great power strategic weapons to deter adversary, and thus also in the news for her to be presumed deterrent effect.
Payload serial version of the Agni-III with a range from 600 to almost 3500 kg and a reach of at least match the lower end of the category of intercontinental missiles, ie 5000-5500 km. But the truth is that this well-known watershed was determined "arbitrarily" during the Cold War, and it's actually distance the U.S. East Coast from the western border of the former USSR, in other words, the corresponding range crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Due to the CAL position geographer India but this paradigm is actually meaningless and Indian sources say that fighting Agni-III should have reach "truly intercontinental" or similar to that which now boasts the best weapons superpower, ie. over 10 000 km. Guidance to ensure inertial and satellite navigation, in which the signal source to be Russian GLONASS network, and from 2012 also the Indian satellite system IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System).
Indian sources speak today about the development of the three "road" Agni-III variant and one designed for raketonosné submarines. Agni-IIIA is developed as a three-stage rocket, the first and second stages are identical with Agni-IIITD and the third stage is (like the first) made of carbon composites. On it is placed a body shape of a cone with a rounded top, comprising a triad of nuclear warheads RV Mk.2A, which is essentially the cleavage head part RV Mk.2 supplemented smaller volume fusion "fuel" (i.e. hydrogen isotopes) for increasing the strength of fissile response (this principle is usually abbreviated FBF, "fusionboosted fi ssion").
Agni-IIIB planned even as a four-stage weapon because of its rounded body has a cutting edge addition to the twelve nuclear warheads Mk.5 RV-type FBF contain auxiliary rocket motor SUM (Small Upper Motor). In the distant future is reportedly planning and power unit type Aero-Spike, a revolutionary concept rocket engine able to operate effectively in all layers of the atmosphere and in a vacuum. The three-stage Agni-IIIC then is to have two levels consistent with Agni-IIITD and third degrees to the body carrying two heads RV-Mk.4 (FBF or thermonuclear) and motor type SUM or Aero-Spike.
Indian rocket perspective
The fourth member of the family bojeschopným Agni-III missile submarine to be Agni-IIISL, which should be slightly shorter than the "ground" types, a total of approximately 12 m, while the length of the Agni-IIIA, B and C is expected roughly between 14 and 17 meters. Agni-IIISL to be a three-stage, the first step should be substantially shortened the first stage of Agni-IIITD/A/B/C, while the second step is to be an extended version of the third stage Agni-IIIA and finally the third stage should be the end of the Agni-body IIIB, a combination of twelve heads-Mk.5 RV and motor SUM. Drain pits for this rocket has been tested and it is expected that later will be placed on a nuclear submarine ATV (Advanced Technology Vessel), which India builds.
Continuously there is information on intercontinental missiles Agni-IV and Agni-V and Surya, but due to the expected performance missile Agni-III series is quite possible that this is just a "propaganda" the names of some missile described above. Rockets called Surya 1 and 2 would allegedly have a range of 8000 12,000 km. In addition, India is working on an improved variant of Agni-II Agni-labeled IIAT. It should be slightly larger than the base version of Agni-II and "counter" level (or elevation motor return sink) could also use solid fuel. The gun has obviously get higher accuracy, capacity and range.
How to evaluate the Agni series of missiles? In the first place, we can say that of all types of weapons developed under the project IGMDP just Agni series best illustrates the enormous technical progress India has made in the last twenty or twenty-five years. With the increasing level of technology then, of course, grow and ambitions. Agni-I and Agni-II are weapons that adequate regional "Great Game" India, Pakistan and China, in terms of deterrence, which likely enemy obtaining nuclear parity or supremacy and creating relative stability in the logic of the "balance of fear", which is in larger scale known of the Cold War. Agni-III, although it was originally developed as a means of achieving a balance with China, but it clearly exceeds the regional level. If India wanted to remain a regional power, which competes only with Pakistan and China, he would not need missiles with a range of 10,000 km. The real reasons for the development of such powerful weapons should be sought elsewhere.
Continuation of war by other means
India now ranks among the states with the highest value of gross domestic product in Asia and also among the countries with the fastest growth in real GDP between the information superpowers center of the world production of generic pharmaceuticals and metal processing. Although India has its own oil and gas fields, mainly covering its needs through imports. From April 2008, the projected large gas pipeline Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (known as Transafghánský) at a flow rate of 350 million cubic meters of gas per day with the date placed in service in 2015. Furthermore, it is to start building the pipeline route Iran-Pakistan-India (approved in April 2008) with a capacity of 60-150 million cubic meters of gas per day. Moscow pushes the seawater version with haunting Pakistan that India could purchase gas directly from the National Iranian Oil Company NIOC. Mediation of Russia and Iran but succeeded in getting India and Pakistan, these two seemingly irreconcilable rivals can work together. Diversification consumption of raw materials will enable everyone, including India lead freer and more balanced foreign policy. Agni-III is India to global political card game in a multipolar world in which there are several centers of power that are not tied to bipolar logic "zero sum game" or identical interests. Intercontinental missiles already pointed at one particular enemy, but act as a general deterrent in case of escalation of economic or political crisis, which some other "global player" might want to deal with military aggression. Guns families Agni not only demonstrate the technological advancement of India, but also give her confidence in the negotiations on the key issues of economic and political development. We demonstrate that the former colonies finally emerged from the paradigm of post-colonial subordination and intends to capitalize on the current multipolar environment to achieve the position of a superpower with global influence, whose opinion will be taken seriously at all times.
Artwork: Stephen nob
Photo: DRDO and the Government of India
Sources:
Agni - Strategic Ballistic Missile
Agni missile system
Defence Research & Development Organisation
MissileThreat.com,
GlobalSecurity.org
Published in issue 9/2008 professional army monthly ATM . New issue is on sale from 5th 10th 2008
- See more at: http://blisty.cz/art/42941.html#sthash.JAQIpnIc.dpuf
http://blisty.cz/art/42941.html
Last edited:
