Underdog Vietnam Is Splurging on Weapons to Keep China at Bay
A modern day David and Goliath is playing out in the South China Sea.
By
Kyle Mizokami
Aug 19, 2016
Rivals are preparing for a showdown in the South China Sea. On one side is the world's second-largest economy and most populous nation. On the other is a scrappy country that has taken on world powers—and won. And the way it is now preparing for potential conflict is a textbook study in how a smaller military should defend itself from a much larger one.
David and Goliath
Vietnam and China haven't exactly enjoyed a happy relationship over their thousands of years of being neighbors, with China often culturally, politically, and economically dominating smaller Vietnam. The two countries have come to blows numerous times, but until recently the rivalry had subsided. Vietnam enjoyed strong economic growth, in part because of its proximity to China's powerhouse economy. China remained relatively benign even as its military spending grew.
In 2010 China began aggressively pursuing what
it considers traditionally Chinese territories in the East and South China Seas. This raised tensions between China and several nations in the region. In particular, China and Vietnam are at odds over several groups of islets in the South China Sea, including the Paracels and Spratly Island chains. In 1988, a skirmish between naval forces of the two sides on Johnson South Reef in the Spratlys ended with the Vietnamese side wiped out. Sixty-four Vietnamese troops were killed and two Vietnamese ships were sunk.
Not surprisingly, then, Vietnam hasn't fail to notice the current escalation in Chinese military might. It placed orders for 36
Su-30MK2 fighter jets—the equal of anything in the Chinese Air Force. In 2009 it spent $2 billion for six
Improved Kilo-class diesel electric submarines, an incredible sum considering its defense budget for that year was only $3 billion. The submarines will soon be equipped with
BrahMos missiles, a joint Indian-Russian supersonic anti-ship missile that is difficult to shoot down.
Ship for Ship?
Although the two countries share a land border, Vietnam is not particularly concerned about fighting a land war. When China invaded the battle-hardened Southeast Asian country in 1979, it lost approximately 1,000 troops per day during the month-long war—and vowed not to repeat the mistake. Instead, in any future conflict China would likely seal the land border and use air and naval power to choke its neighbor off from the outside world. Vietnam, a global center of manufacturing, would suffer economically if goods could come and go.
Vietnam, which has a military budget about 2 percent of China's, obviously can't match its neighbor ship for ship and missile for missile. It can, however, arm itself with very specific weapons systems aimed at key Chinese capabilities.
For example, the Vietnamese People's Air Force's SU-30MK2 jets will pose a serious threat to China's air superiority over the country and the South China Sea. During the Vietnam War, the
VPAF downed several American combat jets and, although it never adequately protected the country, it forced the U.S. military to expend resources against it, providing fighter escorts for bombers and attack jets.
Likewise, Vietnam's six-submarine fleet isn't particularly large or powerful. During wartime it would be heavily outnumbered by China's South Seas Fleet, just one of three of China's fleet commands. But the psychology of submarine warfare, in which even just one well-trained submarine can threaten a large patch of ocean, will make the Chinese Navy tread carefully.
Tensions Rise
In recent months, China has again pushed its weight around in the region, most notably by installing the
Haiyan Shiyou 981 oil rig in waters claimed by both countries. China has also attempted to bully the Philippines over ownership of the
Second Thomas Shoal—also in the Spratly Islands chain—and has ignored an international courts ruling in favor of its smaller neighbor. China has even been pushing back against Japan over what it calls the Diaoyu Islands—know as the Senkaku Islands in Japan.
Vietnam has continued fortifying its defenses. Earlier this month, it showed off its two Russian-made K-300P
"Bastion" coastal defense systems. The truck-mounted anti-ship missiles have a maximum range of 186 miles, making approaching anywhere near Vietnam's long coastline a risky proposition for an enemy ship. This month's deployment took things a step further, placing them on landing craft that could ferry them to some of the larger islands at the heart of the country's dispute with China. Here's a Vietnamese news report on the missiles:
Vietnam's latest acquisition revealed just last week comes in the form of 20 Israeli-made
EXTRA missiles (see image at top.) Standing for Extended Range Artillery Rocket, EXTRA carries a 275-lb. warhead, uses GPS guidance to achieve accuracy within 30 feet, and has a range of 81 miles. The 306-millimeter EXTRA missiles are stationed on
five bases in the Spratlys, putting Chinese military bases at
Subi,
Fiery Cross, and
Mischief Reefs within striking distance.
With just a handful of fighter jets, submarines, anti-ship missiles and precision-guided rockets, Vietnam has fielded a formidable defensive force. While it's unlikely to stop a determined Chinese attack, Vietnam's new weaponry could deter outright military aggression from its larger neighbor—or inflict casualties if that neighbor decided to roll the dice.