It has much less to do with R&D or industry/infustrialization etc if it did then germany and Japan will be part of P5 OBVIOUSLY. China also didnt have a large industry(it was an agrarian society when the UNSC was formed) or R&D.
The UNSC simply came about after the second world war. The large major INDEPENDENT countries/powers who fought and emerged victorious automatically got access to the P5. OUT of these five just three actually got to write the rules of the post war world order, i.e U.K U.S,and U.S.S.R. These three powers were all industrial giants and world powers with interests and influence spanning the entire globe(Germany and Japan as well,but they lost the war), and Most of all THEY WERE THE VICTORS OF THE WAR. So winner take it all applied in this case and they wrote the rules which the world followed.
The other two powers i.e China and France got included in P5 as they were pary of the major independent countries who also took part in the war. but werent major stakeholders in the post war high tables/rule writers for different reasons.
For France even though it was an advanced european industrial world power with colonies and influence spanning from africa to indo china, it lost surprisingly fast to Germany and was occupied and ruled by the Nazis and its government had to cooperate with the nazis which greatly reduced its own influence/image.
CHINA on the other hand was an impoverished country/power with a little to no industry and made of warlords who ruled over their own territory, though it had a central governement. The governemnt KMT was also facing a rebelion by communist CCP supported by U.S.S.R and thus couldnt use all its resources to fully focus on the fight against JAPAN as it was fighting a civil war with communist rebels at the same time. So China after WWII still had to continue its civil war, which greatly affected the country from making full use if being a victor in the great war as the KMT was busy fighting the empowered CCP , so had little focus on negotiating/being at the high tables of writing the post world war rules. Had there been no civil war , then China would have got far more atter the war than it did e.g senkakus, taiwan, SCS ,maybe even mongolia etc.
So UNSC permanent seat was just as a result of the victors of the war. They were all INDEPENDENT powers at the time, though the power/industrial might/influence level varied.
In short there wont obviously be any change whatsoever in the P5+1 arrangement.
