In civil employment, the average female physical performance is limited to two thirds of the physical performance of men by regulations.
[20][21][22] The different physical gender-performance is standardized in
ISO 11228 (Ergonomics - Manual handling) and
EN 1005 (Safety of machinery - Human physical performance).
The
Center for Military Readiness, an organization that seeks to limit women's participation in the military, stated that “Female soldiers [are], on
average, shorter and smaller than men, with 45-50% less upper body strength and 25-30% less aerobic capacity, which is essential for endurance”.[23]
The female skeletal system is less dense, and more prone to breakages.
[24][25] There is also a concern that, in aviation, the female body is not as adept at handling the increased
g-forces experienced by combat pilots.
However, there is evidence that the male body is less able to handle the g-forces than the female body with regard to black outs: women are less likely to black out due to shorter blood vessel routes in the neck.
[26] Furthermore, health issues regarding women are argued as the reason that some submarine services avoid accepting women, although mixed-gender accommodations in a small space is also an issue, as is explained in more depth below.
[23]
The
Austrian Armed Forces, significantly lower physical performance requirements for entrance test and subsequent tests apply to female soldiers fitness for service.
[27][28] The
Swiss Armed Forces abolished this advantage for female soldiers in 2007.
[29]
The United States Marine Corps is implenting the Infantry Officer Course (IOC) to test the physical abilities of their female officer candidates for those who apply for the combat positions.
[30]