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PAF at Zuhai Airshow 2016

Why do they take so long to retract the landing gear? I would love to see a vertical climb with fully retracted landing gears.
Bismillah ir Rahman ar Raheem

Have to get up to a certain speed and altitude so that in case of an emergency, they can land back and won't have to crash while waiting for the gear to lower. Conversely, above a certain speed, the gear poses a safety hazard.
 
Something is always given away in the thunder turn.. in case anyone noticed @Dazzler @Horus @Manticore @JamD @Bilal Khan 777 @ghazi768 .. Even though most pilots arent told to do BFM type maneuvers below 5k; that is "incrementally" better than F-16 territory in the horizontal. The Jf-17 is a energy fighter like few others and I am sure I may never see them, but I would love to see its Ps curves.
avi01.jpg

"The lines going from lower left to upper right are turn radius in feet. The lines curving down from top left to lower right are G (load factor). The dark and dashed lines that go up from lower left, peak in the middle, and then descend down the right side are the aircraft performance envelope. The left most dark line is the lift-limit line describing the maximum aerodynamic performance of the jet. The upper right descending line is the G-limit line (notice just over 9 Gs). The lines in between are called P-Sub-S lines (Ps) and describe the energy sustained or lost for the given airspeed and G with solid lines indicating Positive Ps (gaining energy) and the dashed lines indicating Negative Ps (losing energy). The bottom scale is obvious as Mach and CAS. The left scale is turn rate in degrees per second"

Now there is no doubt that other fighters may have much better nose turn rates which will show up as G/aero spikes at high turn rates; but you will also see higher negative Ps. Which means that those fighters can pull one good turn and then they are sitting ducks; delta's like the M2k have this problem and even the Superhornet and flanker series to an extent. Basically, these fighters look at one great area of performance.. but once they leave that sweet spot due to G/speed.. they are sitting ducks. The EF and Rafale try to compensate for this using their canard configuration which essentially acts as a limited to them leaving their sweet spot.
The Mig-29 is an exception as it has much less drag than its bigger cousin and is a very good energy fighter.

Both the F-16 and JF-17 instead focus on having a much wider if not that impressive sweet spot. The simple delta can try to shoot off a single impressive HOBS shot, but there is always a chance that the initial shot does not connect; and that is where a well flown JF-17 or F-16 will kill you.

Bismillah ir Rahman ar Raheem

I have found it is better to look at just the Ps:0 and Ps:800 (or Ps:1200 if available) lines for sustained and instantaneous capabilities.

Sustained Turn Rates F-16A Blk15 at 15k.jpg

Sustained Turn Rates Mirage 2000 at 15k.jpg

The Mirage 2000's chart above may look like it is peaking almost 4 deg/sec higher than the F-16's but the Ps:800 (and Ps:0) lines are actually a couple of deg/sec lower.

The tabletops (width of airspeed range for a given Ps) are pretty much similar but interestingly, the delta-winged Mirage actually has wider Ps:200 and Ps:400 curves, which means that it can gain speed while turning at F-16 like speeds AND at lower Mach numbers than the F-16.

I have Colonel Boyd's presentation on Air to Air Combat from 1978 (possibly updated 1981) and even back then he was talking about supercruise, HOBS (High Off BoreSight weapons), and what the ability to lose and regain energy quickly would mean to air combat. People only remember him from what he espoused in 1968 (extremely apropos for those times, I believe) and judge him on that, not what he was discussing in 1978 and 1988.

I think I can safely bet that the senior moderator quoted above has a good idea on the JF-17's E-M curves (just from his vast experience). I had to actually witness a rehearsal for a JF-17 demo above my house in Islamabad last year to actually appreciate what it could do. Video clips lose all sense of perspective and you have no idea what is happening, and at what speeds and altitudes.

Nothing has been as impressive as an F-16 showing its power at about Mach 0.6 (400+ knots) a hundred feet above my head but as the JF-17's aerobatics kept on going and going, for five minutes at least (without any drop tanks), I kept getting more and more impressed. Never considered it more than a capable attack aircraft before.

It was easily a hundred knots slower than the F-16 but the turn and loop radii were SO tight. It just kept transitioning from loop to turn to an occasional roll about 1000 to 2000 feet overhead and did not lose any height or speed. You could see the smoke as the burners came on for a couple of seconds to help it get up and around but most of the demo was in dry power.

I came to the realization that even if it can't beat the F-16 at Mach 0.8-0.9 (at medium altitudes), it probably retains better energy at Mach 0.6-0.8. Only recently, have I realized why the F-35's target objectives for corner speed were F-18 like and the threshold only F-16 like (was conflating corner speed plateau with turn rates). The Jf-17's curves I can safely wager are closer in shape to the F-18's but sitting somewhat higher on the chart towards F-16 levels.

A thousand pounds more thrust (specially in dry power) and the JF-17 can not just compete with other fighters in the vertical but probably beat most of them. The large LERXs forced on by control issues seem to have married extremely well with the F-16 like trapezoidal wings.

Well, sorry for taking up so much space.

Allah keep everyone safe.
 
FYI

Thrust to weight ratio is calculated at combat weight which is 50% internal fuel and 2 aim9 plus full gun ammo with 16000 empty weight plus 50% fuel f16 and mirage combat weight ratio is above 1 I see lots of folks taking empty weight and adding full internal fuel and gun plus 2 aam and then using engine full af power to calculate thrust to weight ratio I guess assumption is when combat happens at the mid mission point with 50% fuel as one has to fly to get to combat area or target areA

16000 plus 7000 lbs full internal fuel plus gun ammo and 2 aim9 is more than 23000 thrust for early f100 engine so thrust to weigh will be less than 1 of course I rounding off

Lastly 23000 engine thrust at sea level is not the same at 15, 20 or 30000 ft
 
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FYI

Thrust to weight ratio is calculated at combat weight which is 50% internal fuel and 2 aim9 plus fun amount with 16000 empty weight plus 50% fuel f16 and mirage combat weight ratio is above 1 I see lots of folks taking empty weight and adding full internal fuel and gun plus 2 am and then using engine full af power to calculate thrust to weight ratio I guess assumption is when combat happens the mission is at 50% fuel as one has to fly to get to combat area or target areA
Bismilah ir Rahman ar Raheem

Thank you for the explanation.

My charts above are quite old. With the advent of fighters such as the Su-35, F-22, F-35 that have large internal fuel fractions, this method is being changed now.

Older-generation fighters are now being evaluated with drop tanks jettisoned, 80% internal fuel, and a representative missile load (six missiles for the F-16 and Mirage 2000 above) VS. 50% internal fuel and missiles (eight for the Su-35, six for the F-22, four for the F-35).

Regards

Hifz u kum Allah

Bismillah ir Rahman ar Raheem

From an interview of a British exchange fighter flying the Mirage 2000 with the French Air Force. (Please read full interview at hushkit):

What were your first impressions of the cockpit?

“Slightly disappointing at first – I’d come from the Tornado F3 which was painted grey – then blacked out for NVG work – and was very spacious and well laid out. The Mirage 2000 is more like a fighter from the 70s with a lot of analogue displays. The rear view was not as good as an F-16 and it was pretty cramped. On the plus side it was not overly complex.”

Is it easy to fly?

“Yes and no- It’s easy to fly once you get the hang of it but the delta wing takes a unique approach to flying – it’s not like a conventional wing. It generates huge amounts of lift but also an enormous amount of drag – great for a ‘Bat Turn’ but you always end low on energy afterwards. Landing is pretty straightforward. The view is good. Air-to-air refuelling is easy. It has very well balanced controls and gives you great seat of the pants type senses – I’d almost say it was the perfect blend of old and new – great feedback to the pilot using its early fly-by-wire controls without feeling like a computer game.”

What is the hardest thing about flying the Mirage 2000- any quirks?

“As mentioned, the delta wing could catch you out, it would give you 9G+ performance but at a penalty; flying in the circuit could be a challenge, turning finals required quite a lot of pulling on the stick -which loaded the wing up as the drag built. Once you rolled wings level it was imperative to take the power off or you would accelerate quickly.”

How does the acceleration and climb compare to a Lightning?

“The Lightning had two massive Rolls Royce Avon engines – The Mirage 2000 had one – but it was still pretty potent.”

Did you fly dissimilar air combat training (DACT) flights on the Mirage 2000? If so, against which types and what did you learn from each type?

“An interesting question – I must have flown against the F-14, F-15, F-16, F-18, Tornado F3, F-8 Crusader and the F-104 Starfighter in combat. The older generation didn’t stand a chance, but the F-16 block 50 was very good. One of the drawbacks of the Mirage 2000 being unique was that as we did a lot of 1vs 1 and 2vs 2 Mirage vs Mirage combat – you developed tactics and handling skills to fight Mirage vs Mirage. This actually was counter productive as these tactics -and the way you handled the aircraft – didn’t cross over to fighting other types. I got beaten by an F-16 by fighting him like a Mirage and learnt a painful lesson.”

“DACT was interesting in the M2000 – if your opponent was new to fighting a delta it could make his eyes water! At the merge the initial 9G+ turn was eye-watering, despite having a single engine it could still reach heights other fighters like the F-16 couldn’t. It also possessed, in my opinion, a far more sophisticated fly-by-wire system – it was in effect limitless. I managed to put a Mirage 2000 into the vertical whilst being chased and held the manoeuvre a few seconds too long – when I looked into my HUD I was in the pure vertical at 60 knots and decelerating ! As we hit Zero the aircraft began to slide backwards and the ‘burner blew out. My heart-rate increased. As the aircraft went beyond its design envelope, the nose simply flopped over pointing earthwards – with a few small turns the airspeed picked up. As I hit 200 knots I simply flew the aircraft back to straight and level. I admit that my opponent did shoot me down, but he did say it looked spectacular. This sort of carefree handling gave pilots huge confidence in the aircraft”

What was the most challenging fighter you faced while flying the Mirage?

“Probably the F-15C as AMRAAM was just coming into service which totally outclassed us – They had amazing SA and the way they operated was impressive.”

How would you rate the M2000 in the following:

Instantaneous turn rates (at low/medium and high altitudes)

“Stunning – at all altitudes – with its big wing even at 50,000 feet using the leading edge slats it could still turn well.”

Sustained turn rates (at low/medium and high altitudes)

“Sustained turn was still good, especially at low level where you had sufficient energy to maintain speed.”

High Alpha

“The Mirage 2000 was legendary at its low speed high Alpha Passes -120 knots was pretty easy to fly.”

Weapon system

“As a weapons system the Mirage 2000 is a great ‘package’ with a good radar , onboard electronic countermeasures and radar warning receiver. It also packs a good array of weapons – with air-to-air refuelling its a formidable fighter. “

Hifz u kum Allah
 
The tabletops (width of airspeed range for a given Ps) are pretty much similar but interestingly, the delta-winged Mirage actually has wider Ps:200 and Ps:400 curves, which means that it can gain speed while turning at F-16 like speeds AND at lower Mach numbers than the F-16..
However,the Mirage's Ps.0 curve peaks lower than that for the F-16. So the F-16 can maintain a tighter turn at Ps-0 than a Mirage can.The F-16's PS-800 sits at 19 degrees at its plateau rather than 18 for the mirage, and this trend continues throughout. Again, we must keep in mind that no smart fighter pilots will like to get into a sustained turned fight; and when faced with something like the F-16 that is decidedly better at maintaining energy in a turn than a Mirage 2k.
 
FYI
...
Lastly 23000 engine thrust at sea level is not the same at 15, 20 or 30000 ft

Bismillah ir Rahman ar Raheem

Not to go further off-topic (one last time) but to expound on what the brother said:

The F-110-GE-129 engine used in the F-15E and F-16C, for example, is nominally rated in the 29,000 lbs. class Static (i.e., un-installed on a test bench) Thrust in Full Afterburner at sea-level under standard atmospheric conditions.

Installed, the static rating comes down, but at Mach 0.9 at sea-level in full afterburner, it might be producing 35,000 lbs. thrust (while consuming 1,400 lbs. of fuel every 60 seconds).

As we go up into the thinner air, both thrust and fuel consumption come down.

At Mach 1.6 at 40,000 feet, the same engine will be producing barely half of its nominal rating and consuming 650 pounds of fuel a minute.

Thrust also goes down as engines become older and the weight of the aircraft keeps going up, thanks to structural fixes and avionics upgrades.

As such, most pilots generally smile amusedly when us novices fight over magical numbers such as 1:1 thrust ratios and differences in turn rates of 0.1 degree/second (both figures usually taken at unrealistic fighting weights and conditions, as the brother said).

Hifz u kum Allah
 
Where are the remaining day's displays? It performed for five days straight right?
 
Bismillah ir Rahman ar Raheem

Not to go further off-topic (one last time) but to expound on what the brother said:

The F-110-GE-129 engine used in the F-15E and F-16C, for example, is nominally rated in the 29,000 lbs. class Static (i.e., un-installed on a test bench) Thrust in Full Afterburner at sea-level under standard atmospheric conditions.

Installed, the static rating comes down, but at Mach 0.9 at sea-level in full afterburner, it might be producing 35,000 lbs. thrust (while consuming 1,400 lbs. of fuel every 60 seconds).

As we go up into the thinner air, both thrust and fuel consumption come down.

At Mach 1.6 at 40,000 feet, the same engine will be producing barely half of its nominal rating and consuming 650 pounds of fuel a minute.

Thrust also goes down as engines become older and the weight of the aircraft keeps going up, thanks to structural fixes and avionics upgrades.

As such, most pilots generally smile amusedly when us novices fight over magical numbers such as 1:1 thrust ratios and differences in turn rates of 0.1 degree/second (both figures usually taken at unrealistic fighting weights and conditions, as the brother said).

Hifz u kum Allah

Hi,

Welcome to the forum----.

Wouldn't you be saying " Us pilots generally smile amusedly when most novices fight over magical numbers such as 1:1 thrust ratios and differences in turn rates of 0.1 degree/second ".
 
As such, most pilots generally smile amusedly when us novices fight over magical numbers such as 1:1 thrust ratios and differences in turn rates of 0.1 degree/second (both figures usually taken at unrealistic fighting weights and conditions, as the brother said).

Hifz u kum Allah
Which is also why most pilots arent impressed that much with the Sukhoi flanker series airshow antics. Rolling around in the sky with a fractional fuel load and no weapons is easy for anyone. Start filling up the aircraft and adding weapons, and the dancing aircraft at airshows become much more difficult to move around.
 
Which is also why most pilots arent impressed that much with the Sukhoi flanker series airshow antics. Rolling around in the sky with a fractional fuel load and no weapons is easy for anyone. Start filling up the aircraft and adding weapons, and the dancing aircraft at airshows become much more difficult to move around.
Sir, I would appreciate if you would comment on the following, would really appreciate it:

How would TVC'c come into play if being chased by:

a) An Aircraft
b) A Mach4 missile

Apologies in advance for an off topic question.
 
Sitting Duck.


A sudden flare release and a tight turn with TVC would give Fighter a chance to escape missile lock.

Sir, I would appreciate if you would comment on the following, would really appreciate it:

How would TVC'c come into play if being chased by:

a) An Aircraft
b) A Mach4 missile

Apologies in advance for an off topic question.

Against an aircraft in close combat, I would say TVC controls in hands of a maestro will cause a headache for chasing aircraft, A slight decrease in speed and TVC applied turn would cause chasing aircraft to go ahead and becomes a, Hunter becomes hunted thing.
 
A sudden flare release and a tight turn with TVC would give Fighter a chance to escape missile lock.



Against an aircraft in close combat, I would say TVC controls in hands of a maestro will cause a headache for chasing aircraft, A slight decrease in speed and TVC applied turn would cause chasing aircraft to go ahead and becomes a, Hunter becomes hunted thing.
With availability of bvr and sophisticated short range hobs missile i dont think so any combat can come to such a dog fight where air breaks can be applied ... Game will be over much earlier ... I think within dog fight close combat will not be that closed ...
 
Against an aircraft in close combat, I would say TVC controls in hands of a maestro will cause a headache for chasing aircraft, A slight decrease in speed and TVC applied turn would cause chasing aircraft to go ahead and becomes a, Hunter becomes hunted thing.

This is where the man behind the machine becomes important. He has to insure that he does not become the hunted. If so, the game would be over pretty fast, for the 1st a/c, but for the 2nd a/c the TVC becomes a ...........

So it's not that simple.
 

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