China- Tibet a long way conflict
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edwardsnowden
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CIA In Tibet
Many have heard the rally cry "Free Tibet!", but few are aware of the past events that have shaped the Tibetan struggle against China's dominance. Exploring this little-known territory in a documentary currently in production, CIA in Tibet traces the hidden history of a secret CIA operation to back Tibet's fight for survival, one that lasted 16 years, to the rebellion that continues today. From CIA-supplied weapons, funding and training in guerrilla warfare to a conflicted Tibetan government and people under siege, the inner-workings behind the elusive mystery of both Tibet and the CIA uncover complex characters grappling with a history-changing geopolitical power struggle. The Dalai Lama, a central figure throughout, has been an icon of peace that has kept the Tibetan cause alive, but Tibet remains a political underdog facing overwhelming odds. How has CIA involvement in a Tibetan Buddhist world, a paradox in many ways, altered the course of Tibet's fate?
Produced by the daughter of a former CIA officer on the Tibetan Task Force, unique access to first-hand accounts combine with rare and recently declassified archival media, recent events in the US and India, and diverse perspectives from noted scholars and leading activists. Following Tibet's unrelenting struggle against what has become the second-most powerful country on earth, the film raises challenging questions on the justification for violence, the cost of freedom, and the evolving roles the US, Tibet and China play in our world.
INTERVIEWED SO FAR
Former CIA Officers:
Clay Cathey
Case Officer for the Tibetan Task Force, 1958-1962. Operated out of Washington DC, and Calcutta, India.
John Greaney
Deputy Chief of the Tibetan Task Force, 1957-1961, in charge of communications at CIA headquarters.
Ken Knaus
Training Instructor at Camp Peary, VA and Camp Hale, CO, 1958-1961. Chief of the Tibetan Task Force, 1961-1965. Author of Orphans of the Cold War.
Ray Starke
Training Instructor in radio communications at Camp Peary, VA and Camp Hale, CO, 1958-1960.
Bruce Walker
Case Officer and Training Instructor in Camp Hale, Colorado, and India, 1960-1968. The only CIA officer that spoke Tibetan.
MORE info: CIAinTibet,com /about_project.php
Also here at Youtube: /watch?v=pmw5FIjDDBY
[...] CIAinTibet,com
Many have heard the rally cry "Free Tibet!", but few are aware of the past events that have shaped the Tibetan struggle against China's dominance. Exploring this little-known territory in a documentary currently in production, CIA in Tibet traces the hidden history of a secret CIA operation to back Tibet's fight for survival, one that lasted 16 years, to the rebellion that continues today. From CIA-supplied weapons, funding and training in guerrilla warfare to a conflicted Tibetan government and people under siege, the inner-workings behind the elusive mystery of both Tibet and the CIA uncover complex characters grappling with a history-changing geopolitical power struggle. The Dalai Lama, a central figure throughout, has been an icon of peace that has kept the Tibetan cause alive, but Tibet remains a political underdog facing overwhelming odds. How has CIA involvement in a Tibetan Buddhist world, a paradox in many ways, altered the course of Tibet's fate?
Produced by the daughter of a former CIA officer on the Tibetan Task Force, unique access to first-hand accounts combine with rare and recently declassified archival media, recent events in the US and India, and diverse perspectives from noted scholars and leading activists. Following Tibet's unrelenting struggle against what has become the second-most powerful country on earth, the film raises challenging questions on the justification for violence, the cost of freedom, and the evolving roles the US, Tibet and China play in our world.
INTERVIEWED SO FAR
Former CIA Officers:
Clay Cathey
Case Officer for the Tibetan Task Force, 1958-1962. Operated out of Washington DC, and Calcutta, India.
John Greaney
Deputy Chief of the Tibetan Task Force, 1957-1961, in charge of communications at CIA headquarters.
Ken Knaus
Training Instructor at Camp Peary, VA and Camp Hale, CO, 1958-1961. Chief of the Tibetan Task Force, 1961-1965. Author of Orphans of the Cold War.
Ray Starke
Training Instructor in radio communications at Camp Peary, VA and Camp Hale, CO, 1958-1960.
Bruce Walker
Case Officer and Training Instructor in Camp Hale, Colorado, and India, 1960-1968. The only CIA officer that spoke Tibetan.
MORE info: CIAinTibet,com /about_project.php
Also here at Youtube: /watch?v=pmw5FIjDDBY
[...] CIAinTibet,com
edwardsnowden
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I have been following N. RAM for some time at FRONTLINE Magazine (NOT the The Hindu daily newspaper or online), in particular on topics related to Tibet, China.
Narasimhan Ram (born May 4, 1945) is an Indian journalist. He has been the Editor-in-chief of The Hindu since June 27, 2003. Ram also heads the other publications of The Hindu Group such as Frontline, The Hindu Business Line and Sportstar, and has been awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India.
Education
Ram graduated from Madras Christian College, Chennai in arts in 1964, went on to get a masters degree in arts from Presidency College, Chennai in 1966 and later an M.S. in comparative journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
Journalism career
Beginning his career in The Hindu as an Associate Editor in 1977, Ram was made the Washington Correspondent in 1980. His association with Frontline dates back to 1984, when the magazine was started.
Prior to his present position he was Associate Editor until 1991 and then Editor of Frontline and Sportstar between 1991 and 2003.
Recognition
Ram has achieved several accolades. They include the Asian Investigative Journalist of the Year (1990) Award conferred by the Press Foundation of Asia at the "One Asia Assembly", Manila, 1990 for "the courage and diligence which inspired him and his newspaper to continue searching for the truth in the now famous Bofors Case, the disciplined application of his journalistic idealism and the impact of his revelations on the Indian political scene"; the B.D. Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism, 1989, shared with Chitra Subramaniam; National Citizen's Award, 1995, New Delhi, with the citation reading "for his brave and fearless writings in the interest of the nation"; and XLRI's First JRD Tata Award for Business Ethics, awarded at this management institute's 46th Annual Convocation at Jamshedpur on March 23, 2003.
Partharjun
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Future Tibet - Text And Photographs By N. RAM | FRONTLINE Magazine (2007)
Reality check 2007 shows that China is in firm control and `Tibetan independence' is a hopeless cause.
A view from the train on the roof of the world.
TEN years from now, a visitor to Tibet is likely to find it transformed into a region of middling prosperity. It is likely to have quite high living standards; a robust industrial base; modern agriculture and modernising animal husbandry; a well-educated, relatively young population; a high cultural level; a strong infrastructural spine and network supporting the development of a vast region; and active linkages and contacts with the rest of the world. It is more than likely that the autonomous region will enjoy political and social stability. It is certain not just that Tibet will be a still autonomous but much better integrated part of China but also that rising China will be very much in charge of Tibet's future. A significant part of `Tibet in Exile' could be back home, participating in shaping this future. A quarter century from now, possibly earlier, Tibet will reach the status of a developed society.
These predictions can be confidently made on the strength of two visits I have made to the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) over the past seven years.
The FIRST visit, over five days in July 2000, gave me an opportunity to attempt some reality testing of Dharamsala's main campaign themes. In psychology and psychoanalysis, reality testing is defined as the technique of objective evaluation of an emotion or thought against real life, as a faculty present in normal individuals but defective in some psychotics. The technique is increasingly used in other contexts, for example in conflict resolution where the objective is to `adjust' conflicting perceptions that do not `conform to the realities of the situation.' In the case of China's Tibet, the reality testing was not against what the protagonists and victims of the `independence for Tibet' campaign felt or believed - in exercise of what is known as the `ego function' - but against the defining themes of the campaign.
[...]
Read further at: FRONTLINE Magazine (just search the site link as i can't put its link here at present), by Narasimhan Ram (or often shortened as N. RAM)
Volume 24 - Issue 14 :: Jul. 14-27, 2007
INDIA'S NATIONAL MAGAZINE
from the publishers of THE HINDU
OR TRY this shortcut: h-tt-p :// j.mp / 1c0eq8E
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As about N. RAM's FIRST visit to Tibet in 2000, one may read his impression and experiences here:
TIBET - A REALITY CHECK
Frontline, 2000-09-02
by Narasimhan Ram (September 2000)
2000/09/15
Volume 17 - Issue 18, Sep. 02 - 15, 2000
India's National Magazine
from the publishers of THE HINDU
TIBET - A REALITY CHECK
N. RAM writes, after a five day visit to the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
"The sky is turquoise, the sun is golden,
The Dalai Lama is away from the Potala,
Making trouble in the west.
Yet Tibet's on the move.''
FOR an Indian in Tibet who has no sympathy whatsoever for the Dalai Lama's separatist, revanchist and backward-looking agenda, this passable adaptation of an old Tibetan song seems to fit contemporary realities. A careful reading of the facts of the case reveals that this ideological and political agenda, pursued essentially through external agency, is three projects rolled into one - splitting Tibet from China, carving out a 'Greater Tibet' through ethnic cleansing, and restoring a moth-eaten theocracy , the ancien regime with some modest, if not quite cosmetic, 'democratic' changes. Each one of these projects can be seen to represent a pipe-dream, especially if one remembers that - unlike in the case of Kashmir - there is not a single country and government in the world that disputes the status of Tibet, that does not recognise Tibet as part of China, that is willing to accord any kind of legal recognition to the Dalai Lama's 'government-in-exile' based in Dharmasala.
An array of apartment and office buildings in central Lhasa. The transforming effects of modernisation are very visible in Tibet's capital.
[...]
just search the link
OR TRY this shortcut: h-tt-p :// j.mp / 1e91azq
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Personally I don't think there's any problem between the Tibetan people and the Han people; it's just a problem between the Dalai Lama and his cliques vs. China.
N Ram is a known Communist.. For him, obviously, China can have done no wrong.
edwardsnowden
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WHY is it SO HARD TO ACCEPT THE REALITY that Dalai Lama is just a servitude pawn of the Bankster Cabals via one of their dirtiest and mightiest operative arm, the CIA, to tease or even try to break apart China? That old man will regret his accomplice for he may not get the chance to ever visit his hometown again in his lifetime to witness all the progresses achieved by the Tibetan people with his own eyes, provided he does truly care about the lives of Tibetan ordinary folks there.
CIA monk exposed
Watch it at Youtube:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmw5FIjDDBY&feature=related
What is behind the Dalai Lama's meeting with Obama. The US speaks nice words about China, but its actions say something different, and China has the means to show its displeasure.
As usual Webster Tarpley has his blunt analysis here.
edwardsnowden
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The so-called "TIBET affair" is one of the LEVERAGE employed by the GLOBALIST CABALS against China.
Dalai Lama is just a happy accomplice for them, for all the funding and financial assistances and publicity he receives from the mainstream media (MSM) and Hollywood including the Nobel Peas Prize, which are ALL the political tools available for the disposals by the GLOBALIST CABALS.
Land Destroyer: Target China
by Tony Cartalucci
A deeper look: The globalist blitzkrieg's final destination is Beijing.
In several instances, these efforts to destabilize China's peripheries cross over into China itself. Tibet has long been a point of LEVERAGE against Beijing, combining nearly ever trick in the globalists' book from the Nobel Laureate Dali Lama complete with his own Hollywood-made personality cult, to human rights cases, to arming and backing sedition and unrest throughout the region.
Leveraging "Human Rights"
The hypocrisy doesn't end there. The corporate-financier run Western media has been recently beating their chests over the imprisonment of Nobel Laureate and "human rights activist" Liu Xiaobo, a proponent of ending China's strong central government and politically active military in favor of a weak, Western-style system run by corruptible, feckless, incompetent leadership that invites multinational corporations to entropically infest state institutions and seize control of the nation's people and resources. Liu Xiaobo's support goes beyond the media's scornful chastisement of China's government on his behalf, and includes "pro-bono" legal aid from the Council on Foreign Relations lined "Freedom Now" organization. Readers may remember "Freedom Now" from their extensive involvement in supporting the Syrian opposition leading the recent unrest against the Assad government.
Freedom Now is also providing legal services for Gao Zhisheng, a human rights lawyer also imprisoned in China. Gao had written an open letter to the US Congress detailing human rights violations in China, and his family currently resides in the United States. Council on Foreign Relations minion Jerome Cohen, Canadian MP Irwin Cotler, and former Canadian MP David Kilgour are personally leading the campaigns for both Liu Ziaobo and Gao Zhisheng. All three, are also involved in meddling around the globe in similarly hypocritical gambits revolving around "human rights activists" who just so happen to be fighting governments the West would like to see changed.
While it may seem noble to champion for human rights, it is a matter of fact that men like Cohen, Cotler, and Kilgour, and the entire Freedom Now organization along with the CFR that populates its membership and the foundations that fund it, are amongst the greatest enemies of human rights and human freedom on earth. The Council on Foreign Relations has tirelessly repeated its goal of establishing a one world government, with members working ceaselessly to achieve it and their publications over the decades perpetually reflecting this ambition. This is a world government that is of, by, and for the corporate-financier oligarchy's interests, and their interests alone.
This gambit of leveraging the issue of human rights for geopolitical gain is clearly illustrated in another pertinent example, directly related to China's present predicament. Globalist lawyer and lobbyist Robert Amsterdam, of the Chatham House's Amsterdam & Peroff is currently cultivating two other clients as points of leverage.
[...]
CONCLUSION
Of course, by offering China a commanding role in the emerging "international system" it is hoped that given enough coercive pressure it will acquiesce in becoming a "responsible stakeholder." As we see on a smaller scale in Libya, pressure, both militarily and economically, aims at causing divides within any given regime in hopes that enough support can be extorted to effect the globalists' desired changes. Reports like the Brookings Institute's "The Advantages of an Assertive China: Responding to Beijing's Abrasive Diplomacy" says as much in regards to prodding and leading China along.
Disrupting China's oil supply, encircling them with a wave of destabilization along with stoking domestic tension internally, all aims at frustrating their ambitions as a sovereign nation while creating a viable combine of defectors solely interested in their self-preservation. This combine can then effectively steer China toward servile obedience within the globalists' unipolar "international system." It is a delicate balance of both pressure and enticement, constantly refined and adjusted, simultaneously applied and systematically monitored.
As more pressure is overtly applied on China, via the brazen "JASMINE REVOLUTION" and increasingly aggressive destabilization efforts around China's borders and throughout the Arab world where it receives the majority of its oil imports, it appears that the regime has weighed the empty promises and paper empire of the globalists against the 1.3 billion people of China who demand pragmatic, not political solutions to their immediate problems.
[...]
The full article is here: h-tt-p :// bit.ly /AEbEJr
Dalai Lama is just a happy accomplice for them, for all the funding and financial assistances and publicity he receives from the mainstream media (MSM) and Hollywood including the Nobel Peas Prize, which are ALL the political tools available for the disposals by the GLOBALIST CABALS.
Land Destroyer: Target China
by Tony Cartalucci
A deeper look: The globalist blitzkrieg's final destination is Beijing.
In several instances, these efforts to destabilize China's peripheries cross over into China itself. Tibet has long been a point of LEVERAGE against Beijing, combining nearly ever trick in the globalists' book from the Nobel Laureate Dali Lama complete with his own Hollywood-made personality cult, to human rights cases, to arming and backing sedition and unrest throughout the region.
Leveraging "Human Rights"
The hypocrisy doesn't end there. The corporate-financier run Western media has been recently beating their chests over the imprisonment of Nobel Laureate and "human rights activist" Liu Xiaobo, a proponent of ending China's strong central government and politically active military in favor of a weak, Western-style system run by corruptible, feckless, incompetent leadership that invites multinational corporations to entropically infest state institutions and seize control of the nation's people and resources. Liu Xiaobo's support goes beyond the media's scornful chastisement of China's government on his behalf, and includes "pro-bono" legal aid from the Council on Foreign Relations lined "Freedom Now" organization. Readers may remember "Freedom Now" from their extensive involvement in supporting the Syrian opposition leading the recent unrest against the Assad government.
Freedom Now is also providing legal services for Gao Zhisheng, a human rights lawyer also imprisoned in China. Gao had written an open letter to the US Congress detailing human rights violations in China, and his family currently resides in the United States. Council on Foreign Relations minion Jerome Cohen, Canadian MP Irwin Cotler, and former Canadian MP David Kilgour are personally leading the campaigns for both Liu Ziaobo and Gao Zhisheng. All three, are also involved in meddling around the globe in similarly hypocritical gambits revolving around "human rights activists" who just so happen to be fighting governments the West would like to see changed.
While it may seem noble to champion for human rights, it is a matter of fact that men like Cohen, Cotler, and Kilgour, and the entire Freedom Now organization along with the CFR that populates its membership and the foundations that fund it, are amongst the greatest enemies of human rights and human freedom on earth. The Council on Foreign Relations has tirelessly repeated its goal of establishing a one world government, with members working ceaselessly to achieve it and their publications over the decades perpetually reflecting this ambition. This is a world government that is of, by, and for the corporate-financier oligarchy's interests, and their interests alone.
This gambit of leveraging the issue of human rights for geopolitical gain is clearly illustrated in another pertinent example, directly related to China's present predicament. Globalist lawyer and lobbyist Robert Amsterdam, of the Chatham House's Amsterdam & Peroff is currently cultivating two other clients as points of leverage.
[...]
CONCLUSION
Of course, by offering China a commanding role in the emerging "international system" it is hoped that given enough coercive pressure it will acquiesce in becoming a "responsible stakeholder." As we see on a smaller scale in Libya, pressure, both militarily and economically, aims at causing divides within any given regime in hopes that enough support can be extorted to effect the globalists' desired changes. Reports like the Brookings Institute's "The Advantages of an Assertive China: Responding to Beijing's Abrasive Diplomacy" says as much in regards to prodding and leading China along.
Disrupting China's oil supply, encircling them with a wave of destabilization along with stoking domestic tension internally, all aims at frustrating their ambitions as a sovereign nation while creating a viable combine of defectors solely interested in their self-preservation. This combine can then effectively steer China toward servile obedience within the globalists' unipolar "international system." It is a delicate balance of both pressure and enticement, constantly refined and adjusted, simultaneously applied and systematically monitored.
As more pressure is overtly applied on China, via the brazen "JASMINE REVOLUTION" and increasingly aggressive destabilization efforts around China's borders and throughout the Arab world where it receives the majority of its oil imports, it appears that the regime has weighed the empty promises and paper empire of the globalists against the 1.3 billion people of China who demand pragmatic, not political solutions to their immediate problems.
[...]
The full article is here: h-tt-p :// bit.ly /AEbEJr
edwardsnowden
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Here to regard the many posters that love to arbitrary fire the dead verdict: COMMUNIST.
If one is willing to be sincere and honest with the facts and carefully study the long history and the development of China as a nation and the lives of the Chinese people, the so-called "Communist" China today is just a TOOL, happened to be an effective commanding tool to unite the country to REBUILD from the scratch, ruins and poverty, to rebuild into a strong and prosperous nation under an effective unified command.
What's left today in the Communist China is just the name, the label, yet nothing similar to the Karl Max teaching or Lenin/Stalin ways. Chinese leaders indeed call it Communism WITH CHINESE CHARACTERS
Again, it's just a TOOL adopted to unify and develop the country into a successful and prosperous nation.
I won't blink, and it is not if but when, one day the Chinese people will discard the Communism label and instead adopting some more indigenous political system. BUT FIRST OF ALL, CHINA must achieve an even better state of economy, a much more prosperous condition compared to today's state, a much stronger than today, and a much better wealth distribution state, a much better educated people.
However, it should be solely the affair and decision of the Chinese people, free from any external intervention.
And whatsoever political system the Chinese people as a whole may come out as the conclusion one day, they should never adopt any LIBERAL system that promotes "the winner takes all", let the loser eat the sh*t!!!
I have been witnessing so many dead traps of the widely boasted DEMOCRACY. It's really amazing to see that so many are blinded to take it for granted that the Democracy is the only correct way to the development and prosperity!!
I do NOT intend to insult the members from Indian here, indeed I do respect the long historical culture from Indian people as the source of the teaching of both Hinduism and Buddhism. India has an old, a venerable culture, one of the civilization cradle of the mankind, as is the Chinese civilization!
I just try to point out that India, along with Indonesia, as the populous nations that happen to adopt the pompous democracy, are very good example to judge how big, underdeveloped nations doing when they try to adopt the westernized Liberal Democracy, with the essence of "One Man One Vote" system involving the many political parties!
IN PRACTICE what we witness in both India and Indonesia are the incapability of the LESS EDUCATED folks to make the proper and informed choices; and since they are mostly POOR as well, their votes are easily bought up by the election money. As these kinds of people are the majority, both the less educated and poor folks tend to VOTE UP the POLITICAL CROOKS into the helm of command, further ruins the country and nation!!! CORRUPTION and abuse of power are prevalent scenes then. Over times the negative system entangles the nation and all kinds and layers of society, getting stronger and stronger until the nation becomes failed state!
And I haven't yet mentioned about the real life realities, the dirty ops by the foreign powers and intelligence forces to infiltrate, to interfere, to divide and conquer, to prop up some political party and/or puppet leaders in order to achieve their own agendas!
What I see in India political scene so far, is the crystallized power of the Gandhi Dynasty formation, now under the very command of the powerful lady, Mrs. Sonia, an Italian descendant.
Is it really something to boast from the democracy adoption?
How is the wealth distribution in India? The life expectancy? The illiteracy rate and number of school years of mandatory education? Access to the affordable healthcare system? How about the wealth disparity (or more appropriately, wealth distribution)? How much the top 30% and the bottom 30% of the population have the share of the total national wealth? the point of thoughts may carry on ... i love only to discuss the real and tangible benefits for the lives of the ordinary people at large, i can care LESS all the hypothetical and theoretical thoughts; all the kinds of the values and belief systems, and I'm far from idolize any ideal, UNrealistic thoughts
only verifiable FACTS do matter!!!
Just to refresh one's memory upon the following well-known thought from the China's Father of Modernization:
"It does not matter whether the cat is black or white; as long as it catches the mouse, it is a good cat." - Deng Xiaoping (19041997)
Folks, please go ahead tell us "the successful example" of democracy being adopted by ANY BIG populous nation (by BIG, I do mean any nation with population over 100 MILLION)... I wanna see how many successful one; how many failed one even ruined one today.
I just see those SMALL nations as the only successful ones in adopting the democracy system, whereas they have the PREREQUISITE CONDITIONS to achieve a workable and successful outcome: the majority of the population have GOOD EDUCATION and LEVEL OF ECONOMY.
In the past I might be still charmed by the Europe, their economies seemed to be flourishing, people's lives were so nice with so many allowances and money threw into the system; however, today they reveal their true states, all the past prosperity is built upon DEBT, the unsustainable development! And when their economies are scattering down, NOW we are witnessing how they deal with their democracies. Just pay attention.
P.S. So, about the dead verdict from Partharjun on the Ram's Communist stance, IF IT'S TRUE, then I can thoroughly understand if he may have some kind of genuine recognition and admiration to what the Chinese people have been achieving from the ruins until today's development under the Communist label
Hey, GET REAL, if the so-called "Communist" system can achieve progress as such while the so-called "Democracy" can only achieve this little, I dont mind at all to adopt a Communist system for a better, sustainable life
LOLTo be frank, I care much more about the GLOBALIST CABALS, those Generational Wealthy Families, carrying on the continuous venomous efforts to enslave the mankind thru FIAT CURRENCIES, DEBT, and the eventual TOTAL DOMINATION in all aspects of life.
The NEW WORLD ORDER or ONE WORLD GOVERNMENT is not just an illusion; it's as real as the FEDERAL RESERVE is not a federal institution (i.e. not owned by the state of the USA) but indeed is a PRIVATE CENTRAL BANK owned by those Generational Wealthy Families.
The Uncle Sugar with its powerful CSG of many fleets and thousand of military bases is just their mighty yet dispensable BOGEYMAN to achieve such world domination, an ultimate earth reign by the few diabolical families!!
HINT: G. Edward Griffin is the author of the classic reference about the Federal Reserve: "The Creature from Jekyll Island, 5th Edition" (2010)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"The Nomadic Parasites will shift out of London and into Manhattan. And this will be presented under a camouflage of national slogans. It will be represented as an American victory. It will not be an American victory.
Until you know who has lent what to whom, you know nothing whatever of politics, you know nothing whatever of history, you know nothing of international wrangles."
"The monopoly of money, or the restriction of its circulation, is merely a variation of this simple form of monopoly. That is all. The stupid fall into the trap. Wars are provoked in succession, deliberately, by the great usurers, in order to create debts, to create scarcity, so that they can extort the interest on these debts, so that they can raise the price of money (i.e., the price of the various monetary units controlled by, or in the possession of, the same autocrats), altering the prices of the various monetary units when it suits them, raising and lowering the prices of the various foodstuffs when it suits them, completely indifferent to the human victim, to the accumulated treasures of civilization, to the cultural heritage."
~ EZRA POUND (18851972)
edwardsnowden
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Readers should read this article to comprehend their power plays and modus operandi in achieving their goals around the world since the many decades ago until today! It's worth of one's reading!
"A Timeline of CIA Atrocities"
By Steve Kangas
The following timeline describes just a few of the hundreds of atrocities and crimes committed by the CIA.
CIA operations follow the same recurring script. First, American business interests abroad are threatened by a popular or democratically elected leader. The people support their leader because he intends to conduct land reform, strengthen unions, redistribute wealth, nationalize foreign-owned industry, and regulate business to protect workers, consumers and the environment. So, on behalf of American business, and often with their help, the CIA mobilizes the opposition. First it identifies right-wing groups within the country (usually the military), and offers them a deal: "We'll put you in power if you maintain a favorable business climate for us." The Agency then hires, trains and works with them to overthrow the existing government (usually a democracy). It uses every trick in the book: propaganda, stuffed ballot boxes, purchased elections, extortion, blackmail, sexual intrigue, false stories about opponents in the local media, infiltration and disruption of opposing political parties, kidnapping, beating, torture, intimidation, economic sabotage, death squads and even assassination. These efforts culminate in a military coup, which installs a right-wing dictator. The CIA trains the dictators security apparatus to crack down on the traditional enemies of big business, using interrogation, torture and murder. The victims are said to be "communists," but almost always they are just peasants, liberals, moderates, labor union leaders, political opponents and advocates of free speech and democracy. Widespread human rights abuses follow.
This scenario has been repeated so many times that the CIA actually teaches it in a special school, the notorious "School of the Americas." (It opened in Panama but later moved to Fort Benning, Georgia.) Critics have nicknamed it the "School of the Dictators" and "School of the Assassins." Here, the CIA trains Latin American military officers how to conduct coups, including the use of interrogation, torture and murder.
[...] h-tt-p :// bit.ly /19KSBcd
"A Timeline of CIA Atrocities"
By Steve Kangas
The following timeline describes just a few of the hundreds of atrocities and crimes committed by the CIA.
CIA operations follow the same recurring script. First, American business interests abroad are threatened by a popular or democratically elected leader. The people support their leader because he intends to conduct land reform, strengthen unions, redistribute wealth, nationalize foreign-owned industry, and regulate business to protect workers, consumers and the environment. So, on behalf of American business, and often with their help, the CIA mobilizes the opposition. First it identifies right-wing groups within the country (usually the military), and offers them a deal: "We'll put you in power if you maintain a favorable business climate for us." The Agency then hires, trains and works with them to overthrow the existing government (usually a democracy). It uses every trick in the book: propaganda, stuffed ballot boxes, purchased elections, extortion, blackmail, sexual intrigue, false stories about opponents in the local media, infiltration and disruption of opposing political parties, kidnapping, beating, torture, intimidation, economic sabotage, death squads and even assassination. These efforts culminate in a military coup, which installs a right-wing dictator. The CIA trains the dictators security apparatus to crack down on the traditional enemies of big business, using interrogation, torture and murder. The victims are said to be "communists," but almost always they are just peasants, liberals, moderates, labor union leaders, political opponents and advocates of free speech and democracy. Widespread human rights abuses follow.
This scenario has been repeated so many times that the CIA actually teaches it in a special school, the notorious "School of the Americas." (It opened in Panama but later moved to Fort Benning, Georgia.) Critics have nicknamed it the "School of the Dictators" and "School of the Assassins." Here, the CIA trains Latin American military officers how to conduct coups, including the use of interrogation, torture and murder.
[...] h-tt-p :// bit.ly /19KSBcd
edwardsnowden
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For those readers who want to read further the developments of China and India, here's an interesting story to peruse.
"China and India: awakening giants, feet of clay"
By Pranab Bardhan
Interviewed by Romesh Vaitilingam, 28 May 2010 | VOX
Pranab Bardhan of the University of California, Berkeley, talks to Romesh Vaitilingam about his new book Awakening Giants, Feet of Clay: Assessing the Economic Rise of China and India. HE ARGUES THAT SIGNIFICANT POVERTY REDUCTION IN BOTH COUNTRIES IS MAINLY DUE TO DOMESTIC FACTORS NOT GLOBAL INTEGRATION, AS MOST WOULD BELIEVE. The interview was recorded at the London School of Economics in May 2010.
The reality is very, very impressive in the case of China. It's an unparalleled achievement in history. Because there are always controversies about poverty numbers. But, I think the basic truth would be there, whichever numbers, poverty lines you use, etc. So let me take a crude one but it's easily available, which is the World Bank number, and let me take one dollar a day as the poverty line, in 2005 prices.
So if you compare China between 1981 and 2005, which is the latest data that the World Bank will give you. So in 24 years, about 625 million people have been raised above this one dollar line, poverty line. Never before in history this has happened. Within 24 years, less than a quarter century.
Pranab Bardhan: Well, these two countries, being enormous, as you said, obviously attract attention when they start rising and this is a historic phenomenon. If you go back to 1820, if you take the calculations of Angus Maddison, who recently died, actually. 1820, half of the world income was coming from these two countries. Jump to 1950, nine percent. That's a big decline. The projection is that 2025, the two together will be about 36 percent.
So it's not been restored to half a world income, but then, its significant. In 200 years, that's a big change, and the rise has happened in the last 20, 25 years. So such a short period, such a big change, particularly in China, has attracted obviously a great deal of attention.
Most of the interest I see in Western media and also some in academia, is interested what this implies for the rest of the world. That is NOT the focus of my book.
My book is trying to understand what has happened to these masses of people in these two giant countries, and under what constraints they live. So in that sense, it's an obvious comparison. Both are ancient countries, both are primarily agrarian countries until very, very recently.In terms of national income, they're not primarily agricultural countries anymore. In India, it's about 17 percent of GDP, in China, it's about 12 percent.
[...] h-tt-p :// bit.ly /deeEw6
"China and India: awakening giants, feet of clay"
By Pranab Bardhan
Interviewed by Romesh Vaitilingam, 28 May 2010 | VOX
Pranab Bardhan of the University of California, Berkeley, talks to Romesh Vaitilingam about his new book Awakening Giants, Feet of Clay: Assessing the Economic Rise of China and India. HE ARGUES THAT SIGNIFICANT POVERTY REDUCTION IN BOTH COUNTRIES IS MAINLY DUE TO DOMESTIC FACTORS NOT GLOBAL INTEGRATION, AS MOST WOULD BELIEVE. The interview was recorded at the London School of Economics in May 2010.
The reality is very, very impressive in the case of China. It's an unparalleled achievement in history. Because there are always controversies about poverty numbers. But, I think the basic truth would be there, whichever numbers, poverty lines you use, etc. So let me take a crude one but it's easily available, which is the World Bank number, and let me take one dollar a day as the poverty line, in 2005 prices.
So if you compare China between 1981 and 2005, which is the latest data that the World Bank will give you. So in 24 years, about 625 million people have been raised above this one dollar line, poverty line. Never before in history this has happened. Within 24 years, less than a quarter century.
Pranab Bardhan: Well, these two countries, being enormous, as you said, obviously attract attention when they start rising and this is a historic phenomenon. If you go back to 1820, if you take the calculations of Angus Maddison, who recently died, actually. 1820, half of the world income was coming from these two countries. Jump to 1950, nine percent. That's a big decline. The projection is that 2025, the two together will be about 36 percent.
So it's not been restored to half a world income, but then, its significant. In 200 years, that's a big change, and the rise has happened in the last 20, 25 years. So such a short period, such a big change, particularly in China, has attracted obviously a great deal of attention.
Most of the interest I see in Western media and also some in academia, is interested what this implies for the rest of the world. That is NOT the focus of my book.
My book is trying to understand what has happened to these masses of people in these two giant countries, and under what constraints they live. So in that sense, it's an obvious comparison. Both are ancient countries, both are primarily agrarian countries until very, very recently.In terms of national income, they're not primarily agricultural countries anymore. In India, it's about 17 percent of GDP, in China, it's about 12 percent.
[...] h-tt-p :// bit.ly /deeEw6
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Why Tibet is part of China
Karma Tsering raised some legitimate points about the errors of past Chinese policy on Tibet. Indeed, China needs to adopt a more respectful and nurturing policy towards indigenous cultures of its minorities. There are indications that current policies have moved in that direction. Yet policy errors do not alter the historical fact that Tibet is part of China. Modern Tibet is an autonomous region within the People's Republic.
"China's Tibet Culture Week", sponsored by the Chinese Association for Cultural Exchanges with Foreign Countries, will be held in Australia's Melbourne and Sydney as well as New Zealand's Auckland, from November 20 to December 8, 2002. A total of 60 Tangkar pictures will for the first time be on show abroad, which, as a unique art of Tibet, depicts its history, religion, arts, pharmacy, customs and people. A Chinese delegation with 45 people will invite 20 performers from the Lhasa Ethnic Art Troupe of China's Tibet to stage six performances and street shows, including Tibetan Opera, Religious Dance, and Traditional Tibetan Costumes and Ornaments Show. The troupe, founded in 1960, has been invited to perform in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, and Italy, and has won many national and international awards.
Beginning around the end of the 6th century, China's multinational society began to weave together its many fragmented ethnical strands into a reunified cultural force. In modern times, in addition to the majority ethnic Han nationality, China has 55 officially recognized national minorities living on 60 percent of its territory with a combined minority population of over 100 million among its total of 1.3 billion people. China's national minorities in modern times have a population equal to the combined total of France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Austria.
The history of China's relationship to Tibet dates from ancient times. Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century.
The Tufans (Tibetians) are one branch of the Xi Qiang (West Qiang) tribes who founded a kingdom in Xizang (Tibet), the recorded history of which began only around Tang times in the early 7th century. Up until this time, they consisted of some 150 separate tribes who constantly quarreled among themselves and sought mediation periodically from succeeding courts of the Middle Kingdom (Zhongguo) since the Han dynasty (BC 206-220 A.D.)
Tufan zanpu (Tibetan king) Qizonglong Zan sent to the Tang court in 641 an emissary named Ludong Zan to ask for the hand of a Tang princess in marriage, a ritual gesture of a tributary vassal state. Two years earlier still, in 639, 13th year of the reign of Virtuous Vision of Genesis Emperor (Taizong), Tufan zanpu Qizonglong Zan had already sent 16,000 taels of gold (1 tael = 1.33 ounces, $6.6 million at the current price of $311.2/oz) to the Genesis Emperor as a sign of the zanpu's honorable intentions. Subsequently, Ludong Zan arrived in 641 with an additional marriage gift of 5,000 more taels of gold.
Princess Wencheng, hastily adopted by the Genesis Emperor from among the daughters of one of his 21 brothers, was given in marriage in the same year to 73-year-old Tufan zanpu Qizonglong Zan, after her aging suitor paid an additional final marriage gift of five times the weight of his young bride in gold. Princess Wencheng was at the time 16 years old and reportedly quite obese. The ceremony in which the hand of Princess Wencheng was formally requested in marriage would be memorialized by the famous Tang painter, Yan Liben (c 600-673), in a painting entitled Sedan Chair Portrait (Bulian Tu), on view in modern times at the Beijing Palace Art Museum. Not only does the name of the princess not appear in the title, she is not even portrayed in person in the painting. It is a reflection of how unimportant the bride is in the whole negotiated political affair.
The painting shows Li Shimin, Genesis Emperor (Taizong), being carried on a sedan sofa by six court-ladies, while two other ladies carrying large overhead fans with long stems, and one carrying a red, round parasol of silk, 10 feet high, shading the Genesis Emperor's head. Princess Wencheng is nowhere in sight.
Facing the emperor's entourage is a bearded Tang protocol officer, standing at attention, holding a folded fan in a traditional salute. The Tufan envoy, Ludong Zan, is shown as smaller in stature, looking submissive and eager. A stoic court attendant, dressed in white, stands humbly behind him. A colophon added to the painting by the celebrated 11th century Bei Song (Northern Song 960-1127) calligrapher, Zhang Youzhi, in small seal-style script, known as Zhuan script, records that the Genesis Emperor was so pleased with the diplomatic skill of Ludong Zan that he offered him one of the granddaughters of Princess Langya as bride, despite protests from Ludong Zan of having had a wife in Xizang (Tibet) since childhood.
Princess Wencheng, the personification of an ideal political marriage, whose image is absent in the famous painting, would be credited by historians as being instrumental in introducing Tang culture into Xizang (Tibet), as well as Mahayana Buddhism (Dasheng, meaning major vehicle), the growth of which she would help to foster throughout her life in the exotic land. Indigenous mystic concepts would modify Mahayana Buddhism soon after its introduction to Xizang.
Lamaism, which would be derived from Mahayana Buddhism, and modified by erotic mysticism of Tantrism and indigenous Tibetan rites, would not formally establish itself until much later. The first Lama monastery in Xizang would be established near Lhasa only after 750 by Indian scholar-monk Padmasambhava, a full century after Princess Wencheng's marriage to Tufan zanpu Qizonglong Zan.
Princess Wencheng was a remarkable woman and a devout Buddhist. She would win the love and admiration of her barbarian husband, zanpu Qizonglong Zan, 57 years her senior, who would die at age 82 after nine years of marriage to her. As a political bride of 16, she brought to Xizang many books on Tang culture, as well as an entourage of scholars and artisans. Under her influence, her husband ordered his subjects to adopt Tang rituals, customs and learning. Sons from Tufan noble households were sent to Changan [Ed: the capital city of Tang Dynasty and several other dynasties; known as Xi'an today] as students, and many lived in Tang imperial palaces as guests of the Genesis Emperor and as pampered political hostages.
This practice of holding hostage barbarian princes in the Tang court in Changan is not unlike the way Roman Emperor Augustus kept Herod the Great, king of Judea (37-4 BC), in luxury in Rome among Roman imperial family members, after Herod abandoned Mark Antony following the battle of Atium. Despite Antony's having earlier secured for Herod the royal title, King Herod opted in favor of Otavia who later would become the victorious Augustus (BC 63-14 AD), first emperor of the Roman Empire.
Notwithstanding his Roman upbringing, or possibly because of his Greek-inspired Roman education, Herod promoted Hellenization of Judea while encouraging Jewish nationalism by publicly observing the Torah, the Laws of Moses, by building a temple and by re-establishing the Sanhedrin, the consequential legal-religious institution. Shortly before his death, while ruling at the time of Jesus's birth, King Herod ordered the massacre of all infants of Bethlehem in an effort to curb religious fundamentalism and to intercept the prophesied coming of the Savior who was supposed to replace Herod.
Not unlike the attitude of King Herod toward Rome, descendants of Zanpu Qizonglong Zan of Xizang would harbor a love-hate relationship with the Tang court for centuries.
Zanpu Qizonglong Zan would build an elaborate palace for Princess Wencheng in Lhasa. It would still stand in modern time as part of the since-expanded Potala. After her husband's death, Princess Wencheng would continue to enjoy the affection and adoration of her adopted people until her death 30 years later at age 55.
By 680, the disappointment felt by Tufans (Tibetans) from the refusal of the High Heritage Emperor (Gaozong), son of their great friend, the late Genesis Emperor (Taizong), to grant his daughter, 17-year-old Peace Princess (Taiping Gongzu), in marriage to 9-year-old Tufan zanpu (Tibetan king) Qinuxilong, on the thinly-veiled grounds that Peace Princess had been, since 8 years old, a nuguan (Daoist lay prioress), has developed into nationalistic dimensions with historic implications. It would contribute to the cultural isolation of Xizang and her embrace of Lamaism.
Lamaism, culturally-defensive, in time would evolve xenophobic and anti-Daoist sentiments, as well as anti-Han attitudes. Lamaism would develop as a modification of Mahayana Buddhism by Tantric rituals of erotic mysticism and by ancient shamanism and sorcery of the Bon, a primitive, indigenous animistic religion of Xizang, which believes in the existence of spirits separate from the body.
Tantrism, an arcane cult within Hinduism, centering around erotic, magical and mystical rites, was influential in the development of orthodox Hinduism, of Mahayana Buddhism and later of Lamaism. The Tantric cult has elaborate devotional ceremonies, and it is held that only through ritualistic sexual union would the gods respond to the initiated. Female divinities are worshiped, and women are accorded high places in Tantrist cults.
Lamaism would enjoy imperial sponsorship in China under Kublai Khan's Mongolian Yuan dynasty in the 13th century, partly because of its anti-Daoist and anti-Han ethnic colorations. Buddhist reformer Tsong-kha-pa, who would die in 1419, would establish the Yellow Hat order which would gradually gain ascendancy over the original Red Hat order of Lamaism.
Three years before its final overthrow by the conquering Manchurians, a decrepit Ming court, in a feeble attempt to preserve the Han dynastic house's titular sovereignty, granted de facto temporal power over Xizang to the 5th Grand Lama of the Yellow Hat order, whose title would be the Dalai (ocean-wide) Lama, and would install him in Potala in Lhasa.
The Dalai Lama would be revered by his followers as a divine reincarnation of the Boddhisattva Avallokiteshvara, mythical ancestor of the people of Xizang. A boddhisattva is worshiped as a deity in Mahayana Buddhism. It is the name given to an enlightened being who compassionately refrains from entering nirvana in order to save others. The most well-known boddhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism is the female Guanyin, Goddess of Mercy.
In 1652, the Dalai Lama was invited to Peking, where he was received with great pomp by Emperor Shizu during the reign of Shunzhi (1644-1661) of the Manchurian Qing dynasty (1661-1911). Lamaism again enjoyed imperial patronage under Emperor Shizong during the reign of Yongzheng (1723-1735) of the Qing dynasty and remained active and influential in the Qing court until 1911, the founding of the Republic of China. Nine years after his accession, Emperor Shizong convert his palace in Peking, Yonghe Gong, into a Lama temple which still functioned in modern times as a high holy place of Lamaism.
Yonghe Gong is one of the main tourist attractions and a focus of pilgrimage for Lamaism in Beijing. By the personal intervention of Premier Zhou Enlai, it received protection from ideologically-inspired vandalism by radical Red Guards during the turbulent Cultural Revolution (1966-1976).
While the Dalai Lama became traditional leader of Tibet, spiritual supremacy resided with the chief abbot of the influential Dashi Lumpo monastery near Zhikatse [Ed: Tashilhunpo Monastery, Shigatse], 200 kilometers southwest of Lhasa. He is the Dashi or Panchen Lama, a reincarnation of Amitabha, the Buddha of Light.
The succession to Grand Lama, either Dalai or Panchen, depends upon direct reincarnation. Upon the death of either, his spirit is said to pass into the body of some infant born shortly after, the identity of whom is determined by a series of exacting tests and divinations. Upon identification, the selected child is then brought to Lhasa and meticulously trained to assume his awesome spiritual role.
The 13th Dalai Lama fled to Peking from a British expeditionary force in August, 1904. On April 27, 1906, China, represented by the dying Qing court, as suzerain of Tibet, agreed to the terms imposed by Britain not to permit third countries to send representatives, receive transportation or mining concessions, or occupy, purchase or lease territories in Tibet without British permission. It was a policy designed by Lord Curzon, previously the expansionist viceroy of British India. The policy aimed generally to protect British interests in Tibet and specifically to contain tzsarist Russian expansion into the region.
All "unequal" treaties signed by the government of the Qing dynasty during the age of Western imperialism, including those concerning Tibet, were since declared null and void by all subsequent governments of China, nationalist and communist alike. Four years after the British-Qing dynasty agreement, on February 25, 1910, during the chaos of the nationalist revolutionary uprisings that finally established the nationalist Republic of China, the 13th Dalai Lama again fled, this time to British India.
The 14th Dalai Lama, a 5-year-old boy, was installed on February 22, 1940 and the 9th Panchen Lama, a 7-year-old, in 1944. The 14th Dalai Lama signed a 17-point agreement with the government of the newly established People's Republic in Beijing on May 24, 1951 that reconfirmed Chinese sovereignty over Tibet with local autonomy.
Government forces clashed with CIA-supported ethnic dissidents in 1959 during the celebration of the Tibetan New Year, after which the 14th Dalai Lama, with CIA help, went into political exile in India. After 1959, the CIA trained Tibetan guerrillas and provided funds for the fight against a Chinese Tibet. However, the effort stopped when Richard Nixon decided to seek rapprochement with China in the early 1970s. Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, in The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, reveal how the CIA encouraged Tibet's revolt against China - and eventually came to control its fledgling resistance movement. The New York Times reported on October 2, 1998 that the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the CIA, but denied reports that the Tibetan leader benefited personally from an annual subsidy of $180,000. The money allocated for the resistance movement was spent on training volunteers and paying for guerrilla operations against the Chinese, the Tibetan government-in-exile said. It added that the subsidy earmarked for the Dalai Lama was spent on setting up offices in Geneva and New York and on international lobbying. The decade-long covert program to support the Tibetan independence movement was part of the C.I.A.'s worldwide effort to undermine communist governments, particularly in the Soviet Union and China.
The 9th Panchen Lama, after taking office under the new People's Republic on May 1, 1952 at age 15, died in Beijing on January 28, 1989 and his followers search for the reincarnation of his soul, the 10th Panchen Lama. On December 8, 1995, a six-year-old boy was annointed as Tibetan Buddhism's new Panchen Lama.
Source: h-tt-p :// bit.ly /cEUeRo
Henry C K Liu
May 9, 2002
h-tt-p :// henryckliu,com
Karma Tsering raised some legitimate points about the errors of past Chinese policy on Tibet. Indeed, China needs to adopt a more respectful and nurturing policy towards indigenous cultures of its minorities. There are indications that current policies have moved in that direction. Yet policy errors do not alter the historical fact that Tibet is part of China. Modern Tibet is an autonomous region within the People's Republic.
"China's Tibet Culture Week", sponsored by the Chinese Association for Cultural Exchanges with Foreign Countries, will be held in Australia's Melbourne and Sydney as well as New Zealand's Auckland, from November 20 to December 8, 2002. A total of 60 Tangkar pictures will for the first time be on show abroad, which, as a unique art of Tibet, depicts its history, religion, arts, pharmacy, customs and people. A Chinese delegation with 45 people will invite 20 performers from the Lhasa Ethnic Art Troupe of China's Tibet to stage six performances and street shows, including Tibetan Opera, Religious Dance, and Traditional Tibetan Costumes and Ornaments Show. The troupe, founded in 1960, has been invited to perform in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, and Italy, and has won many national and international awards.
Beginning around the end of the 6th century, China's multinational society began to weave together its many fragmented ethnical strands into a reunified cultural force. In modern times, in addition to the majority ethnic Han nationality, China has 55 officially recognized national minorities living on 60 percent of its territory with a combined minority population of over 100 million among its total of 1.3 billion people. China's national minorities in modern times have a population equal to the combined total of France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Austria.
The history of China's relationship to Tibet dates from ancient times. Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century.
The Tufans (Tibetians) are one branch of the Xi Qiang (West Qiang) tribes who founded a kingdom in Xizang (Tibet), the recorded history of which began only around Tang times in the early 7th century. Up until this time, they consisted of some 150 separate tribes who constantly quarreled among themselves and sought mediation periodically from succeeding courts of the Middle Kingdom (Zhongguo) since the Han dynasty (BC 206-220 A.D.)
Tufan zanpu (Tibetan king) Qizonglong Zan sent to the Tang court in 641 an emissary named Ludong Zan to ask for the hand of a Tang princess in marriage, a ritual gesture of a tributary vassal state. Two years earlier still, in 639, 13th year of the reign of Virtuous Vision of Genesis Emperor (Taizong), Tufan zanpu Qizonglong Zan had already sent 16,000 taels of gold (1 tael = 1.33 ounces, $6.6 million at the current price of $311.2/oz) to the Genesis Emperor as a sign of the zanpu's honorable intentions. Subsequently, Ludong Zan arrived in 641 with an additional marriage gift of 5,000 more taels of gold.
Princess Wencheng, hastily adopted by the Genesis Emperor from among the daughters of one of his 21 brothers, was given in marriage in the same year to 73-year-old Tufan zanpu Qizonglong Zan, after her aging suitor paid an additional final marriage gift of five times the weight of his young bride in gold. Princess Wencheng was at the time 16 years old and reportedly quite obese. The ceremony in which the hand of Princess Wencheng was formally requested in marriage would be memorialized by the famous Tang painter, Yan Liben (c 600-673), in a painting entitled Sedan Chair Portrait (Bulian Tu), on view in modern times at the Beijing Palace Art Museum. Not only does the name of the princess not appear in the title, she is not even portrayed in person in the painting. It is a reflection of how unimportant the bride is in the whole negotiated political affair.
The painting shows Li Shimin, Genesis Emperor (Taizong), being carried on a sedan sofa by six court-ladies, while two other ladies carrying large overhead fans with long stems, and one carrying a red, round parasol of silk, 10 feet high, shading the Genesis Emperor's head. Princess Wencheng is nowhere in sight.
Facing the emperor's entourage is a bearded Tang protocol officer, standing at attention, holding a folded fan in a traditional salute. The Tufan envoy, Ludong Zan, is shown as smaller in stature, looking submissive and eager. A stoic court attendant, dressed in white, stands humbly behind him. A colophon added to the painting by the celebrated 11th century Bei Song (Northern Song 960-1127) calligrapher, Zhang Youzhi, in small seal-style script, known as Zhuan script, records that the Genesis Emperor was so pleased with the diplomatic skill of Ludong Zan that he offered him one of the granddaughters of Princess Langya as bride, despite protests from Ludong Zan of having had a wife in Xizang (Tibet) since childhood.
Princess Wencheng, the personification of an ideal political marriage, whose image is absent in the famous painting, would be credited by historians as being instrumental in introducing Tang culture into Xizang (Tibet), as well as Mahayana Buddhism (Dasheng, meaning major vehicle), the growth of which she would help to foster throughout her life in the exotic land. Indigenous mystic concepts would modify Mahayana Buddhism soon after its introduction to Xizang.
Lamaism, which would be derived from Mahayana Buddhism, and modified by erotic mysticism of Tantrism and indigenous Tibetan rites, would not formally establish itself until much later. The first Lama monastery in Xizang would be established near Lhasa only after 750 by Indian scholar-monk Padmasambhava, a full century after Princess Wencheng's marriage to Tufan zanpu Qizonglong Zan.
Princess Wencheng was a remarkable woman and a devout Buddhist. She would win the love and admiration of her barbarian husband, zanpu Qizonglong Zan, 57 years her senior, who would die at age 82 after nine years of marriage to her. As a political bride of 16, she brought to Xizang many books on Tang culture, as well as an entourage of scholars and artisans. Under her influence, her husband ordered his subjects to adopt Tang rituals, customs and learning. Sons from Tufan noble households were sent to Changan [Ed: the capital city of Tang Dynasty and several other dynasties; known as Xi'an today] as students, and many lived in Tang imperial palaces as guests of the Genesis Emperor and as pampered political hostages.
This practice of holding hostage barbarian princes in the Tang court in Changan is not unlike the way Roman Emperor Augustus kept Herod the Great, king of Judea (37-4 BC), in luxury in Rome among Roman imperial family members, after Herod abandoned Mark Antony following the battle of Atium. Despite Antony's having earlier secured for Herod the royal title, King Herod opted in favor of Otavia who later would become the victorious Augustus (BC 63-14 AD), first emperor of the Roman Empire.
Notwithstanding his Roman upbringing, or possibly because of his Greek-inspired Roman education, Herod promoted Hellenization of Judea while encouraging Jewish nationalism by publicly observing the Torah, the Laws of Moses, by building a temple and by re-establishing the Sanhedrin, the consequential legal-religious institution. Shortly before his death, while ruling at the time of Jesus's birth, King Herod ordered the massacre of all infants of Bethlehem in an effort to curb religious fundamentalism and to intercept the prophesied coming of the Savior who was supposed to replace Herod.
Not unlike the attitude of King Herod toward Rome, descendants of Zanpu Qizonglong Zan of Xizang would harbor a love-hate relationship with the Tang court for centuries.
Zanpu Qizonglong Zan would build an elaborate palace for Princess Wencheng in Lhasa. It would still stand in modern time as part of the since-expanded Potala. After her husband's death, Princess Wencheng would continue to enjoy the affection and adoration of her adopted people until her death 30 years later at age 55.
By 680, the disappointment felt by Tufans (Tibetans) from the refusal of the High Heritage Emperor (Gaozong), son of their great friend, the late Genesis Emperor (Taizong), to grant his daughter, 17-year-old Peace Princess (Taiping Gongzu), in marriage to 9-year-old Tufan zanpu (Tibetan king) Qinuxilong, on the thinly-veiled grounds that Peace Princess had been, since 8 years old, a nuguan (Daoist lay prioress), has developed into nationalistic dimensions with historic implications. It would contribute to the cultural isolation of Xizang and her embrace of Lamaism.
Lamaism, culturally-defensive, in time would evolve xenophobic and anti-Daoist sentiments, as well as anti-Han attitudes. Lamaism would develop as a modification of Mahayana Buddhism by Tantric rituals of erotic mysticism and by ancient shamanism and sorcery of the Bon, a primitive, indigenous animistic religion of Xizang, which believes in the existence of spirits separate from the body.
Tantrism, an arcane cult within Hinduism, centering around erotic, magical and mystical rites, was influential in the development of orthodox Hinduism, of Mahayana Buddhism and later of Lamaism. The Tantric cult has elaborate devotional ceremonies, and it is held that only through ritualistic sexual union would the gods respond to the initiated. Female divinities are worshiped, and women are accorded high places in Tantrist cults.
Lamaism would enjoy imperial sponsorship in China under Kublai Khan's Mongolian Yuan dynasty in the 13th century, partly because of its anti-Daoist and anti-Han ethnic colorations. Buddhist reformer Tsong-kha-pa, who would die in 1419, would establish the Yellow Hat order which would gradually gain ascendancy over the original Red Hat order of Lamaism.
Three years before its final overthrow by the conquering Manchurians, a decrepit Ming court, in a feeble attempt to preserve the Han dynastic house's titular sovereignty, granted de facto temporal power over Xizang to the 5th Grand Lama of the Yellow Hat order, whose title would be the Dalai (ocean-wide) Lama, and would install him in Potala in Lhasa.
The Dalai Lama would be revered by his followers as a divine reincarnation of the Boddhisattva Avallokiteshvara, mythical ancestor of the people of Xizang. A boddhisattva is worshiped as a deity in Mahayana Buddhism. It is the name given to an enlightened being who compassionately refrains from entering nirvana in order to save others. The most well-known boddhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism is the female Guanyin, Goddess of Mercy.
In 1652, the Dalai Lama was invited to Peking, where he was received with great pomp by Emperor Shizu during the reign of Shunzhi (1644-1661) of the Manchurian Qing dynasty (1661-1911). Lamaism again enjoyed imperial patronage under Emperor Shizong during the reign of Yongzheng (1723-1735) of the Qing dynasty and remained active and influential in the Qing court until 1911, the founding of the Republic of China. Nine years after his accession, Emperor Shizong convert his palace in Peking, Yonghe Gong, into a Lama temple which still functioned in modern times as a high holy place of Lamaism.
Yonghe Gong is one of the main tourist attractions and a focus of pilgrimage for Lamaism in Beijing. By the personal intervention of Premier Zhou Enlai, it received protection from ideologically-inspired vandalism by radical Red Guards during the turbulent Cultural Revolution (1966-1976).
While the Dalai Lama became traditional leader of Tibet, spiritual supremacy resided with the chief abbot of the influential Dashi Lumpo monastery near Zhikatse [Ed: Tashilhunpo Monastery, Shigatse], 200 kilometers southwest of Lhasa. He is the Dashi or Panchen Lama, a reincarnation of Amitabha, the Buddha of Light.
The succession to Grand Lama, either Dalai or Panchen, depends upon direct reincarnation. Upon the death of either, his spirit is said to pass into the body of some infant born shortly after, the identity of whom is determined by a series of exacting tests and divinations. Upon identification, the selected child is then brought to Lhasa and meticulously trained to assume his awesome spiritual role.
The 13th Dalai Lama fled to Peking from a British expeditionary force in August, 1904. On April 27, 1906, China, represented by the dying Qing court, as suzerain of Tibet, agreed to the terms imposed by Britain not to permit third countries to send representatives, receive transportation or mining concessions, or occupy, purchase or lease territories in Tibet without British permission. It was a policy designed by Lord Curzon, previously the expansionist viceroy of British India. The policy aimed generally to protect British interests in Tibet and specifically to contain tzsarist Russian expansion into the region.
All "unequal" treaties signed by the government of the Qing dynasty during the age of Western imperialism, including those concerning Tibet, were since declared null and void by all subsequent governments of China, nationalist and communist alike. Four years after the British-Qing dynasty agreement, on February 25, 1910, during the chaos of the nationalist revolutionary uprisings that finally established the nationalist Republic of China, the 13th Dalai Lama again fled, this time to British India.
The 14th Dalai Lama, a 5-year-old boy, was installed on February 22, 1940 and the 9th Panchen Lama, a 7-year-old, in 1944. The 14th Dalai Lama signed a 17-point agreement with the government of the newly established People's Republic in Beijing on May 24, 1951 that reconfirmed Chinese sovereignty over Tibet with local autonomy.
Government forces clashed with CIA-supported ethnic dissidents in 1959 during the celebration of the Tibetan New Year, after which the 14th Dalai Lama, with CIA help, went into political exile in India. After 1959, the CIA trained Tibetan guerrillas and provided funds for the fight against a Chinese Tibet. However, the effort stopped when Richard Nixon decided to seek rapprochement with China in the early 1970s. Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, in The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, reveal how the CIA encouraged Tibet's revolt against China - and eventually came to control its fledgling resistance movement. The New York Times reported on October 2, 1998 that the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the CIA, but denied reports that the Tibetan leader benefited personally from an annual subsidy of $180,000. The money allocated for the resistance movement was spent on training volunteers and paying for guerrilla operations against the Chinese, the Tibetan government-in-exile said. It added that the subsidy earmarked for the Dalai Lama was spent on setting up offices in Geneva and New York and on international lobbying. The decade-long covert program to support the Tibetan independence movement was part of the C.I.A.'s worldwide effort to undermine communist governments, particularly in the Soviet Union and China.
The 9th Panchen Lama, after taking office under the new People's Republic on May 1, 1952 at age 15, died in Beijing on January 28, 1989 and his followers search for the reincarnation of his soul, the 10th Panchen Lama. On December 8, 1995, a six-year-old boy was annointed as Tibetan Buddhism's new Panchen Lama.
Source: h-tt-p :// bit.ly /cEUeRo
Henry C K Liu
May 9, 2002
h-tt-p :// henryckliu,com
Karasonmuno
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Even India has recognized Chinese rule over Tibet, all future discussions of this topic really has no more meaning and should just stop. What else is there to say?
grandmaster
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what conflict? the conflict itself did not exist, but the west want to create conflicts like that in any countries by using west propaganda system like BBC, NYtimes, etc.
To create Tibet conflict, the West granted the Noble prize to Dalai Lama to make Tibet popular on the news. it is not easy for a Buddhist and other religions to get any famous Award in Christian countries, then ask Dalai Lama to train people to protest and to self immolate.
To create Tibet conflict, the West granted the Noble prize to Dalai Lama to make Tibet popular on the news. it is not easy for a Buddhist and other religions to get any famous Award in Christian countries, then ask Dalai Lama to train people to protest and to self immolate.
SarthakGanguly
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edwardsnowden
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Tibet Photos
I have posted four pages of photos, courtesy of my friend Chen Li Ping who took these on a recent trip to Tibet. You can access them here (in 4 pages).
Strong opinions about Tibet are often held in the West, mostly by those who haven't been there and whose knowledge appears gleaned from misguided propaganda in the popular press.
The first adjective that would come to mind about Tibet is 'desolate'. Those who have been in the the far North (beyond the Arctic Circle), or above the tree line in the North American Rocky Mountains or the European Alps, will have some idea of the Tibetan landscape - which is 10,000 feet above the tree line.
There is nothing hospitable about the isolated conditions or climate in Tibet. Surely there are people who can see beauty in even the most desolate surroundings, but these brave detached souls would be most unlikely to choose that location for a summer home and certainly wouldn't live there by choice.
In much of the land, the severe climate means that nothing, or almost nothing, can grow. Tibet is a high-altitude desert, with little oxygen, almost no rainfall, and harsh temperatures. Only sparse numbers of the hardiest animals can survive there. No one in Tibet has ever seen a tree or even a bush. They likely have never seen fruit like cherries or peaches and would never have been able to afford them in any case.
The native Tibetans are not dissimilar to the aboriginal natives in North America, though they are for the most part less nomadic and more susceptible to education and societal structure. If we consider the white man's (European style) treatment of the North American native Indians and other aboriginals, it is very much to the benefit of Tibetans that they have not been 'saved' or 'freed' by Westerners.
Westerners appear to have a willful blindness about Tibet - The Shangri-La syndrome. Everyone wants to believe in some mythological, romantic fantasy about Tibet. It doesn't exist and it never did, but the myth seems to grow daily. The Western media impose on our imagination an image of some fabled theocracy where a reincarnated god rules over a peaceful people spinning prayer wheels.
The facts are different. The region has been under China's governance for many centuries, but was largely self-managed up to the 1950s when Mao went in to clean it up. Before that, Tibet was a slave colony, what the Western press euphemistically refers to as a 'feudal system'. It was no such thing. Virtually all the population was owned by the Dalai and other lamas and worked their entire lives without pay. The highest monks often owned 35,000 to 40,000 slaves. The prettiest girls (and boys) were confiscated to the monasteries for sex. Life was brutal and harsh, corrupt and punctuated by civil wars - the last in 1950. Life expectancy was barely 30.
Education was only for the monks because educated peasants are dangerous and expensive. Industry was forbidden because wealth of the population brought independence from religion. Torture was rampant. For anyone who cares to look, the internet is full of photos of the torture rooms at the Potala Palace and all the instruments used for gouging eyes and cutting leg tendons. You can easily find it. It's all there. The Dalai Lama was responsible for managing all of this. For the world to have given him a Nobel Peace Prize was an obscenity.
China has spent countless billions trying to bring Tibet out of the stone age. Education is now almost universal, the $4 billion Qinghai-Tibet railway brings in billions in tourist dollars and finally provides a way to move goods in and out. Tibet’s economic rate of growth and standard of living are higher now than in much of the rest of Western China.
[...] h-tt-p :// bit.ly /w0vEoB
# The site of Bearcanada posted about 160 photographs taken in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), some are breathtakingly beautiful!
I have posted four pages of photos, courtesy of my friend Chen Li Ping who took these on a recent trip to Tibet. You can access them here (in 4 pages).
Strong opinions about Tibet are often held in the West, mostly by those who haven't been there and whose knowledge appears gleaned from misguided propaganda in the popular press.
The first adjective that would come to mind about Tibet is 'desolate'. Those who have been in the the far North (beyond the Arctic Circle), or above the tree line in the North American Rocky Mountains or the European Alps, will have some idea of the Tibetan landscape - which is 10,000 feet above the tree line.
There is nothing hospitable about the isolated conditions or climate in Tibet. Surely there are people who can see beauty in even the most desolate surroundings, but these brave detached souls would be most unlikely to choose that location for a summer home and certainly wouldn't live there by choice.
In much of the land, the severe climate means that nothing, or almost nothing, can grow. Tibet is a high-altitude desert, with little oxygen, almost no rainfall, and harsh temperatures. Only sparse numbers of the hardiest animals can survive there. No one in Tibet has ever seen a tree or even a bush. They likely have never seen fruit like cherries or peaches and would never have been able to afford them in any case.
The native Tibetans are not dissimilar to the aboriginal natives in North America, though they are for the most part less nomadic and more susceptible to education and societal structure. If we consider the white man's (European style) treatment of the North American native Indians and other aboriginals, it is very much to the benefit of Tibetans that they have not been 'saved' or 'freed' by Westerners.
Westerners appear to have a willful blindness about Tibet - The Shangri-La syndrome. Everyone wants to believe in some mythological, romantic fantasy about Tibet. It doesn't exist and it never did, but the myth seems to grow daily. The Western media impose on our imagination an image of some fabled theocracy where a reincarnated god rules over a peaceful people spinning prayer wheels.
The facts are different. The region has been under China's governance for many centuries, but was largely self-managed up to the 1950s when Mao went in to clean it up. Before that, Tibet was a slave colony, what the Western press euphemistically refers to as a 'feudal system'. It was no such thing. Virtually all the population was owned by the Dalai and other lamas and worked their entire lives without pay. The highest monks often owned 35,000 to 40,000 slaves. The prettiest girls (and boys) were confiscated to the monasteries for sex. Life was brutal and harsh, corrupt and punctuated by civil wars - the last in 1950. Life expectancy was barely 30.
Education was only for the monks because educated peasants are dangerous and expensive. Industry was forbidden because wealth of the population brought independence from religion. Torture was rampant. For anyone who cares to look, the internet is full of photos of the torture rooms at the Potala Palace and all the instruments used for gouging eyes and cutting leg tendons. You can easily find it. It's all there. The Dalai Lama was responsible for managing all of this. For the world to have given him a Nobel Peace Prize was an obscenity.
China has spent countless billions trying to bring Tibet out of the stone age. Education is now almost universal, the $4 billion Qinghai-Tibet railway brings in billions in tourist dollars and finally provides a way to move goods in and out. Tibet’s economic rate of growth and standard of living are higher now than in much of the rest of Western China.
[...] h-tt-p :// bit.ly /w0vEoB
# The site of Bearcanada posted about 160 photographs taken in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), some are breathtakingly beautiful!
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