Musa Khan
General Muhammad Musa Khan (
Urdu: جنرل محمد موسی خان ہزارہ) (20 October 1908 – 12 March 1991),
HPk,
HQA,
HI,
HJ,
MBE, was the longest-serving Army General to hold the post of Commander-in-Chiefa Pakistani for 8 years starting from October 27, 1958, to September 17, 1966. , serving under
President Ayub Khan from 1958 until 1966. He later became a
politician.
Gaining
commission as an
officer in the
British Indian Army, he served with distinction in the
World War II on the side of
United Kingdom and
opted for
Pakistan as an
aftermath of
partition of
British India in
1947. He served to command the combat
brigades in
war with India over
Kashmir in 1947 and eventually ascended as the
Commander in Chief after the military
martial law enforced in 1958. He earned notability and public fame when he commanded the
Pakistan Army after the
second war with
India in 1965.
Musa Khan shortly retired after the war and embarked his career in
national politics when he was appointed to serve as
Governor of
West-Pakistan from 1966 until 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as
Governor of
Balochistan and remained in office until he died in 1991.
Early life and early military career[edit]
Musa Khan was born on 20 October 1908 in
Quetta,
Baluchistan,
British India into a
Hazara family.
[1][2] His family was
Sardar (lit. Chief) of Hazara tribe and was the eldest son of
Sardar Yazdan Khan who was the local
Tribal chief.
[3]
After his schooling, he was recruited to the
British Indian Army as a
Jawan in 1926 and eventually joined the
4th Hazara Pioneers after being promoted as the
Naik– a
non-commissioned officer in the
British Indian Army.
[4] He was selected to join the
Indian Military Academy at
Dehra Dun as a cadet in October 1932.
[1] In 1935, he was commissioned from the
IMA, Dehradun following a two years and six months long military training.
[5] He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played
hockey.
[2]
In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the
13th Frontier Force Rifles as a
Platoon Commander and saw actions in the violent
Waziristan campaign in 1936 till 1938.
[3] He participated well in the
World War II on the side of the
United Kingdom and served well in the
Burma Campaign and
North African theatre as part of the
Norfolk Regiment of the British Indian Army.
[1] In
Middle East, he led the
company and was listed in
mentioned in despatches for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the
London Gazette 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major.[
further explanation needed]
[3]
In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as
Member of the
Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."
[1] In 1945, he was promoted as substantive
captain and substantive
major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion,
13th Frontier Force Rifles by October 1942.
[6]
During his time at the Indian Military Academy, Musa was selected as part of the first batch of cadets. Called "The Pioneers", his class also produced
Smith Dun and
Sam Maneckshaw, future army chiefs of Burma and India, respectively.
After the
partition of
British India that followed the
establishment of Pakistan in 1947, he
opted for
Pakistan and joined the
Pakistan Army as a
staff officer.
[1] In 1947 in the acting rank of
Brigadier, he commanded the
103rd Infantry Brigade based in
Sialkot brigade in
Kashmir and served as commander of military units in the
first war with
India.
[1] In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.
[7]
After the war in 1948, Musa studied and graduated from the
Command and Staff College in
Quetta and proceeded to attend the
Imperial Defence College in
United Kingdom prior to his graduation.
[7]
Later Military Career[edit]
In 1950s, Musa Khan's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the
East Pakistan Rifles, and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in
Dhaka,
East Pakistan, in 1951.
[3][7] In 1952, he last field assignment included his role as
General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in
Quetta before stationed at the GHQ.
[7] In 1957, he served as the
Chief of General Staff and soon
Deputy Commander-in-Chief (then the commander-in-chief of the army's deputy) in the rank of lieutenant-general at the
Army GHQ.
[7] His career progressed well in the
army and was ascended as
Commander-in-Chief by President
Ayub Khan in 1958 when the latter disposed President
Iskander Mirza who
imposed martial law in 1958.
[8] Musa's promotion to the
four-star appointment came with controversy in the country as many saw that his appointment was based on "dependability rather than merit."
[8][9]
In October 1958, Musa Khan was elevated as
four-star general and appointed as
Commander in Chief with
Ayub Khan promoting himself as
Field Marshal.
[10] President Ayub delegated the military affairs to General Musa Khan when heading the civic government.:152
[10] In 1960, he was appointed to serve as the President of the
Pakistan Hockey Federation which he remained in the post until being retired in 1966.
[11] It was during his stint as president when the
Hockey Team won its first
Gold Medal against the
Indian Hockey Team in the
Summer Olympics in Rome in 1960.:146
[12]