Aramagedon
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- Apr 29, 2015
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E1B1A DNA map:
E1B1B DNA maps:
J2 DNA map:
J1 DNA map:
G DNA map:
R1 DNA map:
^^^ Egypians are 'Arabs' only if we have brain size of pea.
_____________________________________________________
Iran Prehistory
A gold cup at the National Museum of Iran, dating from the first half of 1st millennium BC.
Arg-e Bam
Chogha Zanbil is one of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia and is considered to be the best preserved example in the world.
Further information: Archaeological sites in Iran and Prehistory of Iran
Further information: Tepe Sialk, Jiroft culture, and Shahr-e Sukhteh
Paleolithic[edit]
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran were found in the Kashafrud and Ganj Parsites that are thought to date back to 100,000 years ago in the Middle Paleolithic.[15]Mousterian stone tools made by Neandertalshave also been found.[16] There are more cultural remains of Neandertals dating back to the Middle Paleolithic period, which mainly have been found in the Zagros region and fewer in central Iran at sites such as Kobeh, Kunji, Bisitun Cave, Tamtama, Warwasi, andYafteh Cave.[17] In 1949, a Neanderthal radiuswas discovered by Carleton S. Coon in Bisitun Cave.[18] Evidence for Upper Paleolithic andEpipaleolithic periods are known mainly from the Zagros Mountains in the caves of Kermanshah and Khorramabad and a few number of sites in the Alborz and Central Iran.
Neolithic to Chalcolithic[edit]
Early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan in 10,000 BC[19][20] along with settlements such as Chogha Bonut (the earliest village in Elam) in 8000 BC,[21][22] began to flourish in and around the Zagros Mountains region in western Iran.[23] Around about the same time, the earliest-known clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines were produced at Ganj Dareh, also in western Iran.[23] There are also 10,000-year-old human and animal figurines from Tepe Sarab in Kermanshah Province among many other ancient artifacts.[16]
The south-western part of Iran was part of the Fertile Crescentwhere most of humanity's first major crops were grown, in villages such as Susa (where a settlement was first founded possibly as early as 4395 cal BC)[24] and settlements such asChogha Mish, dating back to 6800 BC;[1][25] there are 7,000-year-old jars of wine excavated in the Zagros Mountains[26] (now on display at the University of Pennsylvania) and ruins of 7000-year-old settlements such as Tepe Sialk are further testament to that. The two main Neolithic Iranian settlements were the Zayandeh River Culture and Ganj Dareh.
Bronze Age[edit]
Further information: Tepe Sialk, Jiroft culture, Elam, Kura–Araxes culture, Akkadian Empire, Kassites, and Mannaeans
Parts of what is modern-day northwestern Iran was part of theKura–Araxes culture (circa 3400 BC—ca. 2000 BC), that stretched up into the neighboring regions of the Caucasus andAnatolia.[27][28]
Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of Iran and the world. Based on C14 dating, the time of foundation of the city is as early as 4395 BC,[29] a time that goes beyond the age of civilization in Mesopotamia. The general perception among archeologists is that Susa was an extension of the Sumerian city state of Uruk.[30][31] In its later history, Susa became the capital of Elam, which emerged as a state found 4000 BC.[29] There are also dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the fourth millennium BC,[1] One of the earliest civilizations in Iranian plateau was the Jiroft culture in southeastern Iran in the province of Kerman.
It is one of the most artifact-rich archaeological sites in the Middle East. Archaeological excavations in Jiroft led to the discovery of several objects belonging to the 4th millennium BC.[32] There is a large quantity of objects decorated with highly distinctive engravings of animals, mythological figures, and architectural motifs. The objects and their iconography are unlike anything ever seen before by archeologists. Many are made fromchlorite, a gray-green soft stone; others are in copper, bronze,terracotta, and even lapis lazuli. Recent excavations at the sites have produced the world's earliest inscription which pre-dates Mesopotamian inscriptions.[33][34]
There are records of numerous other ancient civilizations on theIranian Plateau before the emergence of Iranian peoples during the Early Iron Age. The Early Bronze Age saw the rise of urbanization into organized city states and the invention of writing (the Uruk period) in the Near East. While Bronze Age Elammade use of writing from an early time, the Proto-Elamite scriptremains undeciphered, and records from Sumer pertaining to Elam are scarce.
Russian historian Igor M. Diakonoff states that the modern population of the Iranian Plateau are the descendants of mainly non-Persian groups: "It is the autochthones of the Iranian plateau, and not the Proto-Indo-European tribes of Europe, which are, in the main, the ancestors, in the physical sense of the word, of the present-day Iranians."[35]
Early Iron Age[edit]
See also: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Urartu
Records become more tangible with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its records of incursions from the Iranian plateau. As early as the 20th century BC, tribes came to the Iranian Plateau from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The arrival of Iranians on the Iranian plateau forced the Elamites to relinquish one area of their empire after another and to take refuge in Elam, Khuzestan and the nearby area, which only then became coterminous with Elam.[36] Bahman Firuzmandi say that the southern Iranians might be intermixed with the Elamite peoples living in the plateau.[37] By the mid-first millennium BC, Medes, Persians, andParthians populated the Iranian plateau. Until the rise of the Medes, they all remained under Assyrian domination, like the rest of the Near East. In the first half of the first millennium BC, parts of what is now Iranian Azerbaijan were incorporated into Urartu.
Classical Antiquity[edit]
The Medes who lived in an area known as Media (northwestern Iran) and who spoke the Median language. They mainly inhabited the mountainous area of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia and located in the Kermanshah-Hamadan (Ecbatana) region[5] Their emergence in Iran is thought to have occurred between 1000 BC to around 900 BC.
Median Empire
Mādai
Median and Achaemenid Empire (650–330 BC)[edit]
Main articles: Medes and Achaemenid Empire
See also: Greco-Persian Wars
E1B1B DNA maps:
J2 DNA map:
J1 DNA map:
G DNA map:
R1 DNA map:
^^^ Egypians are 'Arabs' only if we have brain size of pea.
_____________________________________________________
Iran Prehistory
A gold cup at the National Museum of Iran, dating from the first half of 1st millennium BC.
Arg-e Bam
Chogha Zanbil is one of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia and is considered to be the best preserved example in the world.
Further information: Archaeological sites in Iran and Prehistory of Iran
Further information: Tepe Sialk, Jiroft culture, and Shahr-e Sukhteh
Paleolithic[edit]
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran were found in the Kashafrud and Ganj Parsites that are thought to date back to 100,000 years ago in the Middle Paleolithic.[15]Mousterian stone tools made by Neandertalshave also been found.[16] There are more cultural remains of Neandertals dating back to the Middle Paleolithic period, which mainly have been found in the Zagros region and fewer in central Iran at sites such as Kobeh, Kunji, Bisitun Cave, Tamtama, Warwasi, andYafteh Cave.[17] In 1949, a Neanderthal radiuswas discovered by Carleton S. Coon in Bisitun Cave.[18] Evidence for Upper Paleolithic andEpipaleolithic periods are known mainly from the Zagros Mountains in the caves of Kermanshah and Khorramabad and a few number of sites in the Alborz and Central Iran.
Neolithic to Chalcolithic[edit]
Early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan in 10,000 BC[19][20] along with settlements such as Chogha Bonut (the earliest village in Elam) in 8000 BC,[21][22] began to flourish in and around the Zagros Mountains region in western Iran.[23] Around about the same time, the earliest-known clay vessels and modeled human and animal terracotta figurines were produced at Ganj Dareh, also in western Iran.[23] There are also 10,000-year-old human and animal figurines from Tepe Sarab in Kermanshah Province among many other ancient artifacts.[16]
The south-western part of Iran was part of the Fertile Crescentwhere most of humanity's first major crops were grown, in villages such as Susa (where a settlement was first founded possibly as early as 4395 cal BC)[24] and settlements such asChogha Mish, dating back to 6800 BC;[1][25] there are 7,000-year-old jars of wine excavated in the Zagros Mountains[26] (now on display at the University of Pennsylvania) and ruins of 7000-year-old settlements such as Tepe Sialk are further testament to that. The two main Neolithic Iranian settlements were the Zayandeh River Culture and Ganj Dareh.
Bronze Age[edit]
Further information: Tepe Sialk, Jiroft culture, Elam, Kura–Araxes culture, Akkadian Empire, Kassites, and Mannaeans
Parts of what is modern-day northwestern Iran was part of theKura–Araxes culture (circa 3400 BC—ca. 2000 BC), that stretched up into the neighboring regions of the Caucasus andAnatolia.[27][28]
Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of Iran and the world. Based on C14 dating, the time of foundation of the city is as early as 4395 BC,[29] a time that goes beyond the age of civilization in Mesopotamia. The general perception among archeologists is that Susa was an extension of the Sumerian city state of Uruk.[30][31] In its later history, Susa became the capital of Elam, which emerged as a state found 4000 BC.[29] There are also dozens of prehistoric sites across the Iranian plateau pointing to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the fourth millennium BC,[1] One of the earliest civilizations in Iranian plateau was the Jiroft culture in southeastern Iran in the province of Kerman.
It is one of the most artifact-rich archaeological sites in the Middle East. Archaeological excavations in Jiroft led to the discovery of several objects belonging to the 4th millennium BC.[32] There is a large quantity of objects decorated with highly distinctive engravings of animals, mythological figures, and architectural motifs. The objects and their iconography are unlike anything ever seen before by archeologists. Many are made fromchlorite, a gray-green soft stone; others are in copper, bronze,terracotta, and even lapis lazuli. Recent excavations at the sites have produced the world's earliest inscription which pre-dates Mesopotamian inscriptions.[33][34]
There are records of numerous other ancient civilizations on theIranian Plateau before the emergence of Iranian peoples during the Early Iron Age. The Early Bronze Age saw the rise of urbanization into organized city states and the invention of writing (the Uruk period) in the Near East. While Bronze Age Elammade use of writing from an early time, the Proto-Elamite scriptremains undeciphered, and records from Sumer pertaining to Elam are scarce.
Russian historian Igor M. Diakonoff states that the modern population of the Iranian Plateau are the descendants of mainly non-Persian groups: "It is the autochthones of the Iranian plateau, and not the Proto-Indo-European tribes of Europe, which are, in the main, the ancestors, in the physical sense of the word, of the present-day Iranians."[35]
Early Iron Age[edit]
See also: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Urartu
Records become more tangible with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its records of incursions from the Iranian plateau. As early as the 20th century BC, tribes came to the Iranian Plateau from the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The arrival of Iranians on the Iranian plateau forced the Elamites to relinquish one area of their empire after another and to take refuge in Elam, Khuzestan and the nearby area, which only then became coterminous with Elam.[36] Bahman Firuzmandi say that the southern Iranians might be intermixed with the Elamite peoples living in the plateau.[37] By the mid-first millennium BC, Medes, Persians, andParthians populated the Iranian plateau. Until the rise of the Medes, they all remained under Assyrian domination, like the rest of the Near East. In the first half of the first millennium BC, parts of what is now Iranian Azerbaijan were incorporated into Urartu.
Classical Antiquity[edit]
The Medes who lived in an area known as Media (northwestern Iran) and who spoke the Median language. They mainly inhabited the mountainous area of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia and located in the Kermanshah-Hamadan (Ecbatana) region[5] Their emergence in Iran is thought to have occurred between 1000 BC to around 900 BC.
Median Empire
Mādai
Median and Achaemenid Empire (650–330 BC)[edit]
Main articles: Medes and Achaemenid Empire
See also: Greco-Persian Wars
A map of the Achaemenid Empire
Tomb of Cyrus the Great
Representation of the palace of Darius I at Persepolis
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