Featured Pakistan: The Archaeological Marvel

[Kabira]

View attachment 385480

The above artifact was recently returned to Pakistan from Italy.

This was excavated from Mehrgarh. I have never seen anything like this before. What you are looking at is basically the faces of earliest ancient Pakistanis, they were there LONG before the Mohenjodaro and Harrapa time, infact atleast three to four thousands years before. Let me remind everyone, that Mehrgarh to date, the world oldest human town/settlement. It surpass anything and everything that has been found throughout human history. Basically, you are just not looking at the faces of ancient Pakistanis but perhaps the first humans from whom came the rest of humanity.

If the world like to believe that Indus was some sort of primitive civilization based on random farmers growing crops in their fields, if this is how the ancients of ancients looked like, who were there 10K years ago, you are fooling yourself if you belong to the group who believe in this deliberate perception created by the west to degrade the mighty Indus.

On the other hand, it is frustrating when the Islamic scholars of Pakistan dont ever bother studying the Indus according to the teaching of Quran and Sunnah. I am convinced that our ancients were non other but the nation of Noah.


https://www.dawn.com/news/1141134

wait but these look like bhuddist from Gandhara? Dawn most likely used generic image from google.

 

[Kambojaric]

wait but these look like bhuddist from Gandhara? Dawn most likely used generic image from google.

No doubt. Lazy journalists. There are ample images available online of terracotta figures dated back to the Mehrgarh period, but they go with something so obviously not from that time period.

This is an interesting read for those curious about Mehrgarh, http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/tffm_cj.pdf. From what archaeologists have found Mehrgarh has strong connections with regions as far away as Turkey and Iraq (Zagros mountains) and as close as the main Indus valley.

 

[Taimoor Khan]

No doubt. Lazy journalists. There are ample images available online of terracotta figures dated back to the Mehrgarh period, but they go with something so obviously not from that time period.

This is an interesting read for those curious about Mehrgarh, http://archaeology.up.nic.in/doc/tffm_cj.pdf. From what archaeologists have found Mehrgarh has strong connections with regions as far away as Turkey and Iraq (Zagros mountains) and as close as the main Indus valley.

Mehrgarh is not a separate civilization but it is early Indus civilization, whose continuation you see in Mohenjodaro and Harrapa. And it being on the west side of Indus river has put a spanner in the work of those Indian RSS Hindu nutcases who have been trying to to hijack Indus civilization as theirs, with theories about so called mythical and non existent Saraswati river. The fact Indus civilization originated from western banks of river, hit them right in their gonads.

 

[Indus Pakistan]

Mehrgarh is not a separate civilization but it is early Indus civilization, whose continuation you see in Mohenjodaro and Harrapa. And it being on the west side of Indus river has put a spanner in the work of those Indian RSS Hindu nutcases who have been trying to to hijack Indus civilization as theirs, with theories about so called mythical and non existent Saraswati river. The fact Indus civilization originated from western banks of river, hit them right in their gonads.

It has been proven by various scientific studies that Neolithics flowed from what is now Syria/Turkey/Iraq east toward Iran. From Iran it moved into Pakistan/Afghanistan. That is why Mehr Garh and other sites in Balochistan are dated before Harappa. From there they moved into the Indus and matured into the Indus Civilization cities like Mohenjo Daro etc. However it must be noted that the various sites on the West bank of Indus are earlier on the timeline. Our friends in the Ganga would be swinging on trees eating bananas for a long time before they learned the rudimentary of civilization. The hoax and fraud they peddle is civilization moved from Ganga in a westerly direction which goes against all known scientific facts. Read this scientific paper.


The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia

• Kavita Gangal ,
• Graeme R. Sarson,
• Anvar Shukurov

Abstract

The Fertile Crescent in the Near East is one of the independent origins of the Neolithic, the source from which farming and pottery-making spread across Europe from 9,000 to 6,000 years ago at an average rate of about 1 km/yr. There is also strong evidence for causal connections between the Near-Eastern Neolithic and that further east, up to the Indus Valley. The Neolithic in South Asia has been far less explored than its European counterpart, especially in terms of absolute (14C) dating; hence, there were no previous attempts to assess quantitatively its spread in Asia. We combine the available 14C data with the archaeological evidence for early Neolithic sites in South Asia to analyze the spatio-temporal continuity of the Neolithic dispersal from the Near East through the Middle East and to the Indian subcontinent. We reveal an approximately linear dependence between the age and the geodesic distance from the Near East, suggesting a systematic (but not necessarily uniform) spread at an average speed of about 0.65 km/yr.

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714

 

[Taimoor Khan]

It has been proven by various scientific studies that Neolithics flowed from what is now Syria/Turkey/Iraq east toward Iran. From Iran it moved into Pakistan/Afghanistan. That is why Mehr Garh and other sites in Balochistan are dated before Harappa. From there they moved into the Indus and matured into the Indus Civilization cities like Mohenjo Daro etc. However it must be noted that the various sites on the West bank of Indus are earlier on the timeline. Our friends in the Ganga would be swinging on trees eating bananas for a long time before they learned the rudimentary of civilization. The hoax and fraud they peddle is civilization moved from Ganga in a westerly direction which goes against all known scientific facts. Read this scientific paper.


The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia

• Kavita Gangal ,
• Graeme R. Sarson,
• Anvar Shukurov

Abstract

The Fertile Crescent in the Near East is one of the independent origins of the Neolithic, the source from which farming and pottery-making spread across Europe from 9,000 to 6,000 years ago at an average rate of about 1 km/yr. There is also strong evidence for causal connections between the Near-Eastern Neolithic and that further east, up to the Indus Valley. The Neolithic in South Asia has been far less explored than its European counterpart, especially in terms of absolute (14C) dating; hence, there were no previous attempts to assess quantitatively its spread in Asia. We combine the available 14C data with the archaeological evidence for early Neolithic sites in South Asia to analyze the spatio-temporal continuity of the Neolithic dispersal from the Near East through the Middle East and to the Indian subcontinent. We reveal an approximately linear dependence between the age and the geodesic distance from the Near East, suggesting a systematic (but not necessarily uniform) spread at an average speed of about 0.65 km/yr.

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714

I respectfully disagree about the migration from greater ME towards Indus. The problem I have got with this theory, is the timeline of the three civilizations, the Indus, Babylon and Egypt. Indus sits on top time line wise. Indus is the humanity first known civilization. Babylon and Egypt came way later. So if for the argument sake we say that there was a migration from ME and people settled in Indus basin to create a civilization, question is, why would they not inhibit Babylon and Egypt first , which according to the map you mentioned, geographically speaking are just next door. It wont make sense for Indus to pop up first by the people who migrated from greater ME.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencet...ncient-society-2-500-years-older-thought.html

Indus Valley civilisation may pre-date Egypt's pharoahs: Ancient society is 2,500 years older than thought


Also, From Islamic point of view, We know the Adam when ejected from Heavens, he was brought down in this region of sub continent. The ancient hebrews, who according to Quran were with Noah, Aristotle researched their origin, and found that they were the tribe of Indus, displaced by the great deluge (Noah connection to these lands of Indus). There are archaeologist who strongly believe that Noah Arc is resting somewhere in Pakistan. I have heard that even Abraham was born here in these lands as oppose to Babylon. This all infact point towards Indus being the starting point of the humanity and all its tribes , races , ethnicity. Controversially, even the Nazi Germans were also looking for their origin in Indus.

We dont owe anyone anything. We are the first, we were before anyone.

 

[Kambojaric]

Accolade For Archaeologist

The current government certainly knows how to play its cards, give appreciation where it is due and amend relations. Italian archaeologist, Dr Luca Maria Olivieri, was awarded the Sitara-e-Imitaz (the third highest civilian award in Pakistan) by President Mamnoon Hussain on Pakistan Day in recognition of his work for the country.

For almost seven decades, Italy and Pakistan have collaborated in the field of archaeology. This relationship started from 1958, when a joint venture was initiated to set up the Swat Museum. Dr Luca and his team have been involved in excavation, preservation and restoration of archaeological sites in Pakistan.

During the insurgency in Swat, the government of Italy was especially concerned about the museum. A proof of this was that as soon as it was damaged in a bomb blast, they released funds for its reconstruction. Pakistan suffers at the hands of these terrorists. A lot of resources go into the rehabilitation of the area. The first concern is the infrastructure. In such times, if efforts are being made to restore important sites, they are worthy of appreciation.

Due to these efforts, Swat witnessed a 150 percent increase in the number of tourists to archaeologist sites in 2013-2014. A recognition, such as the Sitara-e-Imtiaz, of the work and the kind of effort that Italian archaeologists are putting in greatly increases the chances of an increase in their dedication towards the job and also, friendlier ties between the two nations.Over the years, Pakistan and Italy have enjoyed good diplomatic ties and trade has only enhanced. Pakistan also gets millions of dollars under the Pakistan Italian Debt for Development Swap Agreement to set up healthcare, education and sanitation projects. Italian investors are also encouraged to invest in Pakistan. Hence it is very important to value the friendship between the two countries as quoted by the Italian ambassador, Stephano Pontecorvo.

The only concern at this point is that very few international archaeologists and missions are working in Pakistan. Most of them have an orientation towards Afghanistan because of the flow of funds. The international community needs to realise that Pakistan, instead of being a sponsor of terrorism, suffers greatly because of terrorist attacks. It has so much more to show for itself, including a vibrant history and our culture. Investments in archaeology, fine arts, and protecting our national heritage are essential to keep our peaceful identity alive.

http://nation.com.pk/editorials/28-Mar-2017/accolade-for-archaeologist

 

[Kambojaric]

Italian mission to continue archaeological excavation in Swat

MINGORA: Italian Ambassador to Pakistan Stefano Pontecorvo has said that archaeological mission of his country will continue research and excavation work in the scenic Swat valley.

He was addressing launching ceremony of a video documentary series on ancient Uddiyana Kingdom in Saidu Sharif during his visit to Swat on Monday night.

The video series titled “Uddiyana Da Tareekh Panra (Uddiyana a page from history)” is aimed at raising awareness about the history and importance of the ancient Uddiyana, the present day Swat valley, among local people.

Apart from large number of civil society members and culture activists, head of Italian Archaeological Mission Dr Luca Maria Olivieri, Elisa Lori, and an official of provincial archaeology department Niaz Ali Shah also attended the event.

Mr Pontecorvo said that Swat was rich both in archaeology and natural beauty.

“I am really impressed by seventh century Jahanabad Buddha. It is really an important historical monument. I am happy that Italian Archeological Mission restored it,” he said.

The Italian ambassador said that Italy and Pakistan enjoyed long term friendship. He said that Italy would continue supporting archaeological excavations and research in Swat. He also praised hospitality of people of Swat.

Earlier, Mr Pontecorvo visited Swat Museum and Jahanabad Buddha site.

Speaking on the occasion, Dr Luca Maria Olivieri said that owing to its archaeological treasure and rich culture heritage, Swat had immense importance in South Asia.

He thanked Pakistan government for honouring him with Sitar-i-Imtiaz.

Shaukat Ali, the organiser of the function, presented traditional Swati cap and shawl to the Italian ambassador and his wife.

BOOKS: The local education activists here on Tuesday distributed Pashto books among students of private schools.

The books were distributed among students of different private schools by Khpal Watan Organisation, which works for promotion of Pashto language in the area. “As it is clear to all that our young generation, particularly students of private schools, can’t read and write Pashto language. So, we want them to learn reading and writing of their mother tongue along with other languages,” said Dr Jawad Iqbal, an education activist.

He said that he was happy that some of the private schools had started teaching Pashto language.

Sidra Naaz, a girl student who got the books, told Dawn that she was determined to learn reading and writing of Pashto language. “I got some general books as I want to study them to learn about Pashto literature and its history,” she said.
____________

An article on the restoration of the Jahanabad Buddha

https://www.lionsroar.com/pakistani-buddha-statue-destroyed-by-taliban-restored/

 

[Kambojaric]

Economic importance of heritage conservation

NORTHAMPTON: Cities generate almost 60% of the Gross National Product of countries. The phenomenon of urbanisation, where cities pull population towards itself, continues throughout the world. This is especially rampant in East Asia, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where extreme poverty is concentrated.

Urban growth can be gauged from the fact that the United Nations estimates show that about 1 billion people are expected to move to cities by 2030. This calls for the need for sustainable urban development, which can improve jobs and offer better livelihoods for people. Amongst other factors contributing towards sustainable urban development, culture plays an important role. It is an essential component of safe, inclusive, resilient and sustainable urban settlements.

Recently, on April 18, the world celebrated the International Day for Monuments and Sites. The day underscored the importance of culture in sustainable urban development. Cultural endowments, such as traditional architecture, unique streetscapes and historical sites, have increasingly been recognised as important economic resources in both developed and developing countries.

Multilateral organisations, such as the World Bank, have recognised the importance of conserving and managing urban heritage. This is not only important for preserving its historical significance, but also for its potential to increase employment opportunities, city liveability and competitiveness. All these contribute towards eradicating poverty and ensuring shared prosperity.

Heritage conservation: Pakistan Chowk

A recent notable intervention to rehabilitate a landmark heritage public space is that of Pakistan Chowk in Karachi. Located at the junction of Stratchan Road and the historic Rambagh quarters (now Arambagh), the chowk was once known as the educational heart of Karachi, the location from where the famous DJ Science College and Sindh College Association began to operate.

Back in its glorious days, it was a centre of tourist activities and housed the busiest taxi and Victoria station in the city. However, over the passage of time it fell to decay and became a haven for drug addicts.

The rehabilitation project of Pakistan Chowk was led by architect and heritage consultant Marvi Mazher and her team. The aim of the rehabilitation was to make the chowk a sustainable and adaptive public space for the neighbourhood and local stakeholders.

The intervention included installing 32 benches with plaques of notable city residents (including founders, philanthropists and living heroes), planting of trees, installing lamp posts, dustbins and a history board.

Post-intervention measures have continued and the site now hosts art fairs and art classes by the Pakistan Chowk Water Color Society. Besides Pakistan Chowk, Marvi Mazher and her team are also involved in the rehabilitation of Cantt Railway Station and are campaigning on rebuilding the recently demolished Jefelhurst School. It is hoped that the rehabilitation would create a ripple effect and set an example for other public spaces in the old town to be revamped.

Culture and urban development

Infrastructure projects built to cater the ever-increasing needs of the city should be constructed in a manner to safeguard and preserve historical sites. This especially goes for the Orange Line Train in Lahore, which has been said to endanger the Shalimar Gardens and Chauburji monument.

17 predictions for Pakistan’s economy in 2017

Preservation of historic centres is important as they are assets for the development of urban communities, promotion of cultural industries and sustenance of tourism. These activities are imperative for the eradication of poverty and for creating income and employment for local communities.

Moreover, protecting heritage sites also goes a long way for promoting inclusion and safeguarding cultural diversity. This is crucial as cities face a host of migration pressures, both from within the country and from outside.

https://tribune.com.pk/story/1391822/economic-importance-heritage-conservation/

 

[Kambojaric]

‘Restored’ Buddhas mar Gandhara heritage

TAXILA: The Buddhist monastery of Bhamala, which was declared a world cultural heritage site in 1980, may have been disfigured during restoration and preservation work.

According to sources, local stone hewers engaged by the Department of Archaeology and Museums of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa carved fresh figures at the Bhamala Complex at the 4th century world heritage site, some 25 kilometres from Taxila Museum.

Unesco had declared the monastery, which sits on a natural mound near the Khanpur Dam, a world cultural hertigate site in 1980, meaning it required protection.

Officials alleged the hewers imposed fake Buddha statues on the walls of the monastery with a mixture of stucco and Plaster of Paris to depict the Gandhara period. But their craftsmanship instead tampered with the centuries-old structure.

The Bhamala site has its own significance and importance in the Gandhara Civilisation. Its stupa, shaped like a cross, resembles the Aztec Pyramids. Such constructions have been found only in Kashmir. These kind of stupas usually contain Buddhist relics of spiritual significance.

The remarkable discovery of Maha Puri Nirvana (death of Buddha) statue, measuring 14 metres in length was made at Bhamala. That made it the largest statue depicting the death scene in the Gandhara Civilisation finds.

Inside sources say officials of the KP archaeological department initiated their multi-million rupees “restoration and preservation” project without taking approval from international organisations and relevant authorities.

Ordinary stone hewers were hired who crafted nine Buddha statues at the monastery’s outer walls of the excavated chapels of the votive stupa in place of original stucco statues removed by treasure hunters and illegal excavations at the site.

Under the Unesco’s charter on conservation and restoration of ancient sites, also known as World Heritage Convention 1972, of which Pakistan is a signatory, only mortar should be used to renovate ancient sites.

But the addition of the new Buddha heads has lost Bhamala authenticity. “Now, much less an expert, even a lay visitor to the site cannot put faith in what is truly original there,” said one source.

Obviously, to the keen eye the nine fresh Buddhas created on the outer wall by men with little knowledge and expertise of the techniques and archaeology, do not conform to the style and shapes of the masters of Gandhara period.

Asim Meer, president of a culture-related non-government organisation, said any part of heritage is considered to be of outstanding universal value for its exceptional qualities and as such worthy of special protection.

He referred to Article 6(3) of the World Heritage Convention which forbids “... any deliberate measures that directly or indirectly damage the heritage”.

Similarly, Article 4 of the convention says: “Each state party to this Convention recognises that the duty of ensuring the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission of cultural and natural heritage to future generations and the cultural and natural heritage belongs primarily to that State.”

And section 172 “invites the state parties to the convention to inform the world heritage committee of their intention to undertake or to authorise in an area protected under the convention major restorations or new constructions which may affect the outstanding universal value of the property.”

When contacted, Dr Abdul Samad, Director Department of Archaeology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, told Dawn the Harris Matrix method of archaeology is utilised while the site is being excavated and preserved.

This method, he said, clearly illustrates the schematic history of an archaeological site, based on the archaeologist’s interpretation of the structure seen in the excavations.

Questioned about the alleged tampering with the Bhamala Buddhas, the director said: “It is not tampering but consolidation.”

In archaeology, he explained, the term consolidation applies to using certain chemicals or products to

prevent further loss or damage to a structure or sculpture.

“Any intact sculpture, which is exposed after burial for centuries, is in a fragile condition. So to preserve them these Buddha statues were consolidated,” he said.

However, one of his predecessors, Dr Fazal Dad Kakar, differed with him.

Dr Kakar, who is president of the Pakistan chapter of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (Icomos), said that no consolidation has been carried out. Instead nine Buddha statues were “re-carved”, along with chapels, is sheer violation of World Heritage Convention.

Icomos’ website describes the organisation as the only global NGO that works to conserve architectural and archaeological heritage through scientific techniques and strives to uphold the principles enshrined in the 1964 International Charter on the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, also known as the Venice Charter.

https://www.dawn.com/news/1330532/restored-buddhas-mar-gandhara-heritage

 

[El Sidd]

Amazing article. Much appreciate it.

Specially now we have to teach ourselves the history of the region. Mohenjo Daro was the first known civilization where waste management system was implemented. It is quite ironic that after 5000 years, waste management is still an issue.

There should be more done to excavate such sites in hopes of translating their written language. They even found traffic advisory in that civilization.

Lots have been lost due to polar shift some 12000 years ago. Call is polar shift/ice age/Noahs flood.

 

[Kambojaric]

Amazing article. Much appreciate it.

Specially now we have to teach ourselves the history of the region. Mohenjo Daro was the first known civilization where waste management system was implemented. It is quite ironic that after 5000 years, waste management is still an issue.

There should be more done to excavate such sites in hopes of translating their written language. They even found traffic advisory in that civilization.

Lots have been lost due to polar shift some 12000 years ago. Call is polar shift/ice age/Noahs flood.

We have so much to learn from the ancients. The irony that they had a better sewerage system than the current inhabitants of this land 4000-5000 years ago, says alot!

 

[BHarwana]

There are many unexplored Archaeological places in Pakistan that yet need to be discovered.

 

[Kambojaric]

Historical monuments discovered in district Bhakhar

The Punjab Archaeology Department has completed an archaeological survey in district Bakhar to explore the possibility of restoring traditional beauty of the ancient architectural structures with a view to promote tourism in the area.

Deputy Commissioner Bakhar sent a letter to the tourism department seeking a visit by experts to the historical places of the district, including Bagh-e-Dilkusha, Mandar Sheraanwala, Mankera Fort, Tomb of Nawab Sarbuland Khan, and Nawab Sahib Masjid, an archaeology department official told APP on Wednesday.

The tourism department referred the matter to the archaeology department following which a survey was conducted and report was sent to the higher-ups of the department.

The surveying officials, however, also found remains of another monument Handera (tomb) near Sheikh Rao bridge, which is believed to be the burial place of Bakhar Khan, the founder of the city.

The origins of Mankera fort, according to some traditions, dates back to one thousand years BC, the report says. Considered as the principal feature of the town, the monument lies half a kilometer to the left of the Bakhar highway. It was built in two phases. The initial construction of the brick fort was carried out during the time of the Baloch rule, and further fortification by making a thick mud wall was undertaken during the Pathan rule.

Today, the fort is mostly in ruins and save a wall, a tomb, and a few signs of masonry, everything else seems to have vanished. The fortification wall was also in ruins.

Schools and a hospital were constructed inside the fort along with the houses of the people who lived in it.

A small fort was also present inside Mankera Fort that was made exclusively for the royal family to stay in.

The mud bastions now barely stand and are at a risk of collapsing sometime soon.

The main citadel of Mankera Fort is covered by a Muslim graveyard and an enclosure tomb of Nawab Sar Buland Khan. The wall of this enclosure is in a precarious situation; however, the grave of Sur Buland Khan is in sound condition.

There was a mosque inside the fort that was constructed by Nawab Muhammad Khan, commonly known as Nawab Muhammad Sur Buland Khan in 1230 A.H. The mosque is Square in plan measuring 38’ x 6” x 21’ internally and its walls have a width of five feet.

This mosque was demolished some years ago and no signs of it remain on the ground, the report said. However, officials have the photographs of the mosque before its demolition which means that there exists a possibility of its restoration to its original form; a new mosque, however, is being built by the local community behind it.

Another monument,Sheranwala Mandar, is in the Evacuee Trust Property Board (ETPB)administration’s control. Four families were found residing inside the monument, the report added. The ETPB was requested to provide drawings of the monument, according to the report, however, no drawings have yet been received, making it impossible to take correct measurements.

The historical Dilkusha Bagh situated on the western side of Bakhar on the old route of river Indus was dedicated to Mehr-un-Nisa (Noor Jehan), the wife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir. According to the information collected by the surveying officials from different sources, the royal couple stayed there for a long time before making the Dilkusha Bagh.

A building was also built in memory of a precious horse of a Mughal Sardar who had died there, however, no remains of that historical structure were found.

Dilkusha Bagh spread on 79 acres, 27 acres of which are controlled by forest department and 52 acres by agriculture department. The forest department set up a park at the garden adorning it with date trees of several varieties along with different kinds of fruit trees.

The report adds that the forest department has developed the orchard and no evidence of a historical structure being present in this area is available and the department of archaeology has nothing to do in this regard, the report adds.

Officials said that none of the above mentioned monuments were included in the list of Punjab archaeology department’s list of protected sites. There is a possibility that these monuments may find place in the list in the future and ultimately undergo restoration.

https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/05/03/historical-monuments-discovered-in-district-bhakhar/

 

[xairhossi]

I respectfully disagree about the migration from greater ME towards Indus. The problem I have got with this theory, is the timeline of the three civilizations, the Indus, Babylon and Egypt. Indus sits on top time line wise. Indus is the humanity first known civilization. Babylon and Egypt came way later. So if for the argument sake we say that there was a migration from ME and people settled in Indus basin to create a civilization, question is, why would they not inhibit Babylon and Egypt first , which according to the map you mentioned, geographically speaking are just next door. It wont make sense for Indus to pop up first by the people who migrated from greater ME.

Assuming humans came out of Africa, does this mean we owe everything to modern Africans? It doesn't work like this. And there's a difference between the Neolithic people and modern people of the region, the two aren't necessarily the same.

 

[Taimoor Khan]

Assuming humans came out of Africa, does this mean we owe everything to modern Africans? It doesn't work like this. And there's a difference between the Neolithic people and modern people of the region, the two aren't necessarily the same.

As you said, the humans coming out of Africa is after all, an assumption. This theory was floated to support the Darwin theory of evolution where the human came from Chimps. Evolution of Human civilization, which also reflect the human development as a specie, does not support the claim of humans coming from Africa, because the oldest civilization is the Indus, far away from Africa.