School Massacre a Sign of Taliban's Desperation but also Violent Capability
By
Reza Jan
December 16, 2014
Pakistani security forces drive on a road leading to the Army Public School, which was attacked by Taliban gunmen, in Peshawar, December 16, 2014. (Reuters).
At least 141 people have
been killed in a Pakistani Taliban attack on a school in Pakistan’s northwestern city of Peshawar. More than 114 people
are injured and the death toll could continue to rise. Most of the dead are children, including the
sons and daughters of army personnel. The attack clearly demonstrates that the al Qaeda-allied Pakistani Taliban remains a deadly and potent threat, despite having been weakened by ongoing military operations and recent infighting.
The attack’s death toll now
exceeds that of the 2007 Karachi bombings targeting former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto that killed at least 139 people, until now Pakistan’s deadliest terrorist attack.
School Siege
Around six militants armed with assault rifles and explosives, including suicide vests, infiltrated the school by
scaling a back wall abutting a graveyard while children were taking exams and attending ceremonies.
Conflicting reports claim the attackers were disguised in Pakistani military uniforms. Upon entering, the militants indiscriminately fired on the
more than 500 students and teachers. The attackers took hostages and began a protracted, hours-long siege of the school. Pakistani military forces arrived on scene and began clearing the school campus building by building. At least one of the attackers set off a
suicide vest at some point during the attack. The military reports that six militants have been killed and that the nearly seven-hour-long siege of the school is now over, but that explosives planted by the militants have
slowed efforts to fully clear the facility.
Revenge for Pakistan’s Military Operations
The Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), the main Pakistani Taliban umbrella group, has claimed responsibility for the attack on the school. Its spokesman, Muhammad Khurasani, said the attack was
revenge for Operation Zarb-e-Azb, a major ongoing military offensive against the TTP in North Waziristan Agency and the deaths of innocent tribesmen at the hands of the army.
There are several reasons why TTP may have chosen to attack the school. The school is an Army Public School and many soldiers’ children, likely including some of those involved in anti-Taliban operations,
attend the school. The attack on the school also comes
days after Malala Yousufzai, the child education activist who was targeted and shot by the Taliban in the Swat Valley in 2012, received the Nobel Peace Prize. The TTP has previously issued statements condemning Malala and the values and education system for which she advocates.
Beyond the symbolism of the target, the TTP was most likely looking for a soft target affiliated with the Pakistani military—most military facilities are secured locations and difficult to penetrate—in order to conduct a spectacular, mass-casualty attack that would refocus attention on the group.
Pressures Encouraging TTP Attacks
The TTP has been the premier Taliban umbrella movement in Pakistan and the main enemy of the state since 2007. Pakistani
military operations targeted the group’s main haven in North Waziristan starting in June 2014. Extensive military operatives in North Waziristan and, subsequently, in Khyber and Orakzai Agencies of Pakistan’s tribal areas have disrupted the TTP’s operations and forced its fighters to flee. The TTP’s leadership has
faced criticism from its own factions and allied groups for not striking back more effectively against the Pakistani military in the months since the operation commenced.
Many Pakistani militants are
disaffected with the TTP’s current leader, Mullah Fazlullah, whom they see as ineffectual, cowardly for hiding in faraway Kunar, Afghanistan, an outsider who is not from the movement’s traditional tribal core, and incapable of quelling internal disputes among the many tribes and factions that make up the TTP. In recent months several prominent factions of the TTP have
splintered to form their own groups.
Some of those new groups, such as the faction loyal to militant commander Omar Khalid Khurasani of Mohmand Agency, have begun stealing the limelight from the TTP by conducting their own spectacular, high-casualty attacks across the country, such as a
bomb attack on the India-Pakistan border that killed 60 people.
The al Qaeda franchise, al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), received most of the attention and credit for an
audacious attack it conducted along with the TTP on a Naval Dockyard in Karachi in September 2014. Fazlullah and the TTP were further embarrassed when Fazlullah’s own spokesman declared in October that he and several other high-level TTP commanders were
defecting and pledging their allegiance to Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.
Expect More Spectacular Attacks
For groups like the TTP, headline-grabbing attacks are the primary way of remaining relevant and focusing the national dialogue on its crusade to dismantle what it sees as a heretical democracy and replace it with strict Sharia rule.
Such attacks, particularly against targets affiliated with the military or government, serve as advertising for the group, helping it to boost recruitment and fundraising. Demonstrating a high level of activity would also help the TTP stem further disaffection in the ranks among members who believe it has not been active enough. An attack such as the one conducted today is exactly what the TTP has been looking for to try and burnish its star and stem the hemorrhaging of fighters and momentum.
The attack serves as a stark reminder that the TTP is far from defeated and remains capable of carrying out horrific violence. Indeed, the more pressure the TTP faces, internally and or externally, the more likely it is that it will conduct spectacular attacks of the sort witnessed today.
Peshawar School Attack
- On December 17, Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP) spokesperson Muhammad Khurasani posted a statement on the group’s website claiming responsibility and explaining the TTP’s motivations for the Peshawar school attack. Khurasani stated that the attack was carried out by six fighters in its “Mujahideen Special Group” under the supervision of TTP Commander for Peshawar and Darra Adam Khel, Khalifa Umar Mansoor. Mansoor was reportedly in contact with the militants and issuing instructions during the attack. Khurasani further stated that the TTP attacked the army-run school in order to avenge the injustice meted out by the government of Pakistan and the security agencies toward TTP members. The statement declared that the attack was targeted only at students who were “sane, mature, and belonged to the security personnel families.” Khurasani further stated that the attack was a warning to the security forces to cease “further genocide” of tribal Muslims, to stop killing relatives of fighters in secret prisons, and to release allegedly incarcerated family members of militants. Khurasani threatened attacks on all organizations associated with security forces if his warning was not heeded. Khurasani also advised all Muslims to isolate themselves from security forces or face consequences.[1]
- On December 17, Pakistan Army chief Gen. Raheel Sharif made a surprise visit to Kabul to seek the extradition of TTP chief Mullah Fazlullah from Afghan officials. Gen. Sharif reportedly shared classified intelligence with Afghan officials and claimed that the mastermind of the December 16 Peshawar school attack was issuing directives to the militants from Afghanistan. The Taliban commander had been earlier identified as Umar Naray. The army chief also met International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) commander Gen. Joseph Dunford to present evidence of the Peshawar attack’s link with TTP sanctuaries in Kunar and Nuristan province of Afghanistan. Gen. Sharif was also expected to meet Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and was accompanied by the Director General of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) on his visit.[2]
- On December 17, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif convened an All Party Conference (APC) in Peshawar in the aftermath of the Peshawar terrorist attack. Addressing lawmakers at the Governor House in Peshawar, Prime Minister Sharif declared that the conference had decided to draft an action plan against terrorists and act upon it immediately. Prime Minister Sharif also announced that there will be no discrimination between “good” and “bad” Taliban and that terrorism will be tackled in the entire country until the last terrorist is eliminated. [3]
- On December 17, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif approved the removal of a moratorium on the death penalty in terrorism-related cases, following the December 16 Peshawar school attack that killed 141 people. The moratorium had reportedly been imposed under international pressure because of concerns that the courts and police were not capable of ensuring a fair trial for those accused.[4]
- On December 16, Army spokesperson Maj. Gen. Asim Bajwa addressed a press conference in Peshawar to give details of the Peshawar school attack and the resulting rescue operation. Maj. Gen. Bajwa declared that the terrorists aimed to inflict maximum damage and did not try to take any hostages. The army also reportedly recovered ammunition and rations from militants which could have lasted them for several days.[5]
- On December 17, Indian lawmakers and schools observed a two-minute silence as a mark of respect for the victims of the Peshawar terrorist attack, following an appeal by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Special prayers were also held in schools and the Indian Parliament. Prime Minister Modi also spoke to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif over the telephone on December 16 and pledged Indian support in the fight against terrorism. On December 17, U.S. President Barack Obama also telephoned Prime Minister Sharif and expressed his condolences and sympathies for the victims of the terrorist attack.[6]
- On December 16, international carrier Emirates announced that it was suspending flights to Peshawar for operational reasons with immediate effect until further notice. The announcement came shortly after the Peshawar terrorist attack that killed 141 people.[7]
Drone Attack
- On December 16, a U.S. drone strike killed four Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) members and seven other insurgents in Afghanistan’s Nangarhar province. According to the spokesman for police forces in Nangarhar, at least one of those killed in the attack was an important commander.[8]
Militancy
- In an update to a story reported on December 16, Pakistan Air Forces airstrikes killed 22 militants in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency. The airstrikes reportedly targeted the hideouts of TTP and Lashkar-e-Islam (LI) militants.[9]
- According to a December 16 Reuters report, Taliban fighters killed at least five Afghan soldiers in a three-day offensive in the Dangam district of Afghanistan’s Kunar province. The attack which began on December 14 was reportedly mounted by fighters from both Pakistan and Afghanistan and was aimed at taking control of Dangam district. 18 Taliban fighters have also reportedly been killed in the offensive. Dangam is about 70 miles from the Pakistani city of Peshawar.[10]
Pakistan Army Chief, Afghan President Vow To Fight Militants
Dec. 17, 2014 - 05:28PM | By AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, center, chats with an injured student a day after militants attacked an army-run school, as army chief Gen. Raheel Sharif looks on. (AFP)
KABUL, AFGHANISTAN — Pakistan army chief Gen. Raheel Sharif and Afghanistan president Ashraf Ghani vowed Wednesday to fight “terrorism and extremism” together, a day after Taliban militants killed 148 people at a Pakistani school.
President Ghani held talks with Sharif in Kabul as Pakistan mourned the victims — mostly children — killed in the massacre that put new pressure on the Islamabad government to combat militancy.
Pakistan accuses Afghanistan of protecting members of the Pakistani Taliban, while Afghanistan routinely accuses neighboring Pakistan of providing shelter within its borders to the Afghan Taliban.
“The time has come for Afghanistan and Pakistan to work together in sincerity and jointly take effective actions against terrorism and extremism,” Ghani said in a statement.
“To restore peace and stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Afghanistan is prepared to independently or together with Pakistan, take serious measures against terrorism and extremism.”
The palace statement gave no details on whether the two discussed the handing over of Pakistani Taliban chief Mullah Fazlullah, who is believed to be hiding in Afghanistan.
Sharif said Pakistan was hunting those behind the Peshawar attack, according to the statement from the Afghan presidency.
“(Sharif) said that Afghanistan and Pakistan should jointly work together and take serious steps in the fight against terrorism so to prevent the repeat of such acts,” it added.
Retired Afghan general Atiqullah Amarkhail dismissed Sharif’s trip as an attempt to distract attention from the failure to prevent the attack in the northwestern city of Peshawar.
“The trip is no more than a maneuver by the Pakistanis to pressure the Afghan government and pretend those responsible for the deadly Peshawar attack are based in Afghan soil,” said Amarkhail.
Some of the militants who attacked the army-run school in Peshawar Tuesday spoke in Arabic, a senior Pakistani security official told AFP, which he said suggested that they had links over the border in Afghanistan.
Ghani, who came to power in September, and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif have overseen an improvement in ties in recent months.
Pakistan’s army and intelligence services that are widely seen as the driving force behind the country’s defense and foreign policies.
Afghanistan is facing its own surge in violence as US-led NATO troops pull out by the end of the year and are replaced by a 12,500-strong support mission tasked with advising and assisting the Afghan security forces.
Recent deadly attacks have targeted army buses, mine clearance teams and foreign compounds in Kabul.