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https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20191231/china-xinjiang-muslims-labor/dual/
KASHGAR, China — The order from Chinese officials was blunt and urgent. Villagers from Muslim minorities should be pushed into jobs, willing or not. Quotas would be set and families penalized if they refused to go along.
中国喀什——中国官员的命令是明确而紧急的。需要逼迫穆斯林少数民族村民就业，无论他们是否愿意。政府设置了配额，拒绝服从的家庭将受到惩罚。
“Make people who are hard to employ renounce their selfish ideas,” the labor bureau of Qapqal, a county in the western region of Xinjiang, said in the directive last year.
“让就业困难群众摒除私心杂念，”新疆西部察布查尔县的人社局在去年的指示中说。
Such orders are part of an aggressive campaign to remold Xinjiang’s Muslim minorities — mostly Uighurs and Kazakhs — into an army of workers for factories and other big employers. Under pressure from the authorities, poor farmers, small traders and idle villagers of working age attend training courses for weeks or months, and are then assigned to stitch clothes, make shoes, sweep streets or fill other jobs.
这些命令属于一项强硬的行动，旨在将新疆穆斯林少数民族——主要是维吾尔族与哈萨克族——改造成工厂和其他大雇主的工人大军。在当局压力下，贫穷的农民、小商贩和工作年龄的闲散村民要参加数周或数月的培训课程，然后被分配去制衣、制鞋、扫街或其他工作。
These labor programs represent an expanding front in a major effort by China’s leader, Xi Jinping, to entrench control over this region, where these minorities make up about half the population.
为巩固对这个少数民族约占人口一半地区的控制，中国领导人习近平发起了大规模行动。这些劳工项目代表了该行动的一条日益扩展的战线。
The labor bureau of Qapqal ordered that villagers should undergo military-style training to convert them into obedient workers, loyal to employers. “Turn around their ingrained lazy, lax, slow, sloppy, freewheeling, individualistic ways so they obey company rules,” the directive said.
察布查尔县人社局要求村民接受军事化培训，将他们转变为顺从的工人，忠于雇主。“改变长久以来养成的懒、散、慢、浮的个人自由行为，遵守企业规章制度和工作纪律，”该指令称。
The government maintains that the Uighur and Kazakh villagers are “rural surplus labor” and are an underemployed population that threatens social stability. Putting them in steady, supervised government-approved work, officials say, will erase poverty and slow the spread of religious extremism and ethnic violence.
政府认为，这些维吾尔族和哈萨克族村民是“农村富余劳动力”，是未能充分就业的人口，威胁着社会稳定。官员们表示，让他们在监督之下从事稳定的、经政府许可的工作，可以消除贫困，减缓宗教极端主义和种族暴力的蔓延。
The government describes the laborers as volunteers, though critics say they are clearly coerced. Official documents, interviews with experts, and visits by The New York Times to Xinjiang indicate that local plans uproot villagers, restrict their movements and pressure them to stay at jobs.
政府称这些劳工是志愿者，但批评人士说，他们显然是被强迫的。官方文件、对专家的采访以及《纽约时报》对新疆的访问都表明，当地的计划让村民背井离乡，限制他们的行动，迫使他们留在工作岗位上。
Experts say those harsh methods can amount to forced labor, potentially tainting the global supply chain that uses Xinjiang workers, particularly for cotton goods. The Japanese retailers Muji and Uniqlo say they have used cotton from the region, while Walmart has bought goods from a company that until recently used workers from Xinjiang.
专家们说，这些严厉的方法可能相当于强迫劳动，从而玷污使用新疆工人的全球供应链，特别是用于生产棉织品的供应链。日本零售商无印良品(Muji)和优衣库(Uniqlo)表示，它们使用来自新疆的棉花，而沃尔玛(Walmart)则从一家直到最近还在使用新疆工人的公司采购商品。
Given the tight control on Xinjiang, “we have to assume for the moment that there’s a very significant risk of coercion,” said Amy K. Lehr, director of the human rights initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the co-author of a study on Xinjiang’s labor programs.
鉴于新疆受到的严格控制，“我们不得不认为，目前存在着强迫劳动的巨大风险，”战略与国际问题研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)人权项目主任以及一项新疆劳工调查报告的联合作者艾米·K·勒尔(Amy K. Lehr)说。
Forced labor could arise “even if the coercion was implicit or the programs offered workers a decent income,” she added.
她还说，“即使强迫是隐性的，或者项目为工人提供了体面的收入，”强制劳动依然有可能出现。
Taken collectively, the policies are designed to make the region’s Muslim minorities more secular and urbanized like China’s Han majority. Many Chinese people see that as laudable. Uighur critics see it as ethnic subjugation.
总体而言，这些政策旨在让该地区的穆斯林少数群体变得更世俗化和城市化，就像中国占人口多数的汉族一样。许多中国人认为这是值得称赞的。维吾尔族批评者认为这是民族压迫。
The factory run by the Jinfujie Clothing Company on the sandy edge of Kashgar, a city in southern Xinjiang, has been a star in the government’s labor campaign. Jinfujie, which calls itself Golden Future in English, trained and employed 2,300 workers from villages.
新疆南部城市喀什多沙的边缘坐落着一家由金富婕服装公司经营的工厂，它是政府劳工运动的杰出代表。
金富婕的英文名是“Golden Future”（金色未来），它培训并雇佣了2300名来自农村的工人。
The executive, Sun Yijie, a former soldier, said the company ran a tight ship to turn villagers into workers. “Beginning with military drills before they start their jobs, we foster a sense of discipline,” he said.
这位名叫孙义杰的高管是退伍军人，他说公司管理严格，把村民变成了工人。他说：“从入职前军训入手，培养其纪律意识。”
Video footage posted online shows Jinfujie workers in gray-and-orange uniforms lined up for a pep rally. “A successful future,” they shouted in unison.
该公司网上发布的视频显示，金富婕的工人们身穿灰黄相间的制服，排着队参加预备动员会。“成就未来，”他们齐声喊道。
The company has said it won an order from Germany to make hundreds of thousands of ski pants. Jinfujie would not answer questions about the claimed order. During a recent visit, Times reporters were barred by guards from visiting the Jinfujie factory or the surrounding industrial zone.
该公司表示，它从德国拿到了一份生产数十万条滑雪裤的订单。金富婕不愿回答有关这份订单的问题。在最近的一次访问中，时报记者被保安禁止进入金富婕工厂及周边的工业区。
Dozens of factory zones have emerged across Xinjiang, attesting to the government’s ambitions to remake the region. Mr. Xi, China’s leader, has vowed to end poverty nationwide by late 2020, and Xinjiang officials face intense pressure to create jobs.
新疆各地出现了数十个工业区，由此可见政府改造该地区的宏大设想。中国领导人习近平誓言要在2020年底之前，在全国范围内消除贫困，新疆官员面临着创造就业机会的巨大压力。
“The offensive to eradicate poverty has reached the crucial stage in a decisive battle,” Chen Quanguo, the Communist Party secretary of Xinjiang, said early this month on a tour of southern Xinjiang. “Transmit the pressure down, level by level.”
“当前脱贫攻坚已到了决战决胜，全面收官的关键阶段，”新疆自治区党委书记陈全国本月初在南疆视察时表示，要“逐级传导压力”。
The labor programs depend on luring companies from China’s wealthier eastern seaboard, where fewer young people want to work on production lines. Xinjiang has offered manufacturers inexpensive labor, as well as generous tax breaks and subsidies.
这些劳工计划取决于是否能够吸引中国较富裕的东部沿海地区的企业，那里愿意在生产线上工作的年轻人较少。新疆为制造商提供了廉价的劳动力，以及慷慨的税收优惠和补贴。
The government’s goals are sweeping. One plan issued in 2018 called for putting to work 100,000 people from the poorest parts of southern Xinjiang, a heavily Uighur area, by the end of 2020. The government recently said that target was met a year ahead of schedule. By late 2023, another plan says, Xinjiang wants one million working in its textile and garment industries, up from about 100,000 in 2017.
政府的目标是全面的。2018年发布的一项计划要求，到2020年底，要让维吾尔族聚居的南疆最贫困地区的10万人就业。政府最近表示，这个目标已经提前一年实现。另一项计划称，到2023年晚些时候，新疆从事纺织和服装行业的人口将从2017年的10万人左右提高到100万人。
At Mr. He’s factory, dozens of Uighur women from nearby villages sat wordlessly in rows sewing school uniforms. Guzalnur Mamatjan, a 20-year-old Uighur, said she made about $200 a month. “I’d like to work here for two or three years and then open my own clothes shop,” she said.
在何坦的工厂里，来自附近村庄的数十名维吾尔女性一声不响地坐在一排排座位上缝制校服。20岁的维吾尔人古扎丽努尔·买买提江(Guzalnur Mamatjan)说，她一个月能挣200美元左右。“我想在这里工作两三年，然后开自己的服装店，”她说。
US human rights groups constantly accuse Beijing of human rights violation in Xinjiang.
Xinjiang’s drive to put minorities in jobs often feels less like a jobs fair and more like a military call-up.
新疆让少数民族就业的努力，往往给人感觉不太像招聘会，更像是征兵。
Workers’ movements are highly controlled if they are far from home. In Yanqi County in the region’s north, workers sent from the south are not allowed to quit unless they get written permission from several officials, according to rules by the local government.
如果工人离家很远，他们的行动就会受到高度控制。在该地区北部的焉耆县，根据当地政府的规定，从南疆送来的工人除非得到几名官员的书面许可，否则不得辞职。
Labor recruits undergo “political vetting” to determine if they are a security risk. In Qapqal County, officials imposed rules to grade potential recruits from most to least trustworthy. The least trustworthy had to attend indoctrination classes in the evenings, while only the most trusted could leave the county for work.
新劳工要接受“政治审查”，以确定他们是否构成安全威胁。在察布查尔县，官员们制定了规则，给潜在的新工人划分等级，从最可信到最不可信。最不可信的人必须在晚上参加灌输课程，只有最值得信任的人才能离开本县去外面工作。
“There is a great deal of pressure placed on individuals to sign work contracts,” said Darren Byler, a human rights expert on Xinjiang at the University of Colorado Boulder.
“在签订工作合同的问题上，个体受到很大压力，”科罗拉多大学博尔德分校(University of Colorado Boulder)新疆人权问题专家雷风(Darren Byler)说。
Mr. Byler said many residents believed that resisting work transfers could prompt detention. “The threat of the camps hangs over everyone’s heads, so there is really no resistance to assigned factory work,” he said.
他说，许多居民认为拒绝工作调动可能会导致拘禁。“拘禁营的威胁笼罩在每个人的头上，所以被分配到工厂工作真的没有遇到阻力，”他说。
Chinese official media reports that workers make $400 and up a month. The reality may differ, especially in smaller, struggling factories. In a township in southern Xinjiang, two thirds of 43 factory employees whose wages were included in online records earned $114 a month, according to Adrian Zenz, a human rights expert on Xinjiang who has studied the labor programs.
中国官方媒体报道称，那些工人每月工资在400美元以上。然而现实可能有所不同，尤其是那些规模较小、处境艰难的工厂。研究这一劳工项目的新疆人权问题专家郑国恩(Adrian Zenz)说，在南疆的一个乡镇，43名工资被列入网上记录的工厂员工中，有三分之二的人每月工资为114美元。
Starting in late summer, villagers in Xinjiang file onto buses taking them to cotton farms, sometimes hundreds of miles away. For a few intense weeks under the sun, they hunch over in fields, picking the crop that ends up in Chinese clothing factories.
从夏末开始，新疆的村民排队乘坐大巴前往棉花农场，有时远至几百英里以外。经过几周在太阳下的艰辛劳作，他们弯着腰在田野里采摘这种最终会出现在中国制衣厂里的农作物。
Teams of Communist Party officials in villages hold “mobilization meetings,” pressing farmers to sign up. “Head out boldly and bring back the cash,” a village official in Dol Township in southern Xinjiang told dozens of farmers, according a local government report last year.
村里的中共官员团队举行“动员大会”，敦促农民报名。根据新疆地方政府去年的一份报告，新疆南部多鲁乡的一位村官告诉数十名农民：“大胆外出，挣回票子。”报告说，这名村官敦促小组带头人特别照顾3名60多岁的已报名采摘棉花的村民。
Xinjiang grows 85 percent of China’s cotton, by official estimates, and is pushing to make more textiles and garments. And nearly every link in the supply chain intersects with the government’s labor programs.
据官方估计，新疆的棉花产量占中国棉花的85%，并且正在努力生产更多的纺织品和服装。供应链中几乎每个环节都与政府的劳工计划相交。
Large Chinese textile makers, such as Huafu Fashion Company, based in eastern China, have promoted their role in employing minorities from the countryside, while denying that any were forced to take the work.
中国的大型纺织企业，例如总部位于中国东部的华孚时尚公司，宣传过其在农村少数民族就业中起到的作用，同时否认任何人被迫工作。
The international concern over human rights in Xinjiang is putting pressure on global retailers to vet their suppliers. The United States recently banned clothing from Hetian Taida, a company in Xinjiang suspected of using workers from Xinjiang.
国际社会对新疆人权的关注正向全球零售商施加压力，要求其对供应商检审。美国最近禁止了新疆和田泰达公司的服装，因其涉嫌使用来自新疆的工人。
The parent company of the Japanese retailer Uniqlo said the brand stopped working with production partners in Xinjiang. Muji of Japan did not respond to emails requesting comment. In August, its parent company, Ryohin Keikaku, said it was committed to banning forced labor, including among its business partners.
日本零售商优衣库的母公司表示，该品牌停止了与新疆的生产伙伴的合作。日本无印良品未回复通过电子邮件发送的置评请求。8月其母公司良品计划表示，它将致力于禁止强迫劳动，包括其商业伙伴在内。
Until recently, Qapqal County had sent a total of over 440 workers to east China to work for a factory that makes inflatable paddle pools and beds for export to the United States and other countries. The factory is owned by the Bestway Leisure Products Company, which has sold such products to Walmart, Kmart and other retailers, according to export records.
直到最近，察布查尔锡伯自治县已经向中国东部地区一家工厂派遣了440多名工人，该工厂生产充气式戏水池和床，并出口到美国和其他国家。该工厂归百适乐休闲用品公司(Bestway Leisure Products Company)所有，根据出口记录，该公司向沃尔玛、凯马特及其他零售商出售这类产品。
Pat Fumagalli, a chief strategy officer in the American office of Bestway, said the company ended the program to take workers from Xinjiang in October, after managers in the United States noted reports about the region’s labor programs.
百适乐美国公司首席策略官帕特·弗玛加里(Pat Fumagalli)说，在美方经理注意到关于新疆地区劳工计划的报道后，该公司于10月停止了从该地区招募工人的计划。
Marilee McInnis, a spokeswoman for Walmart, said in email: “Responsible recruitment and voluntary labor are two very important issues for Walmart.”
沃尔玛发言人玛丽·麦金尼斯(Marilee McInnis)在电子邮件中说：“负责任的招聘和自愿劳动是沃尔玛非常重要的两个议题。”
Transform Holdco, the parent company of Kmart, declined to comment.
凯马特的母公司Transform Holdco拒绝置评。
After The Times made inquiries, inspectors acting for Walmart visited the factory. The inspectors from the ICTI Ethical Toy Program examined records and spoke to managers. They found no disparity between the pay and conditions of workers from Xinjiang and other places, said Mark Robertson, a senior vice president for the inspection program.
在《纽约时报》进行调查后，代表沃尔玛的巡查员参观了工厂。这位来自国际玩具工业理事会道德玩具计划(ICTI Ethical Toy Program)的巡查员检查了记录并与管理人员交谈。巡查计划的高级副总裁马克·罗伯森(Mark Robertson)说，他们没有发现来自新疆和来自其他地方的工人在工资和工作条件上的差距。
KASHGAR, China — The order from Chinese officials was blunt and urgent. Villagers from Muslim minorities should be pushed into jobs, willing or not. Quotas would be set and families penalized if they refused to go along.
中国喀什——中国官员的命令是明确而紧急的。需要逼迫穆斯林少数民族村民就业，无论他们是否愿意。政府设置了配额，拒绝服从的家庭将受到惩罚。
“Make people who are hard to employ renounce their selfish ideas,” the labor bureau of Qapqal, a county in the western region of Xinjiang, said in the directive last year.
“让就业困难群众摒除私心杂念，”新疆西部察布查尔县的人社局在去年的指示中说。
Such orders are part of an aggressive campaign to remold Xinjiang’s Muslim minorities — mostly Uighurs and Kazakhs — into an army of workers for factories and other big employers. Under pressure from the authorities, poor farmers, small traders and idle villagers of working age attend training courses for weeks or months, and are then assigned to stitch clothes, make shoes, sweep streets or fill other jobs.
这些命令属于一项强硬的行动，旨在将新疆穆斯林少数民族——主要是维吾尔族与哈萨克族——改造成工厂和其他大雇主的工人大军。在当局压力下，贫穷的农民、小商贩和工作年龄的闲散村民要参加数周或数月的培训课程，然后被分配去制衣、制鞋、扫街或其他工作。
These labor programs represent an expanding front in a major effort by China’s leader, Xi Jinping, to entrench control over this region, where these minorities make up about half the population.
为巩固对这个少数民族约占人口一半地区的控制，中国领导人习近平发起了大规模行动。这些劳工项目代表了该行动的一条日益扩展的战线。
The labor bureau of Qapqal ordered that villagers should undergo military-style training to convert them into obedient workers, loyal to employers. “Turn around their ingrained lazy, lax, slow, sloppy, freewheeling, individualistic ways so they obey company rules,” the directive said.
察布查尔县人社局要求村民接受军事化培训，将他们转变为顺从的工人，忠于雇主。“改变长久以来养成的懒、散、慢、浮的个人自由行为，遵守企业规章制度和工作纪律，”该指令称。
The government maintains that the Uighur and Kazakh villagers are “rural surplus labor” and are an underemployed population that threatens social stability. Putting them in steady, supervised government-approved work, officials say, will erase poverty and slow the spread of religious extremism and ethnic violence.
政府认为，这些维吾尔族和哈萨克族村民是“农村富余劳动力”，是未能充分就业的人口，威胁着社会稳定。官员们表示，让他们在监督之下从事稳定的、经政府许可的工作，可以消除贫困，减缓宗教极端主义和种族暴力的蔓延。
The government describes the laborers as volunteers, though critics say they are clearly coerced. Official documents, interviews with experts, and visits by The New York Times to Xinjiang indicate that local plans uproot villagers, restrict their movements and pressure them to stay at jobs.
政府称这些劳工是志愿者，但批评人士说，他们显然是被强迫的。官方文件、对专家的采访以及《纽约时报》对新疆的访问都表明，当地的计划让村民背井离乡，限制他们的行动，迫使他们留在工作岗位上。
Experts say those harsh methods can amount to forced labor, potentially tainting the global supply chain that uses Xinjiang workers, particularly for cotton goods. The Japanese retailers Muji and Uniqlo say they have used cotton from the region, while Walmart has bought goods from a company that until recently used workers from Xinjiang.
专家们说，这些严厉的方法可能相当于强迫劳动，从而玷污使用新疆工人的全球供应链，特别是用于生产棉织品的供应链。日本零售商无印良品(Muji)和优衣库(Uniqlo)表示，它们使用来自新疆的棉花，而沃尔玛(Walmart)则从一家直到最近还在使用新疆工人的公司采购商品。
Given the tight control on Xinjiang, “we have to assume for the moment that there’s a very significant risk of coercion,” said Amy K. Lehr, director of the human rights initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the co-author of a study on Xinjiang’s labor programs.
鉴于新疆受到的严格控制，“我们不得不认为，目前存在着强迫劳动的巨大风险，”战略与国际问题研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)人权项目主任以及一项新疆劳工调查报告的联合作者艾米·K·勒尔(Amy K. Lehr)说。
Forced labor could arise “even if the coercion was implicit or the programs offered workers a decent income,” she added.
她还说，“即使强迫是隐性的，或者项目为工人提供了体面的收入，”强制劳动依然有可能出现。
Taken collectively, the policies are designed to make the region’s Muslim minorities more secular and urbanized like China’s Han majority. Many Chinese people see that as laudable. Uighur critics see it as ethnic subjugation.
总体而言，这些政策旨在让该地区的穆斯林少数群体变得更世俗化和城市化，就像中国占人口多数的汉族一样。许多中国人认为这是值得称赞的。维吾尔族批评者认为这是民族压迫。
The factory run by the Jinfujie Clothing Company on the sandy edge of Kashgar, a city in southern Xinjiang, has been a star in the government’s labor campaign. Jinfujie, which calls itself Golden Future in English, trained and employed 2,300 workers from villages.
新疆南部城市喀什多沙的边缘坐落着一家由金富婕服装公司经营的工厂，它是政府劳工运动的杰出代表。
金富婕的英文名是“Golden Future”（金色未来），它培训并雇佣了2300名来自农村的工人。
The executive, Sun Yijie, a former soldier, said the company ran a tight ship to turn villagers into workers. “Beginning with military drills before they start their jobs, we foster a sense of discipline,” he said.
这位名叫孙义杰的高管是退伍军人，他说公司管理严格，把村民变成了工人。他说：“从入职前军训入手，培养其纪律意识。”
Video footage posted online shows Jinfujie workers in gray-and-orange uniforms lined up for a pep rally. “A successful future,” they shouted in unison.
该公司网上发布的视频显示，金富婕的工人们身穿灰黄相间的制服，排着队参加预备动员会。“成就未来，”他们齐声喊道。
The company has said it won an order from Germany to make hundreds of thousands of ski pants. Jinfujie would not answer questions about the claimed order. During a recent visit, Times reporters were barred by guards from visiting the Jinfujie factory or the surrounding industrial zone.
该公司表示，它从德国拿到了一份生产数十万条滑雪裤的订单。金富婕不愿回答有关这份订单的问题。在最近的一次访问中，时报记者被保安禁止进入金富婕工厂及周边的工业区。
Dozens of factory zones have emerged across Xinjiang, attesting to the government’s ambitions to remake the region. Mr. Xi, China’s leader, has vowed to end poverty nationwide by late 2020, and Xinjiang officials face intense pressure to create jobs.
新疆各地出现了数十个工业区，由此可见政府改造该地区的宏大设想。中国领导人习近平誓言要在2020年底之前，在全国范围内消除贫困，新疆官员面临着创造就业机会的巨大压力。
“The offensive to eradicate poverty has reached the crucial stage in a decisive battle,” Chen Quanguo, the Communist Party secretary of Xinjiang, said early this month on a tour of southern Xinjiang. “Transmit the pressure down, level by level.”
“当前脱贫攻坚已到了决战决胜，全面收官的关键阶段，”新疆自治区党委书记陈全国本月初在南疆视察时表示，要“逐级传导压力”。
The labor programs depend on luring companies from China’s wealthier eastern seaboard, where fewer young people want to work on production lines. Xinjiang has offered manufacturers inexpensive labor, as well as generous tax breaks and subsidies.
这些劳工计划取决于是否能够吸引中国较富裕的东部沿海地区的企业，那里愿意在生产线上工作的年轻人较少。新疆为制造商提供了廉价的劳动力，以及慷慨的税收优惠和补贴。
The government’s goals are sweeping. One plan issued in 2018 called for putting to work 100,000 people from the poorest parts of southern Xinjiang, a heavily Uighur area, by the end of 2020. The government recently said that target was met a year ahead of schedule. By late 2023, another plan says, Xinjiang wants one million working in its textile and garment industries, up from about 100,000 in 2017.
政府的目标是全面的。2018年发布的一项计划要求，到2020年底，要让维吾尔族聚居的南疆最贫困地区的10万人就业。政府最近表示，这个目标已经提前一年实现。另一项计划称，到2023年晚些时候，新疆从事纺织和服装行业的人口将从2017年的10万人左右提高到100万人。
At Mr. He’s factory, dozens of Uighur women from nearby villages sat wordlessly in rows sewing school uniforms. Guzalnur Mamatjan, a 20-year-old Uighur, said she made about $200 a month. “I’d like to work here for two or three years and then open my own clothes shop,” she said.
在何坦的工厂里，来自附近村庄的数十名维吾尔女性一声不响地坐在一排排座位上缝制校服。20岁的维吾尔人古扎丽努尔·买买提江(Guzalnur Mamatjan)说，她一个月能挣200美元左右。“我想在这里工作两三年，然后开自己的服装店，”她说。
US human rights groups constantly accuse Beijing of human rights violation in Xinjiang.
Xinjiang’s drive to put minorities in jobs often feels less like a jobs fair and more like a military call-up.
新疆让少数民族就业的努力，往往给人感觉不太像招聘会，更像是征兵。
Workers’ movements are highly controlled if they are far from home. In Yanqi County in the region’s north, workers sent from the south are not allowed to quit unless they get written permission from several officials, according to rules by the local government.
如果工人离家很远，他们的行动就会受到高度控制。在该地区北部的焉耆县，根据当地政府的规定，从南疆送来的工人除非得到几名官员的书面许可，否则不得辞职。
Labor recruits undergo “political vetting” to determine if they are a security risk. In Qapqal County, officials imposed rules to grade potential recruits from most to least trustworthy. The least trustworthy had to attend indoctrination classes in the evenings, while only the most trusted could leave the county for work.
新劳工要接受“政治审查”，以确定他们是否构成安全威胁。在察布查尔县，官员们制定了规则，给潜在的新工人划分等级，从最可信到最不可信。最不可信的人必须在晚上参加灌输课程，只有最值得信任的人才能离开本县去外面工作。
“There is a great deal of pressure placed on individuals to sign work contracts,” said Darren Byler, a human rights expert on Xinjiang at the University of Colorado Boulder.
“在签订工作合同的问题上，个体受到很大压力，”科罗拉多大学博尔德分校(University of Colorado Boulder)新疆人权问题专家雷风(Darren Byler)说。
Mr. Byler said many residents believed that resisting work transfers could prompt detention. “The threat of the camps hangs over everyone’s heads, so there is really no resistance to assigned factory work,” he said.
他说，许多居民认为拒绝工作调动可能会导致拘禁。“拘禁营的威胁笼罩在每个人的头上，所以被分配到工厂工作真的没有遇到阻力，”他说。
Chinese official media reports that workers make $400 and up a month. The reality may differ, especially in smaller, struggling factories. In a township in southern Xinjiang, two thirds of 43 factory employees whose wages were included in online records earned $114 a month, according to Adrian Zenz, a human rights expert on Xinjiang who has studied the labor programs.
中国官方媒体报道称，那些工人每月工资在400美元以上。然而现实可能有所不同，尤其是那些规模较小、处境艰难的工厂。研究这一劳工项目的新疆人权问题专家郑国恩(Adrian Zenz)说，在南疆的一个乡镇，43名工资被列入网上记录的工厂员工中，有三分之二的人每月工资为114美元。
Starting in late summer, villagers in Xinjiang file onto buses taking them to cotton farms, sometimes hundreds of miles away. For a few intense weeks under the sun, they hunch over in fields, picking the crop that ends up in Chinese clothing factories.
从夏末开始，新疆的村民排队乘坐大巴前往棉花农场，有时远至几百英里以外。经过几周在太阳下的艰辛劳作，他们弯着腰在田野里采摘这种最终会出现在中国制衣厂里的农作物。
Teams of Communist Party officials in villages hold “mobilization meetings,” pressing farmers to sign up. “Head out boldly and bring back the cash,” a village official in Dol Township in southern Xinjiang told dozens of farmers, according a local government report last year.
村里的中共官员团队举行“动员大会”，敦促农民报名。根据新疆地方政府去年的一份报告，新疆南部多鲁乡的一位村官告诉数十名农民：“大胆外出，挣回票子。”报告说，这名村官敦促小组带头人特别照顾3名60多岁的已报名采摘棉花的村民。
Xinjiang grows 85 percent of China’s cotton, by official estimates, and is pushing to make more textiles and garments. And nearly every link in the supply chain intersects with the government’s labor programs.
据官方估计，新疆的棉花产量占中国棉花的85%，并且正在努力生产更多的纺织品和服装。供应链中几乎每个环节都与政府的劳工计划相交。
Large Chinese textile makers, such as Huafu Fashion Company, based in eastern China, have promoted their role in employing minorities from the countryside, while denying that any were forced to take the work.
中国的大型纺织企业，例如总部位于中国东部的华孚时尚公司，宣传过其在农村少数民族就业中起到的作用，同时否认任何人被迫工作。
The international concern over human rights in Xinjiang is putting pressure on global retailers to vet their suppliers. The United States recently banned clothing from Hetian Taida, a company in Xinjiang suspected of using workers from Xinjiang.
国际社会对新疆人权的关注正向全球零售商施加压力，要求其对供应商检审。美国最近禁止了新疆和田泰达公司的服装，因其涉嫌使用来自新疆的工人。
The parent company of the Japanese retailer Uniqlo said the brand stopped working with production partners in Xinjiang. Muji of Japan did not respond to emails requesting comment. In August, its parent company, Ryohin Keikaku, said it was committed to banning forced labor, including among its business partners.
日本零售商优衣库的母公司表示，该品牌停止了与新疆的生产伙伴的合作。日本无印良品未回复通过电子邮件发送的置评请求。8月其母公司良品计划表示，它将致力于禁止强迫劳动，包括其商业伙伴在内。
Until recently, Qapqal County had sent a total of over 440 workers to east China to work for a factory that makes inflatable paddle pools and beds for export to the United States and other countries. The factory is owned by the Bestway Leisure Products Company, which has sold such products to Walmart, Kmart and other retailers, according to export records.
直到最近，察布查尔锡伯自治县已经向中国东部地区一家工厂派遣了440多名工人，该工厂生产充气式戏水池和床，并出口到美国和其他国家。该工厂归百适乐休闲用品公司(Bestway Leisure Products Company)所有，根据出口记录，该公司向沃尔玛、凯马特及其他零售商出售这类产品。
Pat Fumagalli, a chief strategy officer in the American office of Bestway, said the company ended the program to take workers from Xinjiang in October, after managers in the United States noted reports about the region’s labor programs.
百适乐美国公司首席策略官帕特·弗玛加里(Pat Fumagalli)说，在美方经理注意到关于新疆地区劳工计划的报道后，该公司于10月停止了从该地区招募工人的计划。
Marilee McInnis, a spokeswoman for Walmart, said in email: “Responsible recruitment and voluntary labor are two very important issues for Walmart.”
沃尔玛发言人玛丽·麦金尼斯(Marilee McInnis)在电子邮件中说：“负责任的招聘和自愿劳动是沃尔玛非常重要的两个议题。”
Transform Holdco, the parent company of Kmart, declined to comment.
凯马特的母公司Transform Holdco拒绝置评。
After The Times made inquiries, inspectors acting for Walmart visited the factory. The inspectors from the ICTI Ethical Toy Program examined records and spoke to managers. They found no disparity between the pay and conditions of workers from Xinjiang and other places, said Mark Robertson, a senior vice president for the inspection program.
在《纽约时报》进行调查后，代表沃尔玛的巡查员参观了工厂。这位来自国际玩具工业理事会道德玩具计划(ICTI Ethical Toy Program)的巡查员检查了记录并与管理人员交谈。巡查计划的高级副总裁马克·罗伯森(Mark Robertson)说，他们没有发现来自新疆和来自其他地方的工人在工资和工作条件上的差距。
