US started modernization during WW1, then intensified during and before WW2. It was during the cold war that the US became a true military power.
That's about 100 years give or take.
China started in the 50s-60s, some small projects were taken here and there more or less like WW1 American stage. Then came the revolution, which reduced Chinese economy to nothing, I mean we were poorer than India and ASEAN, and military to men wearing ugly cloth holding guns not fit for pirates. If they are holding at all.
Then came late 70s and early 80s where we started to modernize again, but lack the funding and expertise. Then the 90s to late 90s we were finally getting a few projects off the grounds. This would be after WW1 before WW2 stage for US.
It was only by the 2000s, that our military truly took off, and new innovations, and new technologies were coming in. Funding no longer is a problem, talent was abundant.
By 2010s, we are coming into our own and this is like America's cold war stage.
So really we had about 2 decade of minimal work, then came 2 decade of low funding work, it's only the last decade that money became no object.
So while I don't think Chinese inferior I also don't think we are naturally superior, so if we can do it in 2035 to reach American level, that would be very ahead of schedule.
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Hu Songshan
aside from Soon british carriers and now French and America, no one else can launch AEWs from carriers. Even the next Indian carrier won't be able to. So for the next decade Liaoning is still number 4 behind those 3 nations.
Which if you think about it, from nothing to fourth, that's not bad.
As to full load, it'll be close to full load, I think we can get about 13-7 full load J-15s in the air after refueling. Not great but against Philippines and Vietnam more than enough. Against Japan, we got our home bases, not needed as much. Besides, H-6 can always come in with the assist.