China Space Military：Recon, Satcom, Navi, ASAT/BMD, Orbital Vehicle, SLV, etc.
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JSCh
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Picture released from Jilin Linye-1 (JLVS-3, Jilin video satellite 3) satellite taken on 10th Jan, showing Lijiang, Yunnan province. Dimension is 11kmX4.5km.
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JSCh
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Superview (Gaojing-1A/1B) satellites launched late December last year has reached final orbit and today release first picture to public.
Click on the picture for link to higher resolution.
香港葵青货柜码头
香港会展中心
西藏自治区会展中心
布达拉宫
--> http://www.siweidg.com/news/company/2017/0111/236.html
Click on the picture for link to higher resolution.
香港葵青货柜码头
香港会展中心
西藏自治区会展中心
布达拉宫
JSCh
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北京蓝箭签订国内民营航天第一单
2017-01-13 蓝箭空间科技
民营企业在商业航天领域的发展取得新的突破。2017年1月13日，北京蓝箭空间科技有限公司（以下简称“北京蓝箭”）与丹麦Gomspace公司在杭州签订火箭发射服务协议，据了解，这是国内民营商业航天企业承接的第一笔国际市场商业火箭发射服务的订单。
Translation:
Private enterprises in the field of commercial space development made new breakthroughs.
January 13, 2017, Beijing LandSpace Technology Co., Ltd. and Denmark's Gomspace company sign rocket launch service agreement in Hangzhou. It is understood that this is first orders for China's domestic private aerospace enterprises to provide commercial rocket launch services in international markets.
--> 北京蓝箭签订国内民营航天第一单
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China's first cargo spacecraft to leave factory
Source: Xinhua 2017-01-17 16:43:22
BEIJING, Jan. 17 (Xinhua) -- China's first cargo spacecraft will leave the factory, according to the website of China's manned space mission.
A review meeting was convened last Thursday, during which officials and experts unanimously concluded that the Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft had met all the requirements to leave the factory.
The take-off weight of Tianzhou-1 is 13 tonnes and it can ship material of up to six tonnes.
The spacecraft, which is scheduled to be launched in April from the southern province of Hainan, will dock with the Tiangong-2 space lab and refuel it.
It will be a crucial step for China in building a space station by 2020, as cargo spacecraft are required to ship necessities for astronauts aboard the space station.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-01/17/c_135990374.htm
Source: Xinhua 2017-01-17 16:43:22
BEIJING, Jan. 17 (Xinhua) -- China's first cargo spacecraft will leave the factory, according to the website of China's manned space mission.
A review meeting was convened last Thursday, during which officials and experts unanimously concluded that the Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft had met all the requirements to leave the factory.
The take-off weight of Tianzhou-1 is 13 tonnes and it can ship material of up to six tonnes.
The spacecraft, which is scheduled to be launched in April from the southern province of Hainan, will dock with the Tiangong-2 space lab and refuel it.
It will be a crucial step for China in building a space station by 2020, as cargo spacecraft are required to ship necessities for astronauts aboard the space station.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-01/17/c_135990374.htm
JSCh
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China to launch electromagnetic monitoring satellite for earthquake study
Source: Xinhua 2017-01-17 18:54:05
BEIJING, Jan. 17 (Xinhua) -- China will launch a satellite this year to gather electromagnetic data that may be used in monitoring and forecasting earthquakes.
According to China's earthquake administrative agencies on Tuesday, the satellite will be launched in the latter half of this year.
Movements of the Earth's crust generate electromagnetic radiation which can be observed from space.
By collecting data on the Earth's electromagnetic field, ionosphere plasma and high-energy particles, the satellite will be used in real-time monitoring of earthquakes and possible seismic precursors in China and neighboring regions.
The satellite will be China's first space-based platform for earthquake monitoring, providing a new approach for research.
According to Shen Xuhui, deputy chief of the mission, it is designed to remain in orbit for five years and record the electromagnetic situation of earthquakes above 6 magnitude in China and quakes above 7 magnitude all over the world.
Scientists are expecting to find common factors that may be used to develop earthquake forecasting technology, Shen said.
The satellite may also serve aerospace and navigation communication purposes.
Source: Xinhua 2017-01-17 18:54:05
BEIJING, Jan. 17 (Xinhua) -- China will launch a satellite this year to gather electromagnetic data that may be used in monitoring and forecasting earthquakes.
According to China's earthquake administrative agencies on Tuesday, the satellite will be launched in the latter half of this year.
Movements of the Earth's crust generate electromagnetic radiation which can be observed from space.
By collecting data on the Earth's electromagnetic field, ionosphere plasma and high-energy particles, the satellite will be used in real-time monitoring of earthquakes and possible seismic precursors in China and neighboring regions.
The satellite will be China's first space-based platform for earthquake monitoring, providing a new approach for research.
According to Shen Xuhui, deputy chief of the mission, it is designed to remain in orbit for five years and record the electromagnetic situation of earthquakes above 6 magnitude in China and quakes above 7 magnitude all over the world.
Scientists are expecting to find common factors that may be used to develop earthquake forecasting technology, Shen said.
The satellite may also serve aerospace and navigation communication purposes.
JSCh
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First quantum satellite surpasses expectations
(China Daily) 08:43, January 19, 2017
Diagram of Micius, the world's first quantum satellite CHINA DAILY
Five space exploration projects to begin during 13th Five-Year Plan
Micius, the world's first quantum satellite, has successfully completed four months of in-orbit tests since China launched it on Aug 16, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has announced.
"The overall performance has been much better than we expected, which will allow us to conduct all our planned experiments using the satellite ahead of schedule and even add some extra ones," Pan Jianwei, chief scientist for the satellite project, said at a ceremony on Wednesday.
The major goal is to test the possibilities of relaying quantum "keys" carried by photons, or light particles, over 500 to 1,200 kilometers from a satellite to ground stations to create a new kind of information transmission network that cannot be hacked without detection.
A similar, but smaller-scale, network has been tested and put into commercial use in recent years on metropolitan and intercity networks in China, but satellite-ground quantum communication is believed to be key to expanding a quantum network's coverage worldwide.
Other missions include quantum teleportation and quantum entanglement, both for the first time in space.
"Initial tests on the satellite have reached a transmission rate that will allow us to finish these experiments within several weeks, so we will have time to add new experiments," Pan said.
He said the plans include more complex quantum tests between Micius and five ground stations across China this year, and then cross-continental quantum communication experiments to establish links with ground stations in Austria, Italy and Canada in 2018.
"Many key technologies we developed for the Micius satellite have never been used or tested, so in our original plan, it would have been a full success if we were able to build the satellite-ground connection. We did not expect the signal would be so strong, and the transmission rate so high," Pan said.
Micius is part of the academy's Strategic Priority Program, which has sent three satellites into space since December 2015.
Late last year, the academy published a proposal for five new space exploration projects to be started during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20).
"The academy's Strategic Priority Program gives scientists a new stage to build a stronger international reputation," said Xiang Libin, vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. "I just received an email from a famous French scientist who wished to cooperate with us on the new space exploration projects. Without the reputation we have built gradually through the Strategic Priority Program, we would not have attracted such attention."
(China Daily) 08:43, January 19, 2017
Diagram of Micius, the world's first quantum satellite CHINA DAILY
Five space exploration projects to begin during 13th Five-Year Plan
Micius, the world's first quantum satellite, has successfully completed four months of in-orbit tests since China launched it on Aug 16, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has announced.
"The overall performance has been much better than we expected, which will allow us to conduct all our planned experiments using the satellite ahead of schedule and even add some extra ones," Pan Jianwei, chief scientist for the satellite project, said at a ceremony on Wednesday.
The major goal is to test the possibilities of relaying quantum "keys" carried by photons, or light particles, over 500 to 1,200 kilometers from a satellite to ground stations to create a new kind of information transmission network that cannot be hacked without detection.
A similar, but smaller-scale, network has been tested and put into commercial use in recent years on metropolitan and intercity networks in China, but satellite-ground quantum communication is believed to be key to expanding a quantum network's coverage worldwide.
Other missions include quantum teleportation and quantum entanglement, both for the first time in space.
"Initial tests on the satellite have reached a transmission rate that will allow us to finish these experiments within several weeks, so we will have time to add new experiments," Pan said.
He said the plans include more complex quantum tests between Micius and five ground stations across China this year, and then cross-continental quantum communication experiments to establish links with ground stations in Austria, Italy and Canada in 2018.
"Many key technologies we developed for the Micius satellite have never been used or tested, so in our original plan, it would have been a full success if we were able to build the satellite-ground connection. We did not expect the signal would be so strong, and the transmission rate so high," Pan said.
Micius is part of the academy's Strategic Priority Program, which has sent three satellites into space since December 2015.
Late last year, the academy published a proposal for five new space exploration projects to be started during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20).
"The academy's Strategic Priority Program gives scientists a new stage to build a stronger international reputation," said Xiang Libin, vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. "I just received an email from a famous French scientist who wished to cooperate with us on the new space exploration projects. Without the reputation we have built gradually through the Strategic Priority Program, we would not have attracted such attention."
JSCh
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China schedules launch of Chang'e-5, its first sample return lunar exploration mission
2017-01-23 00:39:28 Xinhua Web Editor: Ding
Chang'e-5 lunar probe is under development in a mimic lunar environment. [Photo: China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]
China plans to launch the Chang'e-5 lunar probe at the end of November this year, from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in southern China's Hainan Province, aboard the heavy-lift carrier rocket Long March-5.
The mission will be China's first automated moon surface sampling, first moon take-off, first unmanned docking in a lunar orbit about 380,000 km from earth, and first return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity, according to the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC).
"With a weight of 8.2 tons, the lunar probe is comprised of four parts: an orbiter, a returner, an ascender and a lander," said Ye Peijian, one of China's leading aerospace experts and a consultant to the program.
The lander will put moon samples in a vessel in the ascender after the moon landing. Then the ascender will take off from the moon to dock with the orbiter and the returner orbiting the moon, and transfer the samples to the returner.
The orbiter and returner then head back to the earth, separating from each other when they are several thousand kilometers from earth. Finally, the returner will re-enter the earth.
The development of Chang'e-5 has entered the end of its flight model phase, and relevant work is proceeding smoothly, according to CASC.
China plans to fulfill three strategic steps with the launch of Chang'e-5, "orbiting, landing and returning."
The country also plans to launch the Chang'e-4 lunar probe around 2018 to achieve mankind's first soft landing on the far side of the moon, and to conduct an in situ and roving detection and relay communications at earth-moon L2 point, according to the China National Space Administration.
"The country plans to send robots to explore both lunar poles," said the administration's vice director Wu Yanhua in late 2016. Wu added that plans of sending astronauts to the moon were also being discussed.
2017-01-23 00:39:28 Xinhua Web Editor: Ding
Chang'e-5 lunar probe is under development in a mimic lunar environment. [Photo: China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]
China plans to launch the Chang'e-5 lunar probe at the end of November this year, from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in southern China's Hainan Province, aboard the heavy-lift carrier rocket Long March-5.
The mission will be China's first automated moon surface sampling, first moon take-off, first unmanned docking in a lunar orbit about 380,000 km from earth, and first return flight in a speed close to second cosmic velocity, according to the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC).
"With a weight of 8.2 tons, the lunar probe is comprised of four parts: an orbiter, a returner, an ascender and a lander," said Ye Peijian, one of China's leading aerospace experts and a consultant to the program.
The lander will put moon samples in a vessel in the ascender after the moon landing. Then the ascender will take off from the moon to dock with the orbiter and the returner orbiting the moon, and transfer the samples to the returner.
The orbiter and returner then head back to the earth, separating from each other when they are several thousand kilometers from earth. Finally, the returner will re-enter the earth.
The development of Chang'e-5 has entered the end of its flight model phase, and relevant work is proceeding smoothly, according to CASC.
China plans to fulfill three strategic steps with the launch of Chang'e-5, "orbiting, landing and returning."
The country also plans to launch the Chang'e-4 lunar probe around 2018 to achieve mankind's first soft landing on the far side of the moon, and to conduct an in situ and roving detection and relay communications at earth-moon L2 point, according to the China National Space Administration.
"The country plans to send robots to explore both lunar poles," said the administration's vice director Wu Yanhua in late 2016. Wu added that plans of sending astronauts to the moon were also being discussed.
JSCh
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China's hi-res SAR imaging satellite put into use
Source: Xinhua 2017-01-23 17:14:01
BEIJING, Jan. 23 (Xinhua) -- China's first high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite has passed all its in-orbit tests and is now operational, according to the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense on Monday.
The Gaofen-3 satellite, which is accurate to one meter in distance, was launched in August 2016.
Tong Xudong, a senior engineer with the administration, said the satellite covers the globe with an all-weather, 24-hour observation service and will be used for disaster prevention and reduction, ocean monitoring, and the protection of maritime rights.
Gaofen-3 is China's first low orbit remote sensing satellite to have a long lifespan.
With 12 imaging modes, Gaofen-3 has the most imaging modes in the SAR imaging satellite family. The high-definition observation satellite is capable of switching freely between various imaging modes, taking wide pictures of both earth and bodies of water, and detailed photographs of specific areas.
Gaofen-3's spatial resolution ranges from one meter to 500 meters and its largest viewing swath is 650 kilometers.
According to the administration, Gaofen-5 hyerspectrual satellite is planned to be launched in September 2017.
Source: Xinhua 2017-01-23 17:14:01
BEIJING, Jan. 23 (Xinhua) -- China's first high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite has passed all its in-orbit tests and is now operational, according to the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense on Monday.
The Gaofen-3 satellite, which is accurate to one meter in distance, was launched in August 2016.
Tong Xudong, a senior engineer with the administration, said the satellite covers the globe with an all-weather, 24-hour observation service and will be used for disaster prevention and reduction, ocean monitoring, and the protection of maritime rights.
Gaofen-3 is China's first low orbit remote sensing satellite to have a long lifespan.
With 12 imaging modes, Gaofen-3 has the most imaging modes in the SAR imaging satellite family. The high-definition observation satellite is capable of switching freely between various imaging modes, taking wide pictures of both earth and bodies of water, and detailed photographs of specific areas.
Gaofen-3's spatial resolution ranges from one meter to 500 meters and its largest viewing swath is 650 kilometers.
According to the administration, Gaofen-5 hyerspectrual satellite is planned to be launched in September 2017.
cirr
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2017-1-23
“近空间飞行器”重大研究计划：
瞄准尚未征服的新空域
清华大学教授冯雪在工作中
国防科技大学教授梁剑寒在爆震燃烧试验台与专家探讨实验改进方案。
哈尔滨工业大学课题组开展高温力学性能试验。
中国科技大学王建华课题组进行强化冷却基础研究。
编者按：当今，传统航空器上不去、航天器下不来的“近空间”，已成为全球战略竞争的焦点，也带来了前所未有的科技挑战。2007年，国家自然科学基金委员会启动了重大研究计划项目“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”。九年来，在该计划支持下，我国近空间飞行器研究取得一系列突破性进展。近日，该重大计划通过验收。本期基金版梳理总结该计划取得的经验及四项代表性的科研成果，以期充分展现这一重大项目。
■本报记者 甘晓
近百年来，航空航天器的研发已成为人类最大规模的科技创新活动。不过，在我们头顶上尚有一段鲜有持久飞行和应用的空域——传统航空器上不去、航天器下不来的“近空间”（Near Space）。如今，近空间成为全球战略竞争的焦点，带来前所未有的科技挑战。
2007年，国家自然科学基金委员会（以下简称“基金委”）启动了“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划（以下简称“重大计划”）。通过九年的实施，该重大计划取得了丰硕研究成果，近日顺利通过验收。
“我们为进入、控制和利用近空间这一人类尚未征服的空域，奠定了坚实的科学和人才基础。”该重大计划指导专家组组长、中国工程院院士杜善义告诉《中国科学报》记者。
扮演引领和旗帜角色
该重大计划秘书组组长、哈尔滨工业大学教授孟松鹤介绍，近空间目前国际上尚无统一定义，通常指20至100公里之间的空域，具有空气稀薄、气流平稳、太阳能丰富等环境特征。
“近空间相对稀薄的空气不仅可以提供升力，减缓气动阻力和热载荷，还可以提供推进系统氧化剂，为实现长时间、高效的高超声速飞行提供理想走廊，大幅度提升远程快速到达、时间敏感性目标快速响应，廉价可靠进入空间等人类空天飞行能力，将会给未来国家安全和人民生活带来革命性的影响。”孟松鹤表示。
半个多世纪以来，人类为实现近空间高超声速飞行已付出诸多努力，但由于对相关基础科学问题认识不足，基础研究未能得到持续支持，而始终未能修成正果。
从“九五”计划开始，我国逐步加大了在高超声速领域的投入。《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》（2006-2020年）提出重点研究高超声速推进系统、可压缩湍流理论、高温气体热力学、新材料结构力学等航空航天重大力学问题，满足“国防科技与航空航天建设为维护国家安全提供保障的迫切战略需要”。
随后，基金委明确了“基础研究要为国家重大需求服务”的指导思想，以近空间高超声速远程机动飞行器涉及的关键科学问题为重点，及时启动了重大研究计划。
“这是我国第一个关于高超声速飞行的系统性基础研究计划，扮演着引领和旗帜的角色。”杜善义表示。
该重大计划实施以来，在提升核心科学问题研究能力、人才培养、研究模式上取得重要成果，成为近空间高超声速飞行器发展和创新的供给侧。
该重大计划指导专家组成员、国防科技大学教授王振国说：“通过加强基础研究，以前不明白的地方，现在有些明白了，以前看不到的东西，现在看到了，同时还做了一些超前的部署。这为工程实践从经验型上升到理论指导型，完全走出一条有自己特色的路，奠定了基础。”
多学科融合寻找突破
该重大计划实施过程中，充分发挥了指导专家组的顶层设计和主动引导作用，将近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题首先明确为“近空间飞行环境的空气动力学”“先进推进理论和方法”“超轻质材料/结构及热环境预测与防热”“高超声速飞行器智能自主控制理论和方法”等四个核心科学问题。
“从认识的过程和作用来看，这四个核心科学问题体现了‘气动需先行，动力为核心，结构与材料是基础，控制是关键’的高超声速飞行器学科特点。”杜善义告诉《中国科学报》记者。
高超声速飞行器是一个复杂的系统，体现了多学科高度一体化与非线性耦合的特征。该重大计划由基金委数理科学部牵头，联合工程与材料科学部和信息科学部组织实施。“研究过程体现了对力学、物理、化学、数学、材料科学、信息科学等相关基础学科交叉与融合的促进。”孟松鹤向《中国科学报》记者表示。
孟松鹤进一步介绍，四个核心科学问题中的每一个研究方向和内容都强化了多学科交叉与融合。例如，气动问题要强调推进与控制的要求、结构和材料的限制，推进问题不仅要求流动、燃烧一体化考虑，而且要关注防热与控制带来的相关问题。
同时，通过强化“重点支持项目”“项目群”等方式，研究人员在防热减阻、机体/推进一体化等方面提出了诸多新概念。7个集成项目则体现了“问题驱动”和核心科学问题间的“大协同”，促进了关键科学问题的突破。
在杜善义看来，该重大计划的组织实施，为多学科、多领域的交叉融合找到了多种渠道，是其重大贡献之一。
“磨刀砍柴”两不误
近空间飞行器的研究要求科学认知和工程实践密切结合。工程实践需要基础理论突破后才能推进，基础研究成果则要通过飞行试验才能验证。研究人员这样比喻道：如果说基础科研是“磨刀”，那么，工程实践就是“砍柴”。此前，两个部分研究人员交流机会较少，制约了这一领域的快速发展。
中国科技大学教授王建华是一名从事强化冷却前沿研究的科学家，主要方向是多孔介质传热传质过程的建模、数值模拟方法及实验技术。
“参与重大研究计划前，我很少考虑自己的研究能应用在什么地方。”王建华告诉《中国科学报》记者。九年间，她在交流研讨活动中结识了来自许多相关领域的研究者，包括工程研究者，而她的理论研究也被工程部门关注。
对此，王建华表示，正是该重大计划为她提供了这一可能。“对我们基础研究者而言，这个计划非常好地发挥了引导作用，引导我们去关注国家重大需求，提炼出科学问题，从源头上解决工程难题。”
清华大学教授冯雪也秉承了“既满足工程应用需求、又探索关键基础科学问题”的研究理念，实践了“工程应用牵引基础科学、基础科学支撑工程应用”的研究思路。他们开辟了高温及超高温在线测量表征手段，弥补了传统标记点或数字图像相关技术的不足，推动了学科发展，其研究成果也推广应用到多个工程单位。
在他们看来，工程实际与基础科学相结合的思路极大地加强了工程单位对本学科领域研究的关注，为后续相关学科在工程领域发挥更重要的作用奠定了基础。
人才培养保障可持续发展
吸引和培育人才是基础研究的重要使命，是一个领域创新能力提升和可持续发展的关键。2004年，王建华回国后不久，便得到国家自然科学基金的支持。“刚刚回国时，我的课题组只有我和一名研究生。”她回忆。在重大研究计划长达九年的稳定支持下，其研究组逐渐壮大起来，目前已经有3名副研究员和7名研究生。
许多参与该重大计划的科学家与王建华有着类似的经历。冯雪得到了“高温环境下热防护涂层力学性能测试及失效机理研究”方向的持续支持。他带领团队发展了高温光学并自主研制高温试验科学仪器，获得了热防护系统地面考核的结构级可视化测量等一系列原创性成果。冯雪也在项目资助下获得优秀青年基金、国家杰出青年基金。目前，他已成为清华大学航天航空学院非常规环境下力学与微器件方向的学术带头人。
九年来，该重大计划共涉及29个依托单位、研究人员近700人，已经培养博士、硕士毕业生上千名，不仅为航空航天领域注入了新鲜的血液，还有效地促进了航空航天研究队伍与基础研究队伍的结合。
“任何一个领域或方向的做大、做强，首先必须要有人，未来，这样一支基础研究队伍将支撑起我国近空间飞行器乃至整个空天飞行器的可持续发展。”杜善义表示。
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320002.shtm
2017-1-23
气动技术：飞行器设计的先行者
■本报记者 陈欢欢
2010年~2011年，美国高超声速飞行器HTV-2连续两次试飞失败。失败的原因可能很多，其中项目主管舒尔兹承认对飞行器的“空气动力学现象存在认识上的盲区”。
中国空气动力研究与发展中心研究员叶友达指出，近年来我国高超声速飞行器多次成功试飞，说明我国在近空间的流动机理、飞行器布局设计与气动特性预测、动稳定性、烧蚀防热理论与方法等方面研究取得重要进展。
这一系列成绩都离不开国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划“空天飞行器的若干重大基础问题”及前期项目对近空间飞行器环境的空气动力学方面研究的支持。
首先，揭示了高超声速条件下分离流动非定常特征。科研人员发现一种从极限环起始的新的流动分离形态——封闭极限流面，进一步完善了运动壁三维非定常壁面分离判则。精细的流动测量技术和结果，对理论分析和数值模拟结果的验证都具有重要价值。新的认识为近空间飞行器动态特性的研究打下了坚实的基础。
其次，探索了高空、高温非平衡效应与稀薄流效应耦合机理。高超声速稀薄流动和化学非平衡流动及气动加热问题，涉及多尺度、多物理化学因素的耦合作用。项目组研究了高超声速化学非平衡稀薄流动和锐前缘驻点气动加热特征，建立了锐前缘气动加热受稀薄气体效应耦合非平衡真实气体效应的工程理论，对近空间高超声速飞行器气动特性预测具有重要的参考价值。
第三，探索了高空可压缩湍流及转捩机理。研究人员研究了高温真实气体效应对典型的高超声速边界层流动的扰动演化及转捩特性，预测的转捩发生的位置与流动参数的关系规律，对飞行器的气动外形设计及热防护有重要的参考价值；利用天河-II计算机系统开展了大规模的直接数值模拟计算，对研究近空间高超声速飞行器摩阻的精细预测有重要意义。
第四，建立了新的高超声速飞行器气动热测试手段和方法。相比于传统测量方式，发展的磷光热图技术实现了飞行器热环境的大面积高精度测量，数据量提高1-2个量级，实现了脉冲风洞试验技术的跨越式发展。磷光热图技术已应用于多个高超声速型号飞行器热环境试验预测，获得了大量面测量试验数据，为相关工程型号的热防护设计及优化研究提供了数据支持。
第五，建立了气动热与防热材料的耦合计算模型。研究人员发展了防热与气动加热的一体化计算方法，为近空间高速飞行器设计中遇到的防热材料烧蚀特性研究给予了关键的技术支撑。完善了关于高超声速热环境计算分析方面的基本方法和工具，并总结了变化规律。
第六，探索了新的飞行原理与气动布局优化方法。完成了飞行器单自由度滚转稳定性判据的风洞试验和数值模拟验证；开展了多自由度风洞动态试验相似准则与试验模拟方法研究；开展了乘波体飞行器静稳定性设计研究，通过迎风面的修型，实现横航向静稳定；开展了主动防热控制技术的可行性实验验证；建立的高超声速风洞动态气动力、热精细测试技术已应用于近空间飞行器、高机动导弹的研制，为飞行器安全稳定飞行提供了理论支撑。
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320003.shtm
2017-1-23
高超声速推进：近空间巡天核心
2015年12月12日，临近空间科学与技术飞行试验平台在酒泉卫星发射中心成功进行了首发飞行试验。该平台飞行试验的成功，使其成为继美国和澳大利亚联合研制的HiFIRE后第二个低成本临近空间高超声速通用试飞平台。这为我国近空间基础科学问题研究提供飞行试验研究平台，大幅降低研制成本和风险、缩短研制周期。该平台项目受到国家自然科学基金委“近空间飞行器关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划的资助。
首先，项目组发展了高超声速进气道设计新方法，提出了曲面压缩概念，实现了由出气动口参数或压缩面气动参数要求的型面反设计，证明了曲面压缩的良好气动性能，提供了一种全新的设计方法；发展了密切曲面内锥乘波前体进气道一体化设计方法；实现了发动机异型流道结构的设计方法从无到有的跨越，为发动机进排气系统和燃烧室的耦合高效设计奠定了基础。
其次，探索超声速燃烧机理。项目组建立了我国首个碳氢燃料裂解—燃烧反应详细机理自动生成程序和热、动力学数据库，开发了我国第一套航空燃料燃烧机理自动生成软件，改变了我国燃烧仿真依赖于国外软件和反应机理的现状；建立了航空燃料高温热物性的系列在线测量新方法，为超燃冲压发动机主动冷却关键技术攻关奠定了基础；全面提升了我国在燃烧基础及应用研究方面的创新能力。
第三，探索超燃冲压发动机主动／被动热防护机理。项目组提出了超燃冲压发动机主动冷却的双压裂解新概念，克服了国内外流行的超临界主动冷却方法的缺点，大幅度提高了化学热沉，克服了高温高压裂解燃料结焦的瓶颈问题，2014年双压裂解冷却平板通过750℃长时间实验验证；制备出耐高温和抗烧蚀性能优异的C/SiC-M复合材料，明显提高了复合材料的力学性能以及抗烧蚀性能，显著提高了推力室的使用寿命和可靠性，成功支撑了空军某型导弹、快舟火箭、高空科学探测试验飞行器的飞行试验。
第四，探索了超声速气流中缓燃与爆震的传播、相互转化机理。项目组系统开展了超声速预混气中热射流起爆与传播过程的精细数值模拟与实验研究，阐明了超声速预混气热射流起爆机理与传播规律；揭示了超声速预混气的热射流起爆机理，获得了精细的三维爆震波结构，为发展超声速气流中的爆震理论奠定了基础。
第五，探索了超燃冲压发动机控制建模和控制方法。提出了基于确定学习理论的复杂流动动态模式的快速识别方法，可以对高超声速进气道的流动状态进行快速判断。
（陈欢欢）
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320006.shtm
2017-1-23
高温热防护：高超声速飞行器的守护神
“高超声速飞行器最大的挑战来自于‘热’，以及由热带来的气动、结构和推进等系统的一系列问题。”哈尔滨工业大学教授孟松鹤告诉《中国科学报》记者，要想实现近空间高超声速远程机动飞行，首先必须要克服飞行过程中产生的极端热载荷，同时为了提高结构效率对“减重”提出了更为苛刻的要求。因此，耐高温抗氧化材料、轻质热防护与热结构、高效热管理技术等成为高超声速飞行能否走向现实的决定性要素。
在国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”的九年持续支持下，高温热防护与轻质结构成为四大核心科学问题之一，项目承担单位取得了多项基础性、创新性研究成果，进一步揭示了材料超高温响应机理与失效机制，显著提高了材料耐环境与强韧化能力，发展了系统的测试与表征技术，提出了系列热防护与热管理的新方法，为国家高超声速热防护与轻质结构设计提供了有力的支撑，部分结果直接应用于国家重大需求的项目。
在多个培育项目和集成项目支持下，研究人员系统发展和完善了超高温力学性能测试、热力氧耦合性能测试、多参量热冲击性能表征方法，拓展了高温数字图像相关、光栅应变计以及光纤光栅传感器的测试能力，达到了国际公开报道的最高水平，直接服务国家重大需求。尤其是提出了创新的“主动成像”光学测量系统，首次实现氧化表面形貌和应力动态测量，并推广应用于多个工程部门。
研究人员发展了防热复合材料的多尺度分析方法，同时引入不确定性，发展了热防护系统的参数灵敏度分析方法及模型确认和验证方法，利用模糊数学手段建立了综合效能评价方法，并将之应用于实际工程分析与设计中，显著提高了预报精度与置信度。
相关项目深入认识了超高温防热材料的烧蚀/氧化/催化/辐射耦合行为，揭示了材料表面响应温度跃迁或突变的机制。研究人员还创新性地通过仿生设计陶瓷表面结构，使陶瓷表面热阻增加了近万倍，同时为传统研究方法提供了新思想，即通过对材料表面的微结构设计来获得所需的整体性能。研究成果发表在《物理评论快报》上，英国《新科学家》杂志、德国《焦点》周刊等予以报道。
此外，研究人员积极探索了热防护、热管理与轻质化的新概念、新材料和新方法。如利用光子晶体的光学特性调控热辐射，设计并制备了光子晶体热防护涂层；基于“壁虎脚仿生”原理，将碳纳米管均匀地接枝到超薄铝合金内衬表面，复合材料结构界面层强度提高了28%；突破纺丝工艺实现了高定向、宽平面结构的高导热沥青纤维的制备，石墨化连续长丝纤维热导率超过600W/mK，达到美国同类产品水平，以此为基础研制的高导热C/C复合材料为高温热管理提供了有效的技术途径。（陈思）
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320004.shtm
2017-1-23
智能自主控制：为高超声速飞行器保驾护航
近空间高超声速飞行器的一大特点和优势是可在近空间远程高速大机动飞行，飞行控制系统是实现这一目标的首要保证。然而，我国过去在近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行控制系统设计方面却欠缺理论与方法研究。2007年，国家自然科学基金委“空天飞行器的若干重大基础问题”重大研究计划对“高超声速飞行器智能自主控制理论和方法”进行了重点部署。
北京航空航天大学教授任章向《中国科学报》记者介绍，在计划支持下，项目组面向国家重大需求，从工程实践中所发现的基础问题出发，提出了一系列飞行控制新概念、新理论、新方法，突破了一系列关键基础技术，取得的研究成果在实际工程应用中起到重要支撑作用。
首先，提出了乘波体高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制的概念及方法。超燃冲压发动机的稳定工作对飞行器飞行姿态有着特殊的严格要求，一般的控制理论与方法设计难以满足这一要求。为此，项目组提出了乘波体高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制的新概念，丰富了高超声速飞行器飞行控制理论，创新了乘波体高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制系统设计方法。据悉，部分研究成果已应用于国家重点工程中某型乘波体高超声速飞行器原理验证机的飞行控制系统设计。
其次，提出了近空间高超声速飞行器模型迁移新概念和新方法。高超声速飞行器的研发是一种小批量多批次产品研发过程，根据模型迁移理论，在掌握上一批次（基本）飞行器动力学模型的基础上，可以只进行少量实验，应用模型迁移理论获得改进的新模型。项目组形成了一套基于模型迁移理论的动力学建模新方法，为高超声速飞行器在缺乏实验条件下的快速动力学建模提供了新的技术途径。
第三，提出了近空间高超声速飞行器多通道协调控制的新概念及方法。近空间滑翔式高超声速飞行器一般采用面对称升力体构型，必须采用特殊的飞行控制模式，造成控制通道间的严重耦合，而传统的方法已难以满足这一需求。为此，项目提出了多通道协调控制新概念和不可解耦条件下的多通道协调控制新方法，突破了传统的解耦控制设计套路。
第四，初步探明了近空间高超声速飞行器飞行姿态/气动力耦合机理。美国“猎鹰”计划的HTV-2连续试飞失败后，项目组深入分析，发现了在某些弹道的关键点上飞行姿态变量和气动参数耦合突然加重的特殊现象，初步探明了近空间高超声速飞行器飞行姿态/气动力耦合机理，为飞行弹道设计和状态/参数协调控制系统设计奠定了基础。研究成果为某专项工程验证机弹道设计提供了重要参考，有力地保证了其试飞成功。
第五，提出了乘波体高超声速飞行器/发动机的一体化控制新思想。研究人员分析并利用加速度变量的特殊性构建了基于加速度的一体化控制框架；解决了传统的动态特性依赖于切换时刻初始状态从而不便于控制设计的难题；设计了基于安全裕度的飞行器/发动机协调控制系统，在不改变原有飞控系统结构的前提下，可协调和保证飞行器的飞行性能和安全性。
第六，初步探明了可变体飞行器气动力非定常动态时变规律及其作用机理。发现了可变体飞行器典型变形过程中的非定常气动特性现象，获得了近空间宽广速域的有效可变体气动布局及其气动特性。从理论分析和风洞实验两个方面，在机理上给出了新解释，实现了可变体飞行器气动力非定常动态时变规律及其作用机理研究从亚—跨—超音速到高超音速的突破。（陈思）
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320005.shtm
@Bussard Ramjet
“近空间飞行器”重大研究计划：
瞄准尚未征服的新空域
清华大学教授冯雪在工作中
国防科技大学教授梁剑寒在爆震燃烧试验台与专家探讨实验改进方案。
哈尔滨工业大学课题组开展高温力学性能试验。
中国科技大学王建华课题组进行强化冷却基础研究。
编者按：当今，传统航空器上不去、航天器下不来的“近空间”，已成为全球战略竞争的焦点，也带来了前所未有的科技挑战。2007年，国家自然科学基金委员会启动了重大研究计划项目“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”。九年来，在该计划支持下，我国近空间飞行器研究取得一系列突破性进展。近日，该重大计划通过验收。本期基金版梳理总结该计划取得的经验及四项代表性的科研成果，以期充分展现这一重大项目。
■本报记者 甘晓
近百年来，航空航天器的研发已成为人类最大规模的科技创新活动。不过，在我们头顶上尚有一段鲜有持久飞行和应用的空域——传统航空器上不去、航天器下不来的“近空间”（Near Space）。如今，近空间成为全球战略竞争的焦点，带来前所未有的科技挑战。
2007年，国家自然科学基金委员会（以下简称“基金委”）启动了“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划（以下简称“重大计划”）。通过九年的实施，该重大计划取得了丰硕研究成果，近日顺利通过验收。
“我们为进入、控制和利用近空间这一人类尚未征服的空域，奠定了坚实的科学和人才基础。”该重大计划指导专家组组长、中国工程院院士杜善义告诉《中国科学报》记者。
扮演引领和旗帜角色
该重大计划秘书组组长、哈尔滨工业大学教授孟松鹤介绍，近空间目前国际上尚无统一定义，通常指20至100公里之间的空域，具有空气稀薄、气流平稳、太阳能丰富等环境特征。
“近空间相对稀薄的空气不仅可以提供升力，减缓气动阻力和热载荷，还可以提供推进系统氧化剂，为实现长时间、高效的高超声速飞行提供理想走廊，大幅度提升远程快速到达、时间敏感性目标快速响应，廉价可靠进入空间等人类空天飞行能力，将会给未来国家安全和人民生活带来革命性的影响。”孟松鹤表示。
半个多世纪以来，人类为实现近空间高超声速飞行已付出诸多努力，但由于对相关基础科学问题认识不足，基础研究未能得到持续支持，而始终未能修成正果。
从“九五”计划开始，我国逐步加大了在高超声速领域的投入。《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》（2006-2020年）提出重点研究高超声速推进系统、可压缩湍流理论、高温气体热力学、新材料结构力学等航空航天重大力学问题，满足“国防科技与航空航天建设为维护国家安全提供保障的迫切战略需要”。
随后，基金委明确了“基础研究要为国家重大需求服务”的指导思想，以近空间高超声速远程机动飞行器涉及的关键科学问题为重点，及时启动了重大研究计划。
“这是我国第一个关于高超声速飞行的系统性基础研究计划，扮演着引领和旗帜的角色。”杜善义表示。
该重大计划实施以来，在提升核心科学问题研究能力、人才培养、研究模式上取得重要成果，成为近空间高超声速飞行器发展和创新的供给侧。
该重大计划指导专家组成员、国防科技大学教授王振国说：“通过加强基础研究，以前不明白的地方，现在有些明白了，以前看不到的东西，现在看到了，同时还做了一些超前的部署。这为工程实践从经验型上升到理论指导型，完全走出一条有自己特色的路，奠定了基础。”
多学科融合寻找突破
该重大计划实施过程中，充分发挥了指导专家组的顶层设计和主动引导作用，将近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题首先明确为“近空间飞行环境的空气动力学”“先进推进理论和方法”“超轻质材料/结构及热环境预测与防热”“高超声速飞行器智能自主控制理论和方法”等四个核心科学问题。
“从认识的过程和作用来看，这四个核心科学问题体现了‘气动需先行，动力为核心，结构与材料是基础，控制是关键’的高超声速飞行器学科特点。”杜善义告诉《中国科学报》记者。
高超声速飞行器是一个复杂的系统，体现了多学科高度一体化与非线性耦合的特征。该重大计划由基金委数理科学部牵头，联合工程与材料科学部和信息科学部组织实施。“研究过程体现了对力学、物理、化学、数学、材料科学、信息科学等相关基础学科交叉与融合的促进。”孟松鹤向《中国科学报》记者表示。
孟松鹤进一步介绍，四个核心科学问题中的每一个研究方向和内容都强化了多学科交叉与融合。例如，气动问题要强调推进与控制的要求、结构和材料的限制，推进问题不仅要求流动、燃烧一体化考虑，而且要关注防热与控制带来的相关问题。
同时，通过强化“重点支持项目”“项目群”等方式，研究人员在防热减阻、机体/推进一体化等方面提出了诸多新概念。7个集成项目则体现了“问题驱动”和核心科学问题间的“大协同”，促进了关键科学问题的突破。
在杜善义看来，该重大计划的组织实施，为多学科、多领域的交叉融合找到了多种渠道，是其重大贡献之一。
“磨刀砍柴”两不误
近空间飞行器的研究要求科学认知和工程实践密切结合。工程实践需要基础理论突破后才能推进，基础研究成果则要通过飞行试验才能验证。研究人员这样比喻道：如果说基础科研是“磨刀”，那么，工程实践就是“砍柴”。此前，两个部分研究人员交流机会较少，制约了这一领域的快速发展。
中国科技大学教授王建华是一名从事强化冷却前沿研究的科学家，主要方向是多孔介质传热传质过程的建模、数值模拟方法及实验技术。
“参与重大研究计划前，我很少考虑自己的研究能应用在什么地方。”王建华告诉《中国科学报》记者。九年间，她在交流研讨活动中结识了来自许多相关领域的研究者，包括工程研究者，而她的理论研究也被工程部门关注。
对此，王建华表示，正是该重大计划为她提供了这一可能。“对我们基础研究者而言，这个计划非常好地发挥了引导作用，引导我们去关注国家重大需求，提炼出科学问题，从源头上解决工程难题。”
清华大学教授冯雪也秉承了“既满足工程应用需求、又探索关键基础科学问题”的研究理念，实践了“工程应用牵引基础科学、基础科学支撑工程应用”的研究思路。他们开辟了高温及超高温在线测量表征手段，弥补了传统标记点或数字图像相关技术的不足，推动了学科发展，其研究成果也推广应用到多个工程单位。
在他们看来，工程实际与基础科学相结合的思路极大地加强了工程单位对本学科领域研究的关注，为后续相关学科在工程领域发挥更重要的作用奠定了基础。
人才培养保障可持续发展
吸引和培育人才是基础研究的重要使命，是一个领域创新能力提升和可持续发展的关键。2004年，王建华回国后不久，便得到国家自然科学基金的支持。“刚刚回国时，我的课题组只有我和一名研究生。”她回忆。在重大研究计划长达九年的稳定支持下，其研究组逐渐壮大起来，目前已经有3名副研究员和7名研究生。
许多参与该重大计划的科学家与王建华有着类似的经历。冯雪得到了“高温环境下热防护涂层力学性能测试及失效机理研究”方向的持续支持。他带领团队发展了高温光学并自主研制高温试验科学仪器，获得了热防护系统地面考核的结构级可视化测量等一系列原创性成果。冯雪也在项目资助下获得优秀青年基金、国家杰出青年基金。目前，他已成为清华大学航天航空学院非常规环境下力学与微器件方向的学术带头人。
九年来，该重大计划共涉及29个依托单位、研究人员近700人，已经培养博士、硕士毕业生上千名，不仅为航空航天领域注入了新鲜的血液，还有效地促进了航空航天研究队伍与基础研究队伍的结合。
“任何一个领域或方向的做大、做强，首先必须要有人，未来，这样一支基础研究队伍将支撑起我国近空间飞行器乃至整个空天飞行器的可持续发展。”杜善义表示。
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320002.shtm
2017-1-23
气动技术：飞行器设计的先行者
■本报记者 陈欢欢
2010年~2011年，美国高超声速飞行器HTV-2连续两次试飞失败。失败的原因可能很多，其中项目主管舒尔兹承认对飞行器的“空气动力学现象存在认识上的盲区”。
中国空气动力研究与发展中心研究员叶友达指出，近年来我国高超声速飞行器多次成功试飞，说明我国在近空间的流动机理、飞行器布局设计与气动特性预测、动稳定性、烧蚀防热理论与方法等方面研究取得重要进展。
这一系列成绩都离不开国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划“空天飞行器的若干重大基础问题”及前期项目对近空间飞行器环境的空气动力学方面研究的支持。
首先，揭示了高超声速条件下分离流动非定常特征。科研人员发现一种从极限环起始的新的流动分离形态——封闭极限流面，进一步完善了运动壁三维非定常壁面分离判则。精细的流动测量技术和结果，对理论分析和数值模拟结果的验证都具有重要价值。新的认识为近空间飞行器动态特性的研究打下了坚实的基础。
其次，探索了高空、高温非平衡效应与稀薄流效应耦合机理。高超声速稀薄流动和化学非平衡流动及气动加热问题，涉及多尺度、多物理化学因素的耦合作用。项目组研究了高超声速化学非平衡稀薄流动和锐前缘驻点气动加热特征，建立了锐前缘气动加热受稀薄气体效应耦合非平衡真实气体效应的工程理论，对近空间高超声速飞行器气动特性预测具有重要的参考价值。
第三，探索了高空可压缩湍流及转捩机理。研究人员研究了高温真实气体效应对典型的高超声速边界层流动的扰动演化及转捩特性，预测的转捩发生的位置与流动参数的关系规律，对飞行器的气动外形设计及热防护有重要的参考价值；利用天河-II计算机系统开展了大规模的直接数值模拟计算，对研究近空间高超声速飞行器摩阻的精细预测有重要意义。
第四，建立了新的高超声速飞行器气动热测试手段和方法。相比于传统测量方式，发展的磷光热图技术实现了飞行器热环境的大面积高精度测量，数据量提高1-2个量级，实现了脉冲风洞试验技术的跨越式发展。磷光热图技术已应用于多个高超声速型号飞行器热环境试验预测，获得了大量面测量试验数据，为相关工程型号的热防护设计及优化研究提供了数据支持。
第五，建立了气动热与防热材料的耦合计算模型。研究人员发展了防热与气动加热的一体化计算方法，为近空间高速飞行器设计中遇到的防热材料烧蚀特性研究给予了关键的技术支撑。完善了关于高超声速热环境计算分析方面的基本方法和工具，并总结了变化规律。
第六，探索了新的飞行原理与气动布局优化方法。完成了飞行器单自由度滚转稳定性判据的风洞试验和数值模拟验证；开展了多自由度风洞动态试验相似准则与试验模拟方法研究；开展了乘波体飞行器静稳定性设计研究，通过迎风面的修型，实现横航向静稳定；开展了主动防热控制技术的可行性实验验证；建立的高超声速风洞动态气动力、热精细测试技术已应用于近空间飞行器、高机动导弹的研制，为飞行器安全稳定飞行提供了理论支撑。
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320003.shtm
2017-1-23
高超声速推进：近空间巡天核心
2015年12月12日，临近空间科学与技术飞行试验平台在酒泉卫星发射中心成功进行了首发飞行试验。该平台飞行试验的成功，使其成为继美国和澳大利亚联合研制的HiFIRE后第二个低成本临近空间高超声速通用试飞平台。这为我国近空间基础科学问题研究提供飞行试验研究平台，大幅降低研制成本和风险、缩短研制周期。该平台项目受到国家自然科学基金委“近空间飞行器关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划的资助。
首先，项目组发展了高超声速进气道设计新方法，提出了曲面压缩概念，实现了由出气动口参数或压缩面气动参数要求的型面反设计，证明了曲面压缩的良好气动性能，提供了一种全新的设计方法；发展了密切曲面内锥乘波前体进气道一体化设计方法；实现了发动机异型流道结构的设计方法从无到有的跨越，为发动机进排气系统和燃烧室的耦合高效设计奠定了基础。
其次，探索超声速燃烧机理。项目组建立了我国首个碳氢燃料裂解—燃烧反应详细机理自动生成程序和热、动力学数据库，开发了我国第一套航空燃料燃烧机理自动生成软件，改变了我国燃烧仿真依赖于国外软件和反应机理的现状；建立了航空燃料高温热物性的系列在线测量新方法，为超燃冲压发动机主动冷却关键技术攻关奠定了基础；全面提升了我国在燃烧基础及应用研究方面的创新能力。
第三，探索超燃冲压发动机主动／被动热防护机理。项目组提出了超燃冲压发动机主动冷却的双压裂解新概念，克服了国内外流行的超临界主动冷却方法的缺点，大幅度提高了化学热沉，克服了高温高压裂解燃料结焦的瓶颈问题，2014年双压裂解冷却平板通过750℃长时间实验验证；制备出耐高温和抗烧蚀性能优异的C/SiC-M复合材料，明显提高了复合材料的力学性能以及抗烧蚀性能，显著提高了推力室的使用寿命和可靠性，成功支撑了空军某型导弹、快舟火箭、高空科学探测试验飞行器的飞行试验。
第四，探索了超声速气流中缓燃与爆震的传播、相互转化机理。项目组系统开展了超声速预混气中热射流起爆与传播过程的精细数值模拟与实验研究，阐明了超声速预混气热射流起爆机理与传播规律；揭示了超声速预混气的热射流起爆机理，获得了精细的三维爆震波结构，为发展超声速气流中的爆震理论奠定了基础。
第五，探索了超燃冲压发动机控制建模和控制方法。提出了基于确定学习理论的复杂流动动态模式的快速识别方法，可以对高超声速进气道的流动状态进行快速判断。
（陈欢欢）
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320006.shtm
2017-1-23
高温热防护：高超声速飞行器的守护神
“高超声速飞行器最大的挑战来自于‘热’，以及由热带来的气动、结构和推进等系统的一系列问题。”哈尔滨工业大学教授孟松鹤告诉《中国科学报》记者，要想实现近空间高超声速远程机动飞行，首先必须要克服飞行过程中产生的极端热载荷，同时为了提高结构效率对“减重”提出了更为苛刻的要求。因此，耐高温抗氧化材料、轻质热防护与热结构、高效热管理技术等成为高超声速飞行能否走向现实的决定性要素。
在国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”的九年持续支持下，高温热防护与轻质结构成为四大核心科学问题之一，项目承担单位取得了多项基础性、创新性研究成果，进一步揭示了材料超高温响应机理与失效机制，显著提高了材料耐环境与强韧化能力，发展了系统的测试与表征技术，提出了系列热防护与热管理的新方法，为国家高超声速热防护与轻质结构设计提供了有力的支撑，部分结果直接应用于国家重大需求的项目。
在多个培育项目和集成项目支持下，研究人员系统发展和完善了超高温力学性能测试、热力氧耦合性能测试、多参量热冲击性能表征方法，拓展了高温数字图像相关、光栅应变计以及光纤光栅传感器的测试能力，达到了国际公开报道的最高水平，直接服务国家重大需求。尤其是提出了创新的“主动成像”光学测量系统，首次实现氧化表面形貌和应力动态测量，并推广应用于多个工程部门。
研究人员发展了防热复合材料的多尺度分析方法，同时引入不确定性，发展了热防护系统的参数灵敏度分析方法及模型确认和验证方法，利用模糊数学手段建立了综合效能评价方法，并将之应用于实际工程分析与设计中，显著提高了预报精度与置信度。
相关项目深入认识了超高温防热材料的烧蚀/氧化/催化/辐射耦合行为，揭示了材料表面响应温度跃迁或突变的机制。研究人员还创新性地通过仿生设计陶瓷表面结构，使陶瓷表面热阻增加了近万倍，同时为传统研究方法提供了新思想，即通过对材料表面的微结构设计来获得所需的整体性能。研究成果发表在《物理评论快报》上，英国《新科学家》杂志、德国《焦点》周刊等予以报道。
此外，研究人员积极探索了热防护、热管理与轻质化的新概念、新材料和新方法。如利用光子晶体的光学特性调控热辐射，设计并制备了光子晶体热防护涂层；基于“壁虎脚仿生”原理，将碳纳米管均匀地接枝到超薄铝合金内衬表面，复合材料结构界面层强度提高了28%；突破纺丝工艺实现了高定向、宽平面结构的高导热沥青纤维的制备，石墨化连续长丝纤维热导率超过600W/mK，达到美国同类产品水平，以此为基础研制的高导热C/C复合材料为高温热管理提供了有效的技术途径。（陈思）
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320004.shtm
2017-1-23
智能自主控制：为高超声速飞行器保驾护航
近空间高超声速飞行器的一大特点和优势是可在近空间远程高速大机动飞行，飞行控制系统是实现这一目标的首要保证。然而，我国过去在近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行控制系统设计方面却欠缺理论与方法研究。2007年，国家自然科学基金委“空天飞行器的若干重大基础问题”重大研究计划对“高超声速飞行器智能自主控制理论和方法”进行了重点部署。
北京航空航天大学教授任章向《中国科学报》记者介绍，在计划支持下，项目组面向国家重大需求，从工程实践中所发现的基础问题出发，提出了一系列飞行控制新概念、新理论、新方法，突破了一系列关键基础技术，取得的研究成果在实际工程应用中起到重要支撑作用。
首先，提出了乘波体高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制的概念及方法。超燃冲压发动机的稳定工作对飞行器飞行姿态有着特殊的严格要求，一般的控制理论与方法设计难以满足这一要求。为此，项目组提出了乘波体高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制的新概念，丰富了高超声速飞行器飞行控制理论，创新了乘波体高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制系统设计方法。据悉，部分研究成果已应用于国家重点工程中某型乘波体高超声速飞行器原理验证机的飞行控制系统设计。
其次，提出了近空间高超声速飞行器模型迁移新概念和新方法。高超声速飞行器的研发是一种小批量多批次产品研发过程，根据模型迁移理论，在掌握上一批次（基本）飞行器动力学模型的基础上，可以只进行少量实验，应用模型迁移理论获得改进的新模型。项目组形成了一套基于模型迁移理论的动力学建模新方法，为高超声速飞行器在缺乏实验条件下的快速动力学建模提供了新的技术途径。
第三，提出了近空间高超声速飞行器多通道协调控制的新概念及方法。近空间滑翔式高超声速飞行器一般采用面对称升力体构型，必须采用特殊的飞行控制模式，造成控制通道间的严重耦合，而传统的方法已难以满足这一需求。为此，项目提出了多通道协调控制新概念和不可解耦条件下的多通道协调控制新方法，突破了传统的解耦控制设计套路。
第四，初步探明了近空间高超声速飞行器飞行姿态/气动力耦合机理。美国“猎鹰”计划的HTV-2连续试飞失败后，项目组深入分析，发现了在某些弹道的关键点上飞行姿态变量和气动参数耦合突然加重的特殊现象，初步探明了近空间高超声速飞行器飞行姿态/气动力耦合机理，为飞行弹道设计和状态/参数协调控制系统设计奠定了基础。研究成果为某专项工程验证机弹道设计提供了重要参考，有力地保证了其试飞成功。
第五，提出了乘波体高超声速飞行器/发动机的一体化控制新思想。研究人员分析并利用加速度变量的特殊性构建了基于加速度的一体化控制框架；解决了传统的动态特性依赖于切换时刻初始状态从而不便于控制设计的难题；设计了基于安全裕度的飞行器/发动机协调控制系统，在不改变原有飞控系统结构的前提下，可协调和保证飞行器的飞行性能和安全性。
第六，初步探明了可变体飞行器气动力非定常动态时变规律及其作用机理。发现了可变体飞行器典型变形过程中的非定常气动特性现象，获得了近空间宽广速域的有效可变体气动布局及其气动特性。从理论分析和风洞实验两个方面，在机理上给出了新解释，实现了可变体飞行器气动力非定常动态时变规律及其作用机理研究从亚—跨—超音速到高超音速的突破。（陈思）
《中国科学报》 (2017-01-23 第6版 基金)
http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2017/1/320005.shtm
@Bussard Ramjet
GS Zhou
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what are these new stuff? curious!!
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China Puts New High-resolution Satellite into Imagery Services
Published by CCTV+ on 2017-01-23
China on Monday formally transferred its first Gaofen-3 high-resolution satellite from trial runs to imagery services. It now commands the highest resolution among microwave remote sensing satellites now in orbit.
Launched into orbit in August last year, Gaofen-3 has been testing its C-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imaging system which is capable of one-meter resolution. Imaging through microwaves has made it an all-weather satellite. The trial runs have checked and verified its various systems and functions, including Earth observation in scanning widths of between 10 kilometers and 650 kilometers with resolutions of between one meter and 500 meters.
"During trial run in orbit, Gaofen-3 has provided various users with close to 40,000 images taken from 150 million square kilometers of ocean and land," said Tong Xudong, chief engineer for Gaofen Project.
Apart from microwave, Gaofen-3 also has 11 other imaging modes which facilitate imagery services as required.
"What's unique about Gaofen-3 is its combination of generalized monitoring and specific inspection into one satellite. Such a combination avails data services for monitoring oceanic objects, oceanic environment, surface water resources and emergency disaster evaluation," said the chief engineer.
More on:http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170123/8041523.shtml
Published by CCTV+ on 2017-01-23
China on Monday formally transferred its first Gaofen-3 high-resolution satellite from trial runs to imagery services. It now commands the highest resolution among microwave remote sensing satellites now in orbit.
Launched into orbit in August last year, Gaofen-3 has been testing its C-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imaging system which is capable of one-meter resolution. Imaging through microwaves has made it an all-weather satellite. The trial runs have checked and verified its various systems and functions, including Earth observation in scanning widths of between 10 kilometers and 650 kilometers with resolutions of between one meter and 500 meters.
"During trial run in orbit, Gaofen-3 has provided various users with close to 40,000 images taken from 150 million square kilometers of ocean and land," said Tong Xudong, chief engineer for Gaofen Project.
Apart from microwave, Gaofen-3 also has 11 other imaging modes which facilitate imagery services as required.
"What's unique about Gaofen-3 is its combination of generalized monitoring and specific inspection into one satellite. Such a combination avails data services for monitoring oceanic objects, oceanic environment, surface water resources and emergency disaster evaluation," said the chief engineer.
More on:http://www.cctvplus.com/news/20170123/8041523.shtml
GS Zhou
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some additional information about this project
“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划结束
日期 2016-12-12 来源：数理科学部 作者：詹世革 张攀峰 【大 中 小】 【打印】 【关闭】
12月6日，国家自然科学基金委员会(以下简称基金委)审批同意“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划结束。
近空间飞行器的发展涉及国家安全与和平利用空间，是目前国际竞相争夺空间技术的焦点之一，是综合国力的体现。“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”重大研究计划以30-70公里中层近空间的高超声速远程机动飞行器涉及的关键基础科学问题为核心，以跨学科的创新理论和源头创新方法为手段，期望在近空间飞行环境下的空气动力学、先进推进的理论和方法、超轻质材料/结构、热环境预测与热防护、高超声速飞行器智能自主控制理论和方法等方面实现跨越发展。
该重大研究计划实施期间，从国家重大需求和学科发展相结合出发，提出了近空间飞行环境下的空气动力学、先进推进的理论和方法、超轻质材料/结构及热环境预测与防热、高超声速飞行器智能自主控制理论和方法等四个核心科学问题。通过顶层设计、主动引导、重点布局、动态调整、集成创新、促进交叉等方法和手段，开展了系统性基础研究，在学科前沿领域创新理论和方法、技术方法的源头创新等方面取得了如下主要创新性研究成果：
一、提出了高超声速复杂流动新理论，提高了对多物理效应耦合作用的认识能力；发展了复杂流动的建模和数值模拟方法，建立了多项具有自主知识产权的高精度动态气动力、热测试手段。
二、提出了高超声速飞行器流道设计方法，深入认识了超声速燃烧机制，获得了有效的稳定控制方法；填补了燃料基础研究的空白，提高了推进与机体一体化设计能力，有力地支撑了我国高超声速飞行试验平台的研发。
三、揭示了超高温防热材料响应机理、多种失效模式及其机制，建立了轻质化材料和结构一体化设计和层级结构优化理论；系统发展了多场耦合高温实验方法与在线信息获取技术；在热防护材料及其涂层性能表征方法方面发表了引起国际关注的高水平文章，突破了超燃发动机陶瓷基复合材料体系与高导热复合材料体系的技术方法瓶颈。
四、提出了高超声速飞行器精细姿态控制系统、多通道协调控制系统设计新概念和新方法，并成功指导了工程应用；建立了飞行器动力学建模、飞行姿态/气动力耦合建模新方法，提出在线辨识自适应结构滤波的主动控制律设计方法；建立了高超声速热气动弹性颤振控制方法。
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Beidou: China’s alternative to GPS reviewed in report for US Congressional commission
ANDREW JONES
2017/01/26
A Congressional commission has released a report on China’s development of its own satellite navigation system, Beidou, noting a range of implications for the United States.
The report produced by the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission finds that Beidou has security, economic and diplomatic implications for the United States, though poses no inherent risks to US smartphone users.
Using a network of 35 satellites in geosynchronous and medium Earth orbits, Beidou is expected to achieve global coverage by 2020, providing position accuracies of better than ten metres worldwide, meaning China joins the US (GPS), Russia (GLONASS) and the European Space Agency (Galileo) as having a developing or near fully operational global navigation satellite system (GNSS).
The main motives noted for China’s development of Beidou include national security reasons, developing a commercial downstream satellite navigation industry, and building domestic and international prestige.
“The system’s primary purpose is to end China’s military reliance on GPS, although China’s associated industrial policies will likely affect US firms operating in China’s market. Industry professionals assess there are no inherent risks to products such as smartphones receiving data from BeiDou,” the report summarises.
Above: Civil applications of Beidou GNSS (CNSO).
The United States developed the first global navigation satellite system, GPS, in the 1980s, initially for military use such as positioning and tracking personnel and vehicles and improving precision of weapons delivery.
However civilian applications of GPS, which is provided freely, soon spread, with cars, planes, vessels and individuals using an electronic receiver to obtain location, navigation and timing data, and also being used for surveying and mapping.
It is expected that China has been equipping its ballistic and cruise missiles to operate with both GPS and Beidou and would thus, once Beidou is mature, be able to “guide a missile to its target if GPS were denied” and also “be able to attack an adversary’s access to GPS without disrupting its own capabilities.”
Economically, the maturing of Beidou will likely mean US firms in the downstream satellite navigation industry will see a narrowing of opportunities in the Chinese market.
However, the report states that, “US consumers should know there are no inherent risks to receiving Beidou signals” on their smartphones, with malware seen as unfeasible to transmit.
Above: Beidou satellites represented in MEO, GEO and IGSO orbits linking to devices on Earth (CNSO).
The report suggests a number of responses the US can take to the development of Beidou, which in Chinese refers to the ‘Big Dipper’ or ‘Plough’ asterism, including continuing to invest in maintaining its leadership in space.
China currently has 23 Beidou satellites operational in orbit. As a national key technical project within China’s space program, the Beidou constellation is cited numerous times in the recently released white paper on China’s space activities.
A white paper (pdf) on the Beidou system was released in 2016. While noting it is being constructed with an eye on the “needs of the country’s national security and economic and social development,”, potential military applications are not mentioned.
The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), the main contractor for China’s space programs, says it expects to put 6-8 more Beidou satellites into orbit in 2017, launching two at a time, suggesting the system is proceeding ahead of the 2020 schedule.
CASC could launch as many as 28 missions during 2017, which will be added to by orbital launches conducted by CASIC, another state-run space player, and its subsidiaries.
The US-China Economic and Security Review Commission which produced the report was created by the United States Congress in October 2000 with the legislative mandate to monitor and investigate the national security implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the US and the People’s Republic of China.
The USCC report can be found here.
.
ANDREW JONES
2017/01/26
A Congressional commission has released a report on China’s development of its own satellite navigation system, Beidou, noting a range of implications for the United States.
The report produced by the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission finds that Beidou has security, economic and diplomatic implications for the United States, though poses no inherent risks to US smartphone users.
Using a network of 35 satellites in geosynchronous and medium Earth orbits, Beidou is expected to achieve global coverage by 2020, providing position accuracies of better than ten metres worldwide, meaning China joins the US (GPS), Russia (GLONASS) and the European Space Agency (Galileo) as having a developing or near fully operational global navigation satellite system (GNSS).
The main motives noted for China’s development of Beidou include national security reasons, developing a commercial downstream satellite navigation industry, and building domestic and international prestige.
“The system’s primary purpose is to end China’s military reliance on GPS, although China’s associated industrial policies will likely affect US firms operating in China’s market. Industry professionals assess there are no inherent risks to products such as smartphones receiving data from BeiDou,” the report summarises.
Above: Civil applications of Beidou GNSS (CNSO).
The United States developed the first global navigation satellite system, GPS, in the 1980s, initially for military use such as positioning and tracking personnel and vehicles and improving precision of weapons delivery.
However civilian applications of GPS, which is provided freely, soon spread, with cars, planes, vessels and individuals using an electronic receiver to obtain location, navigation and timing data, and also being used for surveying and mapping.
It is expected that China has been equipping its ballistic and cruise missiles to operate with both GPS and Beidou and would thus, once Beidou is mature, be able to “guide a missile to its target if GPS were denied” and also “be able to attack an adversary’s access to GPS without disrupting its own capabilities.”
Economically, the maturing of Beidou will likely mean US firms in the downstream satellite navigation industry will see a narrowing of opportunities in the Chinese market.
However, the report states that, “US consumers should know there are no inherent risks to receiving Beidou signals” on their smartphones, with malware seen as unfeasible to transmit.
Above: Beidou satellites represented in MEO, GEO and IGSO orbits linking to devices on Earth (CNSO).
The report suggests a number of responses the US can take to the development of Beidou, which in Chinese refers to the ‘Big Dipper’ or ‘Plough’ asterism, including continuing to invest in maintaining its leadership in space.
China currently has 23 Beidou satellites operational in orbit. As a national key technical project within China’s space program, the Beidou constellation is cited numerous times in the recently released white paper on China’s space activities.
A white paper (pdf) on the Beidou system was released in 2016. While noting it is being constructed with an eye on the “needs of the country’s national security and economic and social development,”, potential military applications are not mentioned.
The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), the main contractor for China’s space programs, says it expects to put 6-8 more Beidou satellites into orbit in 2017, launching two at a time, suggesting the system is proceeding ahead of the 2020 schedule.
CASC could launch as many as 28 missions during 2017, which will be added to by orbital launches conducted by CASIC, another state-run space player, and its subsidiaries.
The US-China Economic and Security Review Commission which produced the report was created by the United States Congress in October 2000 with the legislative mandate to monitor and investigate the national security implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the US and the People’s Republic of China.
The USCC report can be found here.
.
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