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China Jet Engines' Bumpy Journey``Chinese must read`!

rcrmj

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高科技,尖端科技多了,为什么航空发动机是工业之花?空间技术,火箭技术,核电技术,微电子技术,都有各自的特点和难点,为什么他们不是工业之花?


我们来做个比喻,整个国家的第二产业(从冶金到制造到加工,设计)是一个金字塔,航发就是这个金字塔的塔尖,它涉及到了基本上所有的工业和技术项目,并且要用到这些领域的最高技术成就。其实,使航发技术的发展,在带动着整个工业的进步。


说到这里,想象一下,如果我们的航空发动机技术有一天独步全球,那我们就TMD是不折不扣的超级大国,想不承认都不行。甚至都不必象美国人一样领先,只要我们在技术上和他们平起平坐,中华民族的复兴之梦就算是跑不了了。


航发技术从大面上说,涉及到:冶金,材料,机械加工,机械制造,热力学,空气动力学,流体力学,控制学,等等等等吧,基本上吧,你把工科的学科统统算上,75%以上都要把自己的最高成就献给航发。


话说九十年代中国引进Su27生产线后,自己的J-11开始批量生产。三哥眼红了,也想要一条生产线。毛子心说,卖给谁不是卖,给钱就行,于是派专家组考察三哥的工业设施,考虑在那儿设接收点。折腾了半年,专家组的意见是,三哥现有的工业得从冶金开始,重新来过,二十年之内,不可能自己生产。(由此可见,五十年代老大哥对我们的援助是多么的重要,基础,基础啊)


八十年代,小巴装备了F-16,我们也搞过来了一架,看看还是有点帮助吧,也就仅限于此了。我们当年的工业基础,就是有全套的技术资料,也造不出来呀。除非象和老美当年蜜月期的计划一样,由美国整体援建配套工厂。当年,F-16上,怕是有一半以上的零件,我们连材料都没有,更别提加工工艺了。即便是今天,我们可能也还是有些材料和工艺上的差距。没办法呀,底子薄啊。班上学习好的,还就是几个老牌资本主义强国,工业上的差距,真的得多年的修行才可以有正果的。


说到这里,讲个小故事,当年863计划,航空部材料所有一项,粉末冶金涡轮盘。就是把金属粉末,按比例(呵呵,这个比例可是国之机密)放在容器里,高温高压下,变成合金。具有很好的结晶顺序,可以耐高温,强度也好。F404上的高压涡轮盘就是这样的,咱们就照着葫芦画瓢吧。整个项目3.5亿RMB,还不错,搞定了,大大小小的庆功会也开了不少。新材料有了,咱们也来一盘?上车床,从盘心到盘边,F404是一刀走到底,这样保证没有因为换刀时产生的痕迹,(将来就是裂纹的萌芽),可是问题是,我们的车刀的材料不行,一刀走不完,就磨没了,得换刀。这下才发现,我们还得要另一个攻关项目。


所以,我们的水桶,每一块板都不够长,这个水桶就是我们的工业能力,我们正在集中力量,加高每一块板,尤其是那些相对更短的板。两弹一星只是一个相对独立的项目,可以集中力量办大事,(即便是这样,也有很多土法上马的例子)。而整个工业能力的提升,又怎样集中力量办大事哪?


(二)尴尬时期


我们的航空发动机,建国前,是空白,比白纸还白,一穷二白。五十年代从朝鲜战争起,开始修发动机,战后,由于我们志愿军将士的英勇牺牲,我们在老大哥那里,基本上属于有栽培潜力的了。随后的156个项目,是人类历史上最激烈,最彻底的工业化。沈阳的黎明厂(有幸在那实习了一个夏天,沈阳的狗肉和试车的轰鸣,一起记录在我们青春的回忆中) 就是156之一。


不到十年,我们就在表面上(注意,是表面上)赶上了世界先进水平。60年代初的Mig21仿制成功,我们在涡喷发动机上也拥有了双转子轴流式涡喷的先进水平。


可是,知其然不知其所以然。老大哥一撒手,我们就抓了瞎。对于原设计的任何改动,都会引发多米诺骨牌式的连锁反应。加上文革的折腾,我们用了20年,才在 80年代初,成功地吃透了MIG21和涡喷7的技术,并推出了成功的改进型号。歼7G被誉为世界上改的最好的MIG21。可惜晚了二十年。


即便是在被封锁的最严的60,70 年代,TG从来没有放弃引进技术。两个中队的歼6从埃及换来了MIG23,从MIG23上仿制的WP15至今是TG最大推力的涡喷,只是一直没有合适的机型。花巨额外汇(当年)引进的斯贝生产线,使得西安的430一直是三机部加工工艺最好的工厂。(老大哥当年的工艺就不如约翰牛)Spey也是没有装机。但是,WP15和Spey都给了我们很多启发和具体技术,工艺上的提升。


隔壁小胖的作业早就抄不上了,我们在70年代末和班上最优秀的同学结成了一对一,一对红,美利坚同学的作业让人眼花缭乱,每道题又要花大价钱才给抄,一时半会不知道先抄那道题好。(NND,咱穷啊)


到了风波的春夏之交,我们一道和平典范的题才抄了半,老美翻脸了,把我们的作业本都扣了。但我们好歹还是瞄了两眼,大体知道了他的解题思路(美军标,设计规范,航空部后来颁发的设计标准,简直就是美军标的翻译版。)


TG野路子走惯了,从来不按牌理出牌。在蜜月期,也没有闲着搞小动作。民航买了一批737,装CFM56,其核心机就是GE的F100(两台装F-15)的核心机。核心机就是高压压气机,燃烧室,高压涡轮组成的,又叫燃气发生器。都模块化后,可以和外围的风扇,低压压气机组成一个系列的型号。这个 CFM56买的,也是我们摆事实,讲道理,美国国会和巴统特批的。批之前,就有人说,TG要是偷我们的技术怎么办,blah, blah. 可是哪有卖飞机不给卖备用发动机的?波音的游说集团,我们朋友大大的。


这批发动机,封在箱子里,美方每半年来查一次。(NND,记得休斯公司的卫星吗,3个CIA24小时日夜监守,最终也没能下的去手),这,能难得住我们英雄的中国人民吗?


拆箱,编号,直运沈阳,测绘,建模,组装,运回北京,上封条,不到五个月,搞定。


(二)之外篇·发动机书场·美帝兴师问罪


这么大的项目,不知道才怪了,人家的情报部门也不是吃干饭的。但是,他没有证据,没有,没有,就是没有,你看见了?国家间,往往也就是幼儿园的交际水平。


知道有一天,美帝拿着咱航空部的红头文件来兴师问罪了,文件的标题是“关于做好CFM56核心机测绘工作的指示”,我,我倒!这是谁干的!


可以想象,TG当时还是很被动的,尤其是90年代,还处在想和人修复关系的阶段,记得朱总的消气之旅吗?要搁现在,老子就是做了,你怎么着吧?具体怎么把这事私了了,就不是我所能知道的了。总之,惊动了江总,江总很生气,后果很严重。总书记亲笔批示,“要让叛国者心惊胆颤”,三个月后,美国中部小城市,车祸,一中年男子当场死亡。


(三)太行,修成正果


那位说了,切,抄个作业还这样费劲。这您就是外行了,要抄到知其然,还知其所以然,要抄到下一道题,老子我自己会做了,就不光是抄答案了,得一边抄,一边琢磨人家的解题思路,更得补以前没学过的知识。TG就象一个天赋不错的工农兵大学生,高数课上听不懂,抄作业过关,可回家就把初中,高中的课本全翻出来,恶补啊。


为什么美苏都不设防三哥?就他那点基础,还不用功,给他抄,给他把家教请来都不灵。歼6到强5,MIG21 到歼7G,歼8,Su27到歼11,TG从来就不是甘心居人篱下的主。借用虎哥一句话,只要我们自己不崩溃,成圣是早晚的事。我们要考虑的是,成圣之后,如何防止历史的循环,坠入英帝,美帝的宿命。太祖在西柏坡是怎么说的?


扯远了。


所以,CFM56 也只是给了TG一个大致的方向。整个核心机的尺寸,一模一样。小子不才,本科毕设的题目就是10A的所有叶片的动力相应分析。所有分析,计算,试验,材料,工艺的攻关,90年代全面展开。我的两位在沈阳的师兄个自有重任在肩。


风扇和匹配的低压涡轮得从新设计,新材料(粉末冶金,单晶叶片)新的合金,新的加工工艺(摩擦焊,电子束焊),新的计算方法,新的试验方法,新的试验台,中国的航空动力人,忙乎了将近二十年,把我们离世界先进水平的差距从35年缩短到20年。定型的太行基本达到了推比8的性能。


这期间,航发的全权数字控制系统(FADEC),先进的计算流体实验室(我的上铺兄弟是学术带头人),完备的试验体系,都是头一次建成。以后的发展就是加速度了。


有人说,美帝10年就可以开发出一个新型号,为什么我们要二十年?不要忘了,美帝代表的是人类目前为止技术的最高水平,他的齐备的工业体系,他在基本上所有子项目上独步全球的技术,使得他可以把他已有的技术整合一下,就可以拼出最好的产品。而我们,得攻关,在攻关,每一个子项目的攻关的失利,都会直接延迟整个项目的发展。


这就好比盖房子,人家是所有的PowerTool一应俱全,还主持制定了现有的建筑标准,也拥有所有房子里面子系统的最高技术(空调,材料,隔音等等),还领导着建筑界的新潮流。我们呢,才刚开始盖房子,木头也不好,工具也不行,建筑工人也是才是从农民转来的,更要命的是,我们得自己找到什么地方用什么料,用多少,都得从头摸索。怎么一个难字了得。


还记得小时候学习吗?是个加速度的过程,高中生一天学的内容,小学生一个月都学不完。


就是在这样的条件下,我们一步一步地赶上来了。我们离法国,俄国都没有质的差别了,赶上他们只是时间问题。我们离美国再也不是望着他们绝尘而去了,而是步步紧跟,总有追上的那一天。到底,领跑的也有他的难处,技术的发展也不是那么快的。


(三)之外篇:技术发展的关键是什么?


人才当然是技术发展中的一个重要因素,但只是必要条件之一吧。对于工业技术来说,一个强大的,持续的投入,就比人才更重要。甚至可以说是一个充分条件。说白了,就是要持续的往里砸钱。只要大方向正确,再有持续的投入,和型号上切合实际的要求,技术和人才都是可以培养出来的。


看看前苏联,大规模,持续的投入,就培养了队伍,人才,技术。解体后,没了投入,人才流失,技术停滞,队伍也就散了。我们80年代也散了一些队伍。


再看看中国航天,大方向正确,投钱,人才,技术,型号,10年工夫,都有了。


所以说,歼十和太行的意义远大于一个型号,通过它,储备了技术,培养了人才,行成了队伍。技术发展的延续性非常重要,东一榔头,西一棒子上发展不出好的技术的,就得靠多年持续的积累,厚积薄发啊。之所以叫太行,就是取在抗战中,TG在太行山区艰苦卓绝的斗争来纪念其研发过程之艰难。


前一阵,有人在感叹,说吴仲华先生如果文革每有被迫害,中国的发动机技术会如何如何,是混淆了工业技术发展和理论体系的发展。吴先生如果一直有好的条件,可能会对我们在流体力学的发展上做出更大的贡献,但是中国的工业基础,就是把他老人家累死,也不会有任何质的变化。


NASA每年巨额的经费,除去浪费的不说,带给美帝的是在航空航天领域独步全球的领先技术。


TG从来就没间断过从国外引进人次的努力,近年来,越来越多高层海龟的回流,也是一个因素。不过,在这些敏感领域,作基础研究的海外人才会的多些。真正做型号的,怕是本来就没有几个。局外人往往低估了美帝对我们的防范,美帝的保密制度,不亚于TG。设计具体的型号,那是要top level national security clearance的,要查祖宗三代,直系,旁系亲属,所有社会关系的。不是本土出生的,基本上很难进入这个圈子。李文和对于美帝,就是非我族类,其心必异的典型。我当年在 Georgia Tech Aerospace program, 系里组织参观Lockheed 在Marietta 生产F22 的工厂,所有学生,除了中国和俄罗斯的,都可以去。我的同学在NASA Lanley中心做研究员,也只能接触非常非常基础的研究,不可能涉及到型号,当然,NASA也没有型号任务,就是和型号相关的预研,也有不同等级的保密条例。


最终,还是得立足于国内,得靠自己。好在我们现在不太缺钱了,只要方向正确,技术突破就只是时间问题。


(四)昆仑,太行,秦岭的地位


用两弹一星的精神和投入来发展航空业,河里不是第一次提出来的。当年满腔热血的要为祖国的航空事业献身的我们,我们也知道我们的航空落后于世界,因为文革嘛,哪有不落后的呀。但当被告知我们的航空发动机技术落后美帝35年左右时,那份打击,那份透心凉,那份郁闷,至今栩栩如生。35年?我们90年才有美帝 55年的技术?我,我倒!


八十年代,我们的航发家底是:歼7用一台WP7,歼8用两台WP13,歼6和强5用两台WP6,轰6用两台WP8。


WP7我们算是基本吃透了,到底是50年代末的技术,我们多少也接触了一些新技术,觉得还有些可以改进的余地。提高推力和发动机热效率的一个办法,就是提高涡轮前温度,可是涡轮叶片要承受极大的应力和热载荷,有效地冷却技术和新材料是两个突破点。我们在叶片中心钻了9个小孔,从压气机引气冷却叶片。后来发现叶片根部有热应力集中的问题,会发展成裂纹。又改成3个不规则的大孔,直接用无余量的精密铸造成型。就这几句话,就是当年无数的攻关,计算,试验,花钱无穷,育人无数(我们实验室就有两个博士,5个硕士和这个有关)。


昆仑就是WP14,从立项到定型,也有15年时间。从性能上看,进步不大,为什么这么久呢?是因为我们从老大哥体系转到美帝体系的第一个型号,所有的设计标准,手册,试验台,试验方法和手段,都要而今迈步从头越。所以,外人看不到这些成果,可是这时实实在在的基础,对将来的研发是不可或缺的。


另外,WP14在寿命,可靠性,喘振裕度方面,都有质的提高。八爷在用两台WP14后,性能还是有长足的提升,和10,11可以形成有效搭配。


秦岭就是国产化的SPEY,当初因为载机下马,SPEY国产化的事也就搁下了。70年代末,80年代,军工只保证最低需求,没谱的SPEY,更是后娘的孩子。知道海航坚持要歼轰7,库存的50台原装SPEY不够用,才又开始国产化。不好意思的是,也是磕磕绊绊过来的国产SPEY,在寿命和性能上,和60年代末的原装货,还有一些差距。这就是我们的工业底子,这就是我们在材料,工艺上的差距。老牌帝国主义还是有些老底子的。顺便提一句,SPEY的厂商,就是 Rolls-Royles,香港人叫劳斯莱斯的,比房子都贵的车,也是他的一个分部生产的。


太行,是现在代表TG最高水平的小涵道涡扇。和毛子的AF-31基本上在一个级别,(AF-31在泼辣性上好,太行在寿命和经济性上略好)。可装一台给老十,或两台给老十一。


在研的还有太行的衍生型号。晨大有文详述,我就不班门弄斧了。


美帝的F-120和F-119都到了推比10一级,绝对的第一梯队。TG和毛子有现役的推比8一级的,算第二梯队。法国的阵风好像推比不到8,懒得查了。英国现在无力自主研发战机,所以军用发动机也就放下了,RR用民机的发动机来维持技术。其他国家,都数不上。


GE和普惠的在研军机,都是在推比20一级的,因为美帝觉得,新的材料(陶瓷,复合材料,etc)的发展瓶颈就要被突破了,可以大幅度的提高涡轮前温度和减轻机体重量。我们还得一步不落的跟,要不一不留神,美利坚同学就可能绝尘而去。


题外话,窃以为,我们这次金融危机还是站对了队的。美帝咒是咒不死的,不但咒不死,还很强大,还有活力。我们还得先把老二的位置好好坐坐稳,练好内功。如太宗预计,到2050年,我们的国民都过上和发达国家差不多的日子,我们就是想不出头,怕是世界人民都不答应。作作者:熠熠生辉

hope someone can translate this into english for others to read`
 
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@rcrmj

You can not speak Chinese? :what:

lol, i speak fluent chinese, just not sure about my english`i red through the whole article it was quite nice and thorough. just wonder anyone can translate it into english to share with others thats all``:cheesy:
 
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translation:-

High-tech, cutting-edge technology and more, why is the aircraft engine industry flower? Space technology, rocket technology, nuclear technology, microelectronic technology, have their own characteristics and difficulties, why they are not the flower industry?


Let be a metaphor, the country's second industry (from metallurgical processing to manufacturing to design) is a pyramid, China Aviation Development Foundation is the pinnacle of the pyramid, it involves virtually all of the industrial and technological projects, and to use to the highest technical achievements in these areas. In fact, the AIDC technology, in driving the progress of the entire industry.


Here, imagine if we had one day of air engine technology leads the world, then we TMD is an absolute superpower, does not want to recognize not work. Even as the Americans do not have to lead them as long as we are technically equal, even if the dream of rejuvenating the Chinese nation is not run by.


AIDC technology from the large surface that involves: metallurgy, materials, machining, machinery manufacturing, thermodynamics, aerodynamics, fluid mechanics, cybernetics, and so on and so on it, basically it, you put all engineering disciplines count, 75% have their own dedicated aircraft made the highest achievement.


The words of the nineties introduced Su27 production line in China, their J-11 in production volumes. Third brother jealous, and also want a production line. Westerner heart that sell to not sell, give money on the line, then the third brother to send expert inspection of industrial facilities, considering reception point set in there. Toss for half a year, the Group's view is that the third brother was from the existing industrial metallurgical start over again, within two decades, not their own production. (Thus, Big Brother fifties how our aid is important, basic, basic ah)


Eighties, minibuses equipped with F-16, we came out a see a little help it, all there was. We had the industrial base, is to have a full range of technical information, but also made do not come out ah. Unless the United States as the old year and plan the honeymoon period, as the overall reconstruction by the United States supporting the plant. Year, F-16, the fear is more than half of the parts, we have not even material, let alone the process. Even today, we may still some gaps in material and workmanship. Not help it, poor foundation ah. Learn good class, but also is one of several old capitalist power, the gap between industry, really have many years of practice can have immortal.


Here, tell a little story, when the 863 program, all materials, an Air Ministry, powder metallurgy turbine disk. The metal powder is in proportion to (Oh, but the country this ratio confidential) on the container, high temperature and pressure into alloys. With good crystalline order can be high temperature, strength 也好. F404 on the high-pressure turbine disk is like this, we will go according to dipper gourd painting it. The project 350 million RMB, is also good, get, large and small celebration will also open a lot. With new materials, we also came to a? On a lathe, from the heart to drive side dish, F404 is the knife to go in the end, so as to ensure that no traces of tool change generated when, (the seeds of the future is the crack), but the problem is not material to our turning tools, a knife does not go End to wear did not, and have ATC. This time only to find that we have to be another research project.


Therefore, our buckets, each board long enough, the bucket is our industrial capacity, we are focusing on, heightening each board, especially those relative to a shorter board. Bombs and one satellite is a relatively independent project, you can concentrate on doing big things, (even so, there are many examples of indigenous methods.) The upgrading of the industrial capacity, how can concentrate on doing big things what?


(B) awkward period


Our engine, before the founding, is empty, than white, poor and white. Fifty years, from the Korean War, the engine began to repair the war, as soldiers of the heroic sacrifices of our volunteers, we have Big Brother there, basically there is potential for the cultivation. 156 subsequent projects, the most violent in human history, the most thorough industrialization. Shenyang Liming plant (lucky in that a summer internship, Shenyang's dog and commissioning of the roar, recorded with the memories of our youth) is one of 156.


Less than a decade, we have the surface (note that on the surface) to catch up with the world advanced level. Mig21 imitation early 60s success, we are also in the turbojet engine has a dual-rotor axial-flow turbojet advanced level.


However, know these not the why. Big Brother is a wash, we caught a blind. Any changes to the original design, will lead to a domino-like chain reaction. Toss together with the Cultural Revolution, we used 20 years before in the early 80s, the successful and thorough understanding of the MIG21 7 turbojet technology, and launched a successful improvement models. J-7G changed the world's best known as the MIG21. Unfortunately, two decades later.


Even in the most tightly blocked 60,70, TG never give up the introduction of technology. Two squadrons of F-6 from Egypt in exchange for a MIG23, MIG23 on the imitation from the WP15 has a maximum thrust of the Turbojet TG, but had no suitable models. Spend huge foreign exchange (current year) introduction of the Bay production lines, making Xi'an 430 has been the best three machines no processing plant. (Big Brother process is not as good that year John Bull) Spey is not installed. However, WP15 and Spey gave us a lot of inspiration and concrete technology, technology advancement.


Next chubby copy not on the job long, and we in the late 70s and the best students in the class formed a one to one, a pair of red, dazzling work of the United States students, each question have to spend big Price was to copy, half past one would not know good that question first copy. (NND, we Qionga)


To the spring and summer storm, we are an example of the problems of peace was copied and a half, Americans fell out, this is our job deducted. However, we still aim the eyes at any rate, generally thought to know his problem-solving (the U.S. standard, design, aviation design standards issued by the Ministry of later, is simply the subject of translation of the U.S. military.)


TG used to go wild ways, never starts acting strangely. In the honeymoon period, is not standing still playing tricks. 737 to buy a number of civil aviation, mounted CFM56, the core machine is GE's F100 (two loaded F-15) core machines. Machine is the high-pressure core compressor, combustor, high pressure turbine components, and also known as gas generators. Are modular, you can and the outer fan, low pressure compressor to form a series of models. The CFM56 bought our facts and reason, the U.S. Congress and the special approval of Batumi. Approved before, some people say, TG stealing our technology if the how to do, blah, blah. But how can there be to sell aircraft spare engines not to sell it? Boeing's lobbying group, our friends greatly.


These engines, sealed in the box, the United States comes in once every six months. (NND, remember you Hughes satellite, 3 CIA24 hours day and night guard, and ultimately did not go under the hand), it can be hard to live our heroic Chinese people?


Devanning, number, directly transported Shenyang, mapping, modeling, assembly, shipped back to Beijing, seals, less than five months, get.


(B) outside the field of U.S. imperialism chapter book send a punitive expedition engine


Such a large project, do not know the strange, the people's intelligence is not to eat cooked rice. However, he is no evidence, no, no, that is, no, you see? Between countries, often communication is the kindergarten level.


Know that one day, we took the U.S. imperialists to send a punitive expedition Aviation Ministry official documents, the document entitled "Mapping on the good work CFM56 core machine instructions", I, I would! Who did this!


Imagine, TG was still very passive, particularly in the 90's, still in relation to the stage of repair and people, remember the cool down Zhuzong trip it? To put now, I was done, how do you with it? Specifically how these things compounding, and I can not know the. In short, startled Jiang, Jiang was very angry, very serious consequences. General Secretary personally instructed, "let the traitor-ism", three months after the central United States small cities, car accident, a middle-aged man died on the spot.


(C) of the Taihang fruition


That said, cut, copy a job and is still struggling. That you are the outsider, and to copying know these, but also know why they should be copying the next problem, I will do my own, and not just copy the answer, have copied one side, while pondering people's problem-solving ideas also have to fill the knowledge never learned before. TG peasants and soldiers as a gift good students, the high number of class do not understand, Chao Zuoye clearance, can go home put the middle and high school textbooks all turned out, cramming ah.


Why did the Soviet Union are undefended third brother? On the basis of his points, not hard, give him a copy, do not invite him to tutor the Spirit. J-6 to strong 5, MIG21 to the J-7G, J-8, Su27 to the J-11, TG who has never been willing to fence under the main residence. Huge borrow a word, as long as we do not crash, is a matter of holiness. We have to consider is that holiness, how to prevent the cycle of history, plunged into the British Emperor, the fate of U.S. imperialism. Dynasty in Xibaipo is how to say?


The topic.


Therefore, CFM56 TG only gives a general direction. The size of the core engine, exactly the same. Kid Fucai, the subject of college graduates is the set of all leaves 10A of the power accordingly. All the analysis, calculation, test, materials, technology research, 90 in full swing. Two of my brothers in Shenyang heavy tasks of its own.


Match the low pressure turbine fan and have the new design, new materials (powder, single crystal blades) new alloys and new processing technology (welding, electron beam welding), the new calculation method, the new test method, the new test Taiwan, China's air force who, busy as nearly two decades, our gap from the world's advanced level reduced from 35 years to 20 years. Taihang stereotypes pushed to 8 basically reached the performance.


During this period, full authority digital flight control system issued (FADEC), Advanced Computational Fluid Laboratory (my brother is a spread of academic leaders), a complete test system is the first time completed. Future development is the acceleration.


It is said that the U.S. imperialists 10 years, can develop a new model, why are we two years? Do not forget, the representative of U.S. imperialism is the highest human level of technology so far, and his complete industrial system, he leads the world on virtually all the technical sub-projects, so he could look his integration of existing technologies to spell out the best products. And we may research, in research, each sub-project of the research of failure will directly delay the development of the project.


This is like building a house, others are readily available all the PowerTool, also presided over the development of the existing building standards, but also inside the house with all the subsystems of the highest technology (air conditioning, materials, noise, etc.), but also led the construction industry the new trend. We do, just beginning to build a house, wood is not good, tool does not work, but also construction workers is transferred from the farmers, more worse, where we have to find what their own material, how much, had to grope from scratch . How a hard Zile.


Remember as a child to learn? Is an acceleration of the process, the content of high school students enrolled in any school, primary school for one month could not finish.


It was in this condition, we step by step to catching up. We are from France, Russia are not qualitatively different, and catch up with them just a matter of time. We looked at them from the U.S. can not pull away, but to follow step by step, the total catch of the day. In the end, there are also leading his own difficulties, technological development is not so fast.


(C) outside the chapter: What is the key technology development?


Talent of course, is technology an important factor in the development, but only a necessary condition for it. For the industrial technology is a strong, sustained investment, more important than talent. Can even be said to be a sufficient condition. Frankly speaking, the inside is throwing money to continue. As long as the direction is correct, then there is continued investment, and the practical requirements of models, technologies and personnel can all be trained.


To see the former Soviet Union, large-scale, sustained investment to train the team, talent and technology. After the disintegration, not the input, the brain drain, technology stagnation, the team also dispersed. We also scattered a number of 80 teams.


Look at China Aerospace, the general direction is correct, putting money, talent, technology, models, 10 years of efforts have been.


So, Jian Shi and too much more than a line model, through which reserves the technology, trained personnel, the line became a team. Continuity is very important technological development, the East, a hammer, a stick on the development of Western technology, not good to rely on the accumulation of many years of sustained, profound knowledge ah. So the line was called, is to take in the war, TG arduous struggle in the Taihang Mountains area to mark the difficulty of its R & D process.


While ago, someone exclaimed, saying that Mr. Wu Zhonghua If you have been persecuted during the Cultural Revolution of each of China's engine technology how how confused the theory of industrial technology development and system development. Mr. Wu has been good if the conditions may be the development of fluid mechanics we make a greater contribution, but China's industrial base, is to tell his elderly to death, nor is there any qualitative change.


Substantial annual funding NASA, did not say remove the waste and bring U.S. imperialism is unmatched in the aerospace world leading technology.


TG had never stopped the efforts of people collected from abroad in recent years, more and more high-level turtles return, also a factor. However, in these sensitive areas, for basic research will more overseas talent. Really do model, fear is already not a few. Outsiders tend to underestimate our guard against U.S. imperialism, U.S. imperialism in secrecy, as much as TG. The design of specific models, it is to top level national security clearance, and to investigate the three generations of ancestors, lineal, collateral relatives, all social relations. Than native-born, basically difficult to enter the circle. Wen Ho Lee and the U.S. imperialism, that is not my race, its heart will be different typical. I was in Georgia Tech Aerospace program, visit the Department has organized the production F22 Lockheed plant in Marietta, all students, in addition to China and Russia, can go. My students do research fellow at the NASA Lanley center, can only touch a very, very basic research, not related to the model, of course, NASA did not model the task, that is, pre-and model-related research, there are different levels of confidentiality regulations.


Finally, still have to be based on domestic, on your own. Fortunately, we are not short of money, as long as the right direction, technological breakthroughs just a matter of time.


(D) of the Kunlun Mountains, the Taihang and the status of the Qinling Mountains


With bombs and one satellite input to the development of the spirit and the aviation industry, the river is not the first time put forward. Then filled with blood of the country's aviation industry for our dedication, we also know that our air behind the world, because the Cultural Revolution Well, how can we avoid the backward ah. But when told of our aero-engine technology is about 35 years behind the U.S. imperialists, the share of combat, share and cool, would the depressed, has lifelike. 35 years? We have 90 years of technology 55 years of U.S. imperialism? I am, I would!


The eighties, our aircraft have healthy hair is: F 7 with a single WP7, J-8 with two WP13, J 6 and 5 with two strong WP6, H-6 with two WP8.


WP7 we have a thorough understanding of the basic, in the end is the end of 50's technology, we also contacted a number of how many new technologies, that have some room for improvement. Improve the thermal efficiency of the engine thrust, and one way is to increase turbine inlet temperature, but the turbine blades to withstand great stress and thermal load, the effective cooling technology and new materials are two break points. We drilled in the blade center of 9 holes, bleed air from the compressor cooling blades. Later discovered that the hot blade root stress concentration problems, will develop into cracks. Also into three large irregular holes, with no margin directly casting molding. To these words, is the result of countless research, calculation, test, spend endless myriad of educating people (we have two labs, Dr. Master and the related 5).


Kunlun is the WP14, from the project to the stereotypes, but also for 15 years. From a performance point of view, progress is not, why so long? Because we go to U.S. imperialism from the Big Brother system, the first model system, all the design standards, manuals, test bench, test methods and means, must now move from scratch. Thus, outsiders can not see these results, but the real time basis, for future research and development is essential.


In addition, WP14 in life, reliability, surge margin, there has been a qualitative improvement. After two WP14 bye in use, performance, or has made significant improvement, and 10,11 to form an effective match.


Qinling is the localization of SPEY, as carrier aircraft did dismount, SPEY localization will put aside the things. The late 70s, 80's, the military can only guarantee the minimum requirements, off the mark SPEY, is stepmother of the child. JH insisted that HNA 7, inventory of 50 original SPEY not enough, it began to localization. I'm sorry that is stumbling over the domestic SPEY, in the life and performance, and 60 of the original shipment late, there are some gaps. This is our industrial base, this is what we in materials, workmanship gap. Old imperialism, or some old grounding. Incidentally, SPEY manufacturers, is Rolls-Royles, people called the Rolls-Royce, expensive cars than houses, but also a division of his production.


Taihang, is a now represents the highest level of Xiaohan Road TG turbofan. And the Westerner's AF-31 is basically a level, (AF-31 in the pungent nature of Shang Hao, life and economy of line is too good with minor). Can be fitted to the old one ten, or two to the old XI.


Also in the study was too derivative of the line models. Chen Wen great detail, I will not trespass the.


U.S. imperialism's F-120 and F-119 have to push than the 10 level, the absolute first echelon. TG and the Westerner has active than the 8-level push, considered the second echelon. France's Rafale seems to push the ratio of less than 8, too lazy to check out. British fighters are unable to independent research and development, so the engine will put down the military, RR used to maintain civil aircraft engine technology. Other countries are not on the number.


GE and Pratt & Whitney aircraft in the research, are pushing more than 20 levels, as U.S. imperialism that the new materials (ceramics, composite materials, etc) will be broken and the development bottleneck, and can greatly improve the turbine before the temperature and reduce body weight. We do not have to step off the with, or an inattentive, the United Students may pull away.


The way, I humbly believe that we stand on the financial crisis or a team. U.S. imperialism is the curse immortal curse, not only curse die, very strong, there is vitality. We have to first take second place to sit firmly secured, Lianhaoneigong. Taizong as expected, by 2050, our citizens are too similar on the day and developed countries, we are can not think of the first, for fear that people in the world do not agree. As of: shine
 
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Why you add a word to force Chinese member to read it?

Bad habbit from domestic forum

"是中国人就看,不然就不是中国人!“

Forget it!
 
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Translation tools has no effect.
This article has too much slang and acronyms, I think only the Chinese can be translated.
 
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Why you add a word to force Chinese member to read it?

Bad habbit from domestic forum

"是中国人就看,不然就不是中国人!“

Forget it!

不会吧·这都不行啊···我觉得这篇文章挺好的!
 
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yeah i tried to read that too, well, ne ways congrats china, any fortay into tech that a nation has no experience in before has problems,
 
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i can read some chinese but i have no idea what the slangs and idioms mean either =(
 
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