Religion can be misinterpreted as well, I think
@Indus Pakistan refer the religious person from backward education level, but many religious people who have reached high education level have very modern thinking.
Erdogan for instant is a highly religious person and the last 20 years of Turkish rapid technology and economic development comes from his administration period.
In Indonesia also the same, the architect of Indonesia state owned strategic industry and research development is Habibie, a hard core Islamist that build ICMI in the start of 1990, it is also despite lack of funding from Soeharto until current regime in R&D spending. If Indonesia is lead by Habibie not just for 2 years, Indonesia will be very different IMO and many knowledgeable Indonesian are also agree.
Indonesia Anti Corruption Body (KPK) is also filled with religious people. It can be seen from one of the main leader in KPK who is Novel Baswedan who get acid attack when he just left from Fajr prayer in the Mosque. I would say, without KPK it is difficult for Indonesia to combat corruption culture in here.
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Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:
[baxaˈrudːin ˈjusuf haˈbibi] (
listen); 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an
Indonesian engineer and politician who was the third
president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh
vice president in March 1998, he succeeded
Suharto who
resigned after 31 years in office. His presidency is seen as a landmark and transition to the
Reformation era. Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political party laws, and held an
early democratic election three years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end of his presidency. His 517-day presidency and 71-day vice presidency are the shortest in the country's history.
Studies and career in Europe
Habibie went to
Delft, the
Netherlands, to study aviation and aerospace at the
Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft University of Technology), but for political reasons (the
West New Guinea dispute between the Netherlands and Indonesia), he had to continue his study at the
Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in
Aachen, Germany.
[8] In 1960, Habibie received an
engineer's degree in Germany with the title
Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a
research assistant under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau,
RWTH Aachen to conduct research for his doctoral degree.
[9]
In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia for three months on
sick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with
Hasri Ainun, the daughter of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high school and in senior high school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School),
Bandung. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.
[10] Habibie and his wife settled in
Aachen for a short period before moving to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.
[11]
Habibie later found employment with the railway stock firm
Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing train wagons.
[12] Due to his work with Makosh, the head of train construction offered his position to Habibie upon retirement three years later, but Habibie refused the position.
[13][12]
In 1965, Habibie delivered his dissertation in aerospace engineering and received the grade of "very good," giving him the title
Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). The same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his research on
Thermoelastisitas and work toward his
Habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His thesis about light construction for supersonic or hypersonic states also attracted offers of employment from companies such as
Boeing and
Airbus, which Habibie again declined.
[14]
Habibie did accept a position with
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in
Hamburg. There, he developed theories on
thermodynamics, construction, and aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor, Habibie Theorem, and Habibie Method, respectively. He worked for Messerschmitt on the development of the
Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, he was promoted to vice president of the company.
[15]
Career in Indonesia
In 1974, Suharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as part of his drive to industrialize and develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to
Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officer of the state oil company
Pertamina and Chair of Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (
Indonesian:
Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Two years later, Habibie was made CEO of the new state-owned enterprise
Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),
[15] which in 1985 changed its name to
Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as
Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000). In 1978, he was appointed as State Minister of Research and Technology (
Indonesian:
Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued to play an important role in IPTN other "strategic" industries in this post.
[15] By the 1980s, IPTN had grown considerably, specializing in the manufacture of helicopters and small passenger planes. Under Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a manufacturer of aircraft including
Puma helicopters and
CASA planes. It pioneered a small passenger airplane, the
N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but the project was a commercial failure.
[16] In developing Indonesia's aviation industry, he adopted an approach called "Begin at the End and End at the Beginning".
[17] In this method, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of the planes was placed as the first objective.
By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries including ship- and train-building, steel, arms, communications, and energy.
[15] A 1993 estimate determined that the estimates used nearly $2 billion a year in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that the size of the industries was not completely known.
[18]
As minister, Habibie created the OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) and STAID (Science and Technology for Industrial Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees in the STEM fields and for other technical professionals to continue their study for master's and doctorate program in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other countries.
[19]
Habibie was, continuously, a member of six Indonesian cabinets for over 20 years. After his initial appointment in 1978, he served in another five cabinets (including the
Development Reform Cabinet which, as president he formed after the resignation of Suharto in May 1998):
In
Suharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie became a member of the
Golkar organisation. Suharto appointed him as deputy daily coordinator for the chairman of the executive board in 1992, and the following year he became the daily coordinator.
[20]
While serving in cabinet, Habibie was also elected as the first Chair of the
Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. This modernist Muslim organization provided him with a political base, linked to but independent of the Suharto administration.
[21]
en.wikipedia.org
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We also can see the difference between countries in America continent where majority is Christian protestan follower with independent free thinking (USA) compared it with Westerners lead countries with Chatolic followers like in Argentina/Brazil, etc.
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This second biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia also has such free thinking culture and doesnt create fanatical follower like many traditional Muslim follower in Indonesia. FPI organization with fanatic followe for instant belongs to traditional Islam follower.
Muhammadiyah (
Arabic: محمدية, followers of
Muhammad; full name:
Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah) is a major
Islamic non-governmental organization in
Indonesia.
[1] The organization was founded in 1912 by
Ahmad Dahlan in the city of
Yogyakarta as a reformist socioreligious movement, advocating
ijtihad - individual interpretation of
Qur'an and
sunnah, as opposed to
taqlid - the acceptance of the traditional interpretations propounded by the ulama.
[2] Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah has adopted a reformist platform mixing religious and secular education,
[3] primarily as a way to promote the upward mobility of Muslims toward a 'modern' community and to purify Indonesian Islam of local syncretic practices.
[3] It continues to support local culture and promote religious tolerance in Indonesia, while a few of its higher education institutions are attended mostly by non-Muslims, especially in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua provinces. The group also runs a large chain of charity hospitals,
[1] and operated 128 universities as of the late 1990s.
[4]
In 2008, Muhammadiyah was considered the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia with 29 million members.
[2] Although Muhammadiyah leaders and members are often actively involved in shaping the politics in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah is not a political party. It has devoted itself to social and educational activitie
en.wikipedia.org
