Reashot Xigwin
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I bet most of of you don't know what is the Sultanate of Sulu? well here's the wiki page for it: Sultanate of Sulu
"the map of the proclaimed Sultanate of Sulu"
Timeline: The centuries-old tug-of-war over Sabah
February 18, 2013 2:20pm
Malaysian cops, troops surround Filipino armed group in Sabah . Sabah Police Commissioner Hamza Taib (center) leaves after a meeting at a police base near Lahad Datu on Borneo island on Sunday. About 100 armed men holed up in a village in Sabah, Malaysia refuse to leave, saying they have links with the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines which has a historic claim over the northern tip of Borneo island. Malaysia police and army troops have surrounded the village, with navy boats patrolling nearby islands. Reuters/Bazuki Muhammad
Last week, over 200 allegedly armed men holed up in a village in the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah. Identifying themselves as the "royal army" of the Sultanate of Sulu in Mindanao, the group engaged Malaysian authorities in a standoff as authorities from both Philippines and Malaysia discuss ways to address the problem that traces its roots back to the 15th century.
15th century - The Islamic sultanate of Brunei is nominally in control of Borneo, including Sabah and Sarawak states of Malaysia, and some parts of the Sulu islands in the Philippines.
1658 - The Sultan of Brunei cedes Sabah to the Sultan of Sulu in compensation for his help in settling a civil war in the Brunei Sultanate
In June 1658, Brunei Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin awarded the northeast coast of Borneo (Sabah), including Palawan, to Sulu Sultan Salah ud-Din Karamat Bakhtiar for helping settle a civil war dispute against Pengiran Bongsu Muhyuddin.
The Sultan of Sulu sent more than 250 elite Tausug warriors led by Panglima Ilijji (forefather of Nur P. Misuari, founder of the Moro National Liberation Front/ MNLF) to assist the Sultan of Brunei.
1673 - Brunei Sultan Bongsu Muhyuddin, upon ascending to the throne, confirms the Sultan of Sulu as sovereign landowner of the territories of North Borneo/Sabah and the island of Palawan.
1761 - Alexander Dalrymple, Madras representative of the British East India Company, entered into a lease agreement with self-proclaimed Sultan Muiz ud-Din for the rental of Sabah. The agreement permitted Dalrymple to set up a trading post on Balembangan island in Kudat North Borneo (Sabah).
Source: "Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples" by Josiah C. Ang, PM
1878 - Sulu Sultan Jamal ul-Alam leases North Borneo to the Hong Kong-based British trading company of Baron Gustavos von Overbeck and Alfred Dent and confers upon Overbeck the title Datu Bendahara, Raja of Sandakan
Source: "Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples" by Josiah C. Ang, PM
1888 - The United Kingdom establishes protectorate over North Borneo
1939 - A group of heirs of the Sultan filed suit against the Government of North Borneo and the British North Borneo Company for the recovery of the stipulated annual payments. The High Court of the State of North Borneo, through Chief Justice Macaskie, rendered judgment in favor of the heirs on December 18, 1939.
Source: "The North Borneo Question" by Jovito R. Salonga
1941-1945 - North Borneo comes under Imperial Japanese forces during the Pacific War. Following the end of Japanese occupation, the British North Borneo Chartered Company relinquished its duties.
1946 - North Borneo becomes a British crown colony.
Source: ‘Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in Malaysia (1826–2000)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
1957 - The heirs of the Sultan of Sulu issue a proclamation declaring the termination of the lease contract over the territory in question effective January 22, 1958.
Source: "The North Borneo Question" by Jovito R. Salonga
1962 - President Diosdado Macapagal files the Philippines' claim over Sabah with the United Kingdom.
1963 - North Borneo or Sabah united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, forming the independent Federation of Malaysia.
United Nations conducted a referendum at the behest of the Philippines and Indonesia. The people of Sabah overwhelmingly voted to become part of Malaysia.
Source: "Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory" by Rodolfo Severino
1965-1986 - Relations improved between the Philippines and Malaysia during Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, but the dispute over Sabah was not formally settled.
Source: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 by Ooi Keat Gin
1967 - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is established. The Sabah crisis persists, but open military confrontation is avoided.
Source: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 by Ooi Keat Gin
1967 - A destabilization plan called Operation Merdeka is set into action. Nearly 200 Tausug and Sama Muslims aged 18 to 30 from Sulu and Tawi-Tawi were recruited and trained in the island-town of Simunul in Tawi-Tawi. The name of the commando unit was Jabidah.
On December 30, the recruits boarded a Philippine Navy vessel for the island of Corregidor in Luzon for "specialized training."
"This second phase of the training turned mutinous when the recruits discovered their true mission. It struck the recruits that the plan would mean not only fighting their brother Muslims in Sabah, but also possibly killing their own Tausug and Sama relatives living there," Paul F. Whitman wrote in "The Corregidor Massacre - 1968."
On March 18, 1968, the Jabidah planners led the trainees out of their Corregidor barracks on the night of March 18, 1968 in batches of twelve, according to the sole survivor, Jibin Arula. At a nearby airstrip, the planners mowed the trainees down with gunfire, Whitman wrote.
As a result, diplomatic relations were suspended between Malaysia and the Philippines.
1969 - Diplomatic relations between Malaysia and the Philippines are formally resumed
1977 - President Ferdinand Marcos declares at the second ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur that the Philippines is "taking definite steps to eliminate one of the burdens of ASEAN - the claim of the Philippines republic.
Source: "Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory" by Rodolfo Severino
Former President Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) and Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) continue to seek to improve relations between the two countries.
1993 - Ramos visits Malaysia
1994 - Malaysia Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981 - 2003) visits the Philippines
2001 - Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2000 - 2004, 2004 - 2009) visits Malaysia
Source: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 by Ooi Keat Gin
2013 - A group claiming to be the Royal Sulu Sultanate Army lands in Lahad Datu village in Sabah on February 12. A standoff ensued between the group and Malaysian authorities. The group turned out to be followers of Sultan Jamalul Kiram, who said his men will never leave Sabah.
Timeline: The centuries-old tug-of-war over Sabah | News | GMA News Online
A Filipino Standoff in Malaysia
By Luke Hunt
February 15, 2013
No sooner had fighting erupted in the southern Philippines than a group of about 100 armed men, dressed in fatigues, fled and crossed the maritime border into Malaysia’s eastern state of Sabah on the northeast coast of Borneo island. They have since been surrounded by authorities.
Malaysians are negotiating with the men in the hope that they will leave and avoid a potentially nasty confrontation, but details remain sketchy. The Philippines said the men left from Sulu, adding that the Philippine navy and military have since beefed up security around the country’s maritime borders.
Many suspect that the men are members of the much-loathed Abu Sayyaf, though this has not been confirmed.
Islamic militants and pirates have often used Sabah as a transit lounge en route from the southern Philippines to eastern Indonesia, receiving food and shelter from the state’s burgeoning illegal Muslim population.
This illegal population numbers in the hundreds of thousands, perhaps much more, and largely hails from Mindanao and the surrounding islands where Manila has battled insurgents for decades, forcing many to flee.
As mentioned in this column earlier this week, a serious push for peace has emerged with Philippine President Begnino “Noynoy” Aquino making an unprecedented visit to the troubled south where a framework agreement has been reached with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
At the same time, reports have emerged that the like-minded Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) has picked up arms against the Al-Qaeda-linked Abu Sayyaf, regarded by many as bandits for its history of kidnappings, murder, extortion and home-spun terrorist attacks.
Lahad Datu has long been a favorite spot in Malaysia for Abu Sayyaf militants on the move, who use the outpost to re-stock their supplies and rest before heading off to the next destination.
With their local knowledge and their taste for violence, Abu Sayyaf militants kidnapped 21 tourists from a nearby diving resort in 2000. In 1985, the group killed 11 people in a Lahad Datu bank robbery during a raid staged from the southern Philippines.
Their presence is a constant in the state. However, Sabah Tourism, which is more in-tune with tourist numbers than political realities, and the Malaysian government, which is going to the polls shortly, loath any hint of negative publicity and prefer to pretend such problems don’t exist.
The Abu Sayyaf are still holding hostages, many of them foreign, and have continued to carry out their antics on Malaysian soil – a hotbed for their activities since they rose to prominence 12 years ago under Galib Andang (a.k.a. “Commander Robot”.
Achieving a lasting peace in the southern Philippines has proved elusive and many doubt the current plan will succeed. But if peace does take hold there could also be ramifications for Malaysia. And the 100 armed men currently holed up in Sabah might not be the last to make the voyage across the Sula Sea.
Image credit: Flickr (thienzieyung)
A Filipino Standoff in Malaysia
"the map of the proclaimed Sultanate of Sulu"
Timeline: The centuries-old tug-of-war over Sabah
February 18, 2013 2:20pm
Malaysian cops, troops surround Filipino armed group in Sabah . Sabah Police Commissioner Hamza Taib (center) leaves after a meeting at a police base near Lahad Datu on Borneo island on Sunday. About 100 armed men holed up in a village in Sabah, Malaysia refuse to leave, saying they have links with the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines which has a historic claim over the northern tip of Borneo island. Malaysia police and army troops have surrounded the village, with navy boats patrolling nearby islands. Reuters/Bazuki Muhammad
Last week, over 200 allegedly armed men holed up in a village in the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah. Identifying themselves as the "royal army" of the Sultanate of Sulu in Mindanao, the group engaged Malaysian authorities in a standoff as authorities from both Philippines and Malaysia discuss ways to address the problem that traces its roots back to the 15th century.
15th century - The Islamic sultanate of Brunei is nominally in control of Borneo, including Sabah and Sarawak states of Malaysia, and some parts of the Sulu islands in the Philippines.
1658 - The Sultan of Brunei cedes Sabah to the Sultan of Sulu in compensation for his help in settling a civil war in the Brunei Sultanate
In June 1658, Brunei Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin awarded the northeast coast of Borneo (Sabah), including Palawan, to Sulu Sultan Salah ud-Din Karamat Bakhtiar for helping settle a civil war dispute against Pengiran Bongsu Muhyuddin.
The Sultan of Sulu sent more than 250 elite Tausug warriors led by Panglima Ilijji (forefather of Nur P. Misuari, founder of the Moro National Liberation Front/ MNLF) to assist the Sultan of Brunei.
1673 - Brunei Sultan Bongsu Muhyuddin, upon ascending to the throne, confirms the Sultan of Sulu as sovereign landowner of the territories of North Borneo/Sabah and the island of Palawan.
1761 - Alexander Dalrymple, Madras representative of the British East India Company, entered into a lease agreement with self-proclaimed Sultan Muiz ud-Din for the rental of Sabah. The agreement permitted Dalrymple to set up a trading post on Balembangan island in Kudat North Borneo (Sabah).
Source: "Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples" by Josiah C. Ang, PM
1878 - Sulu Sultan Jamal ul-Alam leases North Borneo to the Hong Kong-based British trading company of Baron Gustavos von Overbeck and Alfred Dent and confers upon Overbeck the title Datu Bendahara, Raja of Sandakan
Source: "Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples" by Josiah C. Ang, PM
1888 - The United Kingdom establishes protectorate over North Borneo
1939 - A group of heirs of the Sultan filed suit against the Government of North Borneo and the British North Borneo Company for the recovery of the stipulated annual payments. The High Court of the State of North Borneo, through Chief Justice Macaskie, rendered judgment in favor of the heirs on December 18, 1939.
Source: "The North Borneo Question" by Jovito R. Salonga
1941-1945 - North Borneo comes under Imperial Japanese forces during the Pacific War. Following the end of Japanese occupation, the British North Borneo Chartered Company relinquished its duties.
1946 - North Borneo becomes a British crown colony.
Source: ‘Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in Malaysia (1826–2000)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
1957 - The heirs of the Sultan of Sulu issue a proclamation declaring the termination of the lease contract over the territory in question effective January 22, 1958.
Source: "The North Borneo Question" by Jovito R. Salonga
1962 - President Diosdado Macapagal files the Philippines' claim over Sabah with the United Kingdom.
1963 - North Borneo or Sabah united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, forming the independent Federation of Malaysia.
United Nations conducted a referendum at the behest of the Philippines and Indonesia. The people of Sabah overwhelmingly voted to become part of Malaysia.
Source: "Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory" by Rodolfo Severino
1965-1986 - Relations improved between the Philippines and Malaysia during Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, but the dispute over Sabah was not formally settled.
Source: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 by Ooi Keat Gin
1967 - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is established. The Sabah crisis persists, but open military confrontation is avoided.
Source: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 by Ooi Keat Gin
1967 - A destabilization plan called Operation Merdeka is set into action. Nearly 200 Tausug and Sama Muslims aged 18 to 30 from Sulu and Tawi-Tawi were recruited and trained in the island-town of Simunul in Tawi-Tawi. The name of the commando unit was Jabidah.
On December 30, the recruits boarded a Philippine Navy vessel for the island of Corregidor in Luzon for "specialized training."
"This second phase of the training turned mutinous when the recruits discovered their true mission. It struck the recruits that the plan would mean not only fighting their brother Muslims in Sabah, but also possibly killing their own Tausug and Sama relatives living there," Paul F. Whitman wrote in "The Corregidor Massacre - 1968."
On March 18, 1968, the Jabidah planners led the trainees out of their Corregidor barracks on the night of March 18, 1968 in batches of twelve, according to the sole survivor, Jibin Arula. At a nearby airstrip, the planners mowed the trainees down with gunfire, Whitman wrote.
As a result, diplomatic relations were suspended between Malaysia and the Philippines.
1969 - Diplomatic relations between Malaysia and the Philippines are formally resumed
1977 - President Ferdinand Marcos declares at the second ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur that the Philippines is "taking definite steps to eliminate one of the burdens of ASEAN - the claim of the Philippines republic.
Source: "Where in the World Is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory" by Rodolfo Severino
Former President Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) and Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) continue to seek to improve relations between the two countries.
1993 - Ramos visits Malaysia
1994 - Malaysia Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981 - 2003) visits the Philippines
2001 - Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2000 - 2004, 2004 - 2009) visits Malaysia
Source: Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 by Ooi Keat Gin
2013 - A group claiming to be the Royal Sulu Sultanate Army lands in Lahad Datu village in Sabah on February 12. A standoff ensued between the group and Malaysian authorities. The group turned out to be followers of Sultan Jamalul Kiram, who said his men will never leave Sabah.
Timeline: The centuries-old tug-of-war over Sabah | News | GMA News Online
A Filipino Standoff in Malaysia
By Luke Hunt
February 15, 2013
No sooner had fighting erupted in the southern Philippines than a group of about 100 armed men, dressed in fatigues, fled and crossed the maritime border into Malaysia’s eastern state of Sabah on the northeast coast of Borneo island. They have since been surrounded by authorities.
Malaysians are negotiating with the men in the hope that they will leave and avoid a potentially nasty confrontation, but details remain sketchy. The Philippines said the men left from Sulu, adding that the Philippine navy and military have since beefed up security around the country’s maritime borders.
Many suspect that the men are members of the much-loathed Abu Sayyaf, though this has not been confirmed.
Islamic militants and pirates have often used Sabah as a transit lounge en route from the southern Philippines to eastern Indonesia, receiving food and shelter from the state’s burgeoning illegal Muslim population.
This illegal population numbers in the hundreds of thousands, perhaps much more, and largely hails from Mindanao and the surrounding islands where Manila has battled insurgents for decades, forcing many to flee.
As mentioned in this column earlier this week, a serious push for peace has emerged with Philippine President Begnino “Noynoy” Aquino making an unprecedented visit to the troubled south where a framework agreement has been reached with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
At the same time, reports have emerged that the like-minded Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) has picked up arms against the Al-Qaeda-linked Abu Sayyaf, regarded by many as bandits for its history of kidnappings, murder, extortion and home-spun terrorist attacks.
Lahad Datu has long been a favorite spot in Malaysia for Abu Sayyaf militants on the move, who use the outpost to re-stock their supplies and rest before heading off to the next destination.
With their local knowledge and their taste for violence, Abu Sayyaf militants kidnapped 21 tourists from a nearby diving resort in 2000. In 1985, the group killed 11 people in a Lahad Datu bank robbery during a raid staged from the southern Philippines.
Their presence is a constant in the state. However, Sabah Tourism, which is more in-tune with tourist numbers than political realities, and the Malaysian government, which is going to the polls shortly, loath any hint of negative publicity and prefer to pretend such problems don’t exist.
The Abu Sayyaf are still holding hostages, many of them foreign, and have continued to carry out their antics on Malaysian soil – a hotbed for their activities since they rose to prominence 12 years ago under Galib Andang (a.k.a. “Commander Robot”.
Achieving a lasting peace in the southern Philippines has proved elusive and many doubt the current plan will succeed. But if peace does take hold there could also be ramifications for Malaysia. And the 100 armed men currently holed up in Sabah might not be the last to make the voyage across the Sula Sea.
Image credit: Flickr (thienzieyung)
A Filipino Standoff in Malaysia