Strategic oil reserves

[PanzerKiel]

We neither have military reserves or national reserves for several months.

Right, thank you.

 

[niaz]

What I'm trying to get at, is there a USA type reserve in colorado I believe, which stores 25m barrels of crude oil. It is being constantly topped up.

Affirmative.... Actually there are many.

Sirs,

For your kind information; the USA stores its strategic reserves (crude oil only) in abandoned salt mine caverns at Bayou Choctaw- Louisiana, Big Hill near Beaumont- Texas, Bryan Mound, Free Port-Texas and West Hackberry, Lake Charles- Louisiana with a total capacity of about 720-million bbl. These reserves are currently almost full. At the time of planning in the mid-1970s; following Saudi Oil embargo on the US in wake of 1973 Egyptian Israeli war; the strategic reserves were meant to cover about 60 day US oil imports. It may however be noted that maximum withdrawal capacity from SPR is 4-million bbl per day.

SPR website:

https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve

According to my info, there is no crude oil reserve in Colorado like the SPR. However, some of the Shale Oil fields in Colorado have been designated as the 'Naval Strategic Reserves' that is, the oil deposits in these Shale oil fields are exclusively owned by the US Navy.

To the best of my knowledge, at nearly 300-million bbls, Japan has the second-largest reserves capacity in the world. I don’t know the actual size of the fuel in it, however, I understand that the storage consists of crude as well as products and covers a minimum of 115 days of imports.

Apart from the USA, India is the only other country that utilizes caverns for storage of about 37-million bbl of crude oil at Vizag, Mangalore, and at Padur-Karnataka good for about 10 days consumption. Pakistan has no facilities of similar nature.

 

[fatman17]

Thanks for the information.

Sirs,

For your kind information; the USA stores its strategic reserves (crude oil only) in abandoned salt mine caverns at Bayou Choctaw- Louisiana, Big Hill near Beaumont- Texas, Bryan Mound, Free Port-Texas and West Hackberry, Lake Charles- Louisiana with a total capacity of about 720-million bbl. These reserves are currently almost full. At the time of planning in the mid-1970s; following Saudi Oil embargo on the US in wake of 1973 Egyptian Israeli war; the strategic reserves were meant to cover about 60 day US oil imports. It may however be noted that maximum withdrawal capacity from SPR is 4-million bbl per day.

SPR website:

https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve

According to my info, there is no crude oil reserve in Colorado like the SPR. However, some of the Shale Oil fields in Colorado have been designated as the 'Naval Strategic Reserves' that is, the oil deposits in these Shale oil fields are exclusively owned by the US Navy.

To the best of my knowledge, at nearly 300-million bbls, Japan has the second-largest reserves capacity in the world. I don’t know the actual size of the fuel in it, however, I understand that the storage consists of crude as well as products and covers a minimum of 115 days of imports.

Apart from the USA, India is the only other country that utilizes caverns for storage of about 37-million bbl of crude oil at Vizag, Mangalore, and at Padur-Karnataka good for about 10 days consumption. Pakistan has no facilities of similar nature.

 

[ali_raza]

Exactly sir, I use high octane in my Honda City sometimes....

and my dad still use 91regular in his brand new Land cruiser lol

 

[niaz]

and my dad still use 91regular in his brand new Land cruiser lol

Sir,

Octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline to ‘Knocking’ or ‘Pinking’ during combustion in an internal combustion engine. Knocking/ Pinking is caused by the premature ignition of the air & fuel mixture.

Octane requirement of a particular model is always mentioned in the ‘Owner’s manual’ and is dependent upon the compression ratio of the engine fitted in that model. Higher compression ratio engines & where a supercharger/turbocharger is fitted would require higher octane fuel.

Using a lower Octane fuel than what is recommended by the manufacturer would cause the engine to run poorly and could damage engine & emission control systems. In older models, often the problem could be overcome by retarding the ‘timing’ of the ignition, but modern cars have computer-controlled ‘timing’ which cannot be adjusted.

Higher octane fuel would improve engine performance and emission by a small margin which may be important for the driving enthusiasts, but IMHO benefits of using higher than the manufacturer's recommended octane fuel in your car are not worth the extra cost of higher octane gasoline.

 

[ali_raza]

Sir,

Octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline to ‘Knocking’ or ‘Pinking’ during combustion in an internal combustion engine. Knocking/ Pinking is caused by the premature ignition of the air & fuel mixture.

Octane requirement of a particular model is always mentioned in the ‘Owner’s manual’ and is dependent upon the compression ratio of the engine fitted in that model. Higher compression ratio engines & where a supercharger/turbocharger is fitted would require higher octane fuel.

Using a lower Octane fuel than what is recommended by the manufacturer would cause the engine to run poorly and could damage engine & emission control systems. In older models, often the problem could be overcome by retarding the ‘timing’ of the ignition, but modern cars have computer-controlled ‘timing’ which cannot be adjusted.

Higher octane fuel would improve engine performance and emission by a small margin which may be important for the driving enthusiasts, but IMHO benefits of using higher than the manufacturer's recommended octane fuel in your car are not worth the extra cost of higher octane gasoline.

cant challenge ur knowledge but we have here 3 options
m98 special
m95 super
m91 regular
all of them r used in all cars
but my dad prefers the regular one cos he thinks super ones r for performance and he wants to go point a to b

Sir,

Octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline to ‘Knocking’ or ‘Pinking’ during combustion in an internal combustion engine. Knocking/ Pinking is caused by the premature ignition of the air & fuel mixture.

Octane requirement of a particular model is always mentioned in the ‘Owner’s manual’ and is dependent upon the compression ratio of the engine fitted in that model. Higher compression ratio engines & where a supercharger/turbocharger is fitted would require higher octane fuel.

Using a lower Octane fuel than what is recommended by the manufacturer would cause the engine to run poorly and could damage engine & emission control systems. In older models, often the problem could be overcome by retarding the ‘timing’ of the ignition, but modern cars have computer-controlled ‘timing’ which cannot be adjusted.

Higher octane fuel would improve engine performance and emission by a small margin which may be important for the driving enthusiasts, but IMHO benefits of using higher than the manufacturer's recommended octane fuel in your car are not worth the extra cost of higher octane gasoline.

lol my dad is old school kind a guy

 

[niaz]

cant challenge ur knowledge but we have here 3 options
m98 special
m95 super
m91 regular
all of them r used in all cars
but my dad prefers the regular one cos he thinks super ones r for performance and he wants to go point a to b


lol my dad is old school kind a guy

Kindly look at the Hand Book of your cars, it would mention the most suitable grade for the particular model. In case you don't have any info at all, I would go for 95 Octane petrol for cars up to the 2010 model. For older cars, 91 Octane should suffice because with wear & tear the compression of the engine usually drops a notch or two.

 

[ali_raza]

Kindly look at the Hand Book of your cars, it would mention the most suitable grade for the particular model. In case you don't have any info at all, I would go for 95 Octane petrol for cars up to the 2010 model. For older cars, 91 Octane should suffice because with wear & tear the compression of the engine usually drops a notch or two.

i will find that manual
btw in US the regular one is 83 if i remember correct

 

[niaz]

i will find that manual
btw in US the regular one is 83 if i remember correct

To the best of my info, 3 gasoline grades are normally available in the US market. Regular 87 Octane, mid-grade at 89 Octane, and the Premium at 93. Octane number displayed at the petrol stations in the USA is the average of RON & MON.

There are 2 ways of measuring Octane rating; RON (Research Octane Number) & MON (Motor Octane Number). MON uses a more rigorous method therefore it is always lower than RON. Depending upon the ratio of the produce from the Fluidised Cat Cracker in gasoline blend; MON Rating can be 8 to 10 lower than the RON. The nearest equivalent to the US Regular Gasoline-87 would be around 91 RON.

Incidentally, the New York Gasoline Futures refer to the RBOB (Reformulated Regular Gasoline Blendstock). Specifications do not allow any Oxygenates such as MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether); instead up to 10% Ethanol can be blended to improve Octane Rating. Each Futures Contract is 1000 bbls in size.

In 2006 GOP had also approved blending Ethanol (10% max) in the motor gasoline, do not know the extent of its use in the current Pakistani market.

P.S. No need to be impressed with my knowledge about gasoline, it is only because I have spent my entire working life in the oil industry.

 

[ali_raza]

To the best of my info, 3 gasoline grades are normally available in the US market. Regular 87 Octane, mid-grade at 89 Octane, and the Premium at 93. Octane number displayed at the petrol stations in the USA is the average of RON & MON.

There are 2 ways of measuring Octane rating; RON (Research Octane Number) & MON (Motor Octane Number). MON uses a more rigorous method therefore it is always lower than RON. Depending upon the ratio of the produce from the Fluidised Cat Cracker in gasoline blend; MON Rating can be 8 to 10 lower than the RON. The nearest equivalent to the US Regular Gasoline-87 would be around 91 RON.

Incidentally, the New York Gasoline Futures refer to the RBOB (Reformulated Regular Gasoline Blendstock). Specifications do not allow any Oxygenates such as MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether); instead up to 10% Ethanol can be blended to improve Octane Rating. Each Futures Contract is 1000 bbls in size.

In 2006 GOP had also approved blending Ethanol (10% max) in the motor gasoline, do not know the extent of its use in the current Pakistani market.

P.S. No need to be impressed with my knowledge about gasoline, it is only because I have spent my entire working life in the oil industry.

lol i was about to write how impressive ur knowledge is
but anyway whatever the situation one thing is sure
u loved ur job really well

 

[Blacklight]

Right, thank you.

To the best of my info, 3 gasoline grades are normally available in the US market. Regular 87 Octane, mid-grade at 89 Octane, and the Premium at 93. Octane number displayed at the petrol stations in the USA is the average of RON & MON.

There are 2 ways of measuring Octane rating; RON (Research Octane Number) & MON (Motor Octane Number). MON uses a more rigorous method therefore it is always lower than RON. Depending upon the ratio of the produce from the Fluidised Cat Cracker in gasoline blend; MON Rating can be 8 to 10 lower than the RON. The nearest equivalent to the US Regular Gasoline-87 would be around 91 RON.

Incidentally, the New York Gasoline Futures refer to the RBOB (Reformulated Regular Gasoline Blendstock). Specifications do not allow any Oxygenates such as MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether); instead up to 10% Ethanol can be blended to improve Octane Rating. Each Futures Contract is 1000 bbls in size.

In 2006 GOP had also approved blending Ethanol (10% max) in the motor gasoline, do not know the extent of its use in the current Pakistani market.

P.S. No need to be impressed with my knowledge about gasoline, it is only because I have spent my entire working life in the oil industry.

Sir, May the Almighty keep you safe!

Just confirming, adding Ethanol, increases output as well as cleaner burning engine?

Thank You

 

[niaz]

Sir, May the Almighty keep you safe!

Just confirming, adding Ethanol, increases output as well as cleaner burning engine?

Thank You

Honorable Blacklight,

Ethanol has an Octane Rating of 113, therefore its main use is as ‘Octane Improver’. Adding
10% by volume (European E10 Gasoline) blend increases the Octane Rating of gasoline by at least 2. Also because Ethanol (C2H5OH) has only 2 carbon atoms (8 in the ‘Octane’ hydrocarbon), it produces less carbon dioxide and hence better for the environment.

Ethanol's heat of vaporization (amount of energy required to vaporize) is 846 KJ/Kg whereas Heat of Vaporization of the hydrocarbons present in the gasoline ranges between 350 & 290 KJ/Kg, it helps to cool the engine thereby improving engine performance.

On the other hand, Ethanol fuel has been reported to cause engine burns and corrosion. Because Ethanol is relatively difficult to vaporize, a high percentage of Ethanol in gasoline would cause difficulties in 'starting' in the cold climates. Additionally, because industrial-grade alcohol used in the blend would have a maximum of 95% C2H5OH content (could be as low as 92%); E10 would have about 1% more water content than pure gasoline, hence lower mileage per gallon. However, the adverse effects are negligible if the blend is limited to 15% max.

E85 (85% Ethanol) and even E100 grades are also available and used by car racing clubs & motoring enthusiasts. Understand E85 is sold in Australia as ‘Flex Fuel’

 

[kris]

India used to be like that.
Lately our government realised the need of such reserves and started increasing the pace of construction of such sites 15-20 years ago