[82] Clashes continue in Kurram Agency, Dawn Media Group, 25 November 2007, available at
http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/25/top10.htm.
[83] The Mahsud Scouts have forts at Milward and Salope, and a base located near Bara, in Khyber Agency (Orakzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, available at
Naval Postgraduate School - Page or Document Not Found Pakistan Gazetteer, 14 November 2007, p. 3419; Pakistan Gazetteer, 14 November 2007, p. 4288; Pakistan Gazetteer, 14 November 2007, p. 396; Afridi, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 6 February 2009, available at
http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Docs/Pakistan/Tribes/Afridi_combo.pdf).
[84] Iqbal Khattak, Mahsud Scouts commandant woos militants through Quran, The Daily Times, 30 April 2008, available at
Daily Times - Site Edition [Printer Friendly Version].
[85] Four kidnapped in Mohmand Agency, News International, 30 October 2008, available at
The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News.
[86] Security forces kill three militants in Darra operation, News International, 17 September 2008, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International.
[87] The Shawal Rifles have a fort on the Esha-Razmak Road in Dosali area of North Waziristan Agency, called the Girdi Rogha Fort (Militants kidnap 10 FC men in NWA, News International, 31 July 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International Tribe: Wazir-Utmanzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 January 2009; Pakistan Gazetteer, 14 November 2007, p. 1346).
[88] Wazirs-Ahmadzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 10 February 2009, available at
Naval Postgraduate School - Page or Document Not Found Asif Haroon Raja, A peep into Waziristan and Orakzai Agency, Asian Tribune, 11 July 2009, available at
http://asiantribune.com/07/11/a-peep-into-waziristan-and-orakzai-agency/.
[89] Fort at Jandola (Mushtaq Yusufzai and Irfan Burki, Operation launched in South Waziristan, News International, 27 May 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International).
[90] Camp at Manzai (Mushtaq Yusufzai, Forces pound militants hideouts in SWA, News International, 17 June 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International).
[91] Fort at Sararogha (Militants overrun paramilitary fort: Militia suffers heavy casualty, Dawn Media Group, 17 January 2008, available at
Top Sindh official transferred for stand on tariff issue | DAWN.COM).
[92] Fort at Seplatoi (Mushtaq Yusufzai and Irfan Burki, Operation launched in South Waziristan, News International, 27 May 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International).
[93] Fort at Serwakai ("Troops face tough resistance in SWA", News International, 23 June 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International Pakistan Gazeteer, 14 November 2007, p. 4389).
[94] Fort at Tanai (Wazirs-Ahmadzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 10 February 2009, available at
Naval Postgraduate School - Page or Document Not Found Pakistan Gazeteer, 14 November 2007, p. 4858).
[95] Camp at Tiarza (Mushtaq Yusufzai and Irfan Burki, Operation launched in South Waziristan, News International, 27 May 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International).
[96] Checkpost about twelve miles from Wana (Pakistani daily says 73 troops killed in tribal areas, News International, 12 September 2005, accessed via NewsBank; Salman Masood, A bomb kills 8 Pakistanis, and it is seen as a warning, New York Times, 3 October 2008, available at
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/world/asia/03iht-03pstan.17458262.html).
[97] Checkpost in Bermal Tehsil (5 officials missing in Waziristan attack, The Daily Times, 25 August 2008, available at
Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan).
[98] Two Pakistani border guards killed, 11 injured in North Waziristan blast, News International, 31 January 2006, accessed via NewsBank.
[99] The Thall Scouts have a post at Spinwam, in North Waziristan Agency (Tribe: Wazir-Utmanzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 January 2009; Pakistan Gazetteer, 14 November 2007, p. 4736).
[100] The Tochi Scouts headquarters are in Miramshah (Tribe: Wazir-Utmanzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 January 2009; Scouts HQ in Miranshah, News International, 8 December 2003, available at
Article: Pakistan: Rockets fired at school housing US security men. | AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy). They also have a fort in Mir Ali (Tribe: Wazir-Utmanzai, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 January 2009; Pakistan Gazetteer, 14 November 2007, p. 5015).
[101] FC Baluchistan (which contains 13 units) is not based in NWFP and has not been deployed there. It is included in this order of battle merely to give a more complete picture of the military structure.
[102] Amanullah Kasi, No military operation launched in Balochistan, says FC, Dawn Media Group, 3 August 2008, available at
Toppers say load-shedding undermined their studies | DAWN.COM.
[103] The FC in Baluchistan also provide support during natural disasters and internal conflict and play a significant role in anti-smuggling and -narcotics (Passing Out of 41st Baloch batch, Pakistan Press International, 1 July 2006, accessed via HighBeam Research).
[104] FC foils subversive attempt in Dera Bugti, Pakistan Press International, 8 December 2004, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[105] Governor visits HQ Chagai Militia, Pakistan Press International, 14 December 2006, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[106] CM lauds FC role in maintaining peace, Pakistan Press International, 24 February 2005, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[107] Police, FC flag march, Pakistan Press International, 5 January 2009, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[108] Corps Commander takes aerial visit of Quetta, Kalat, Pakistan Press International, 25 August 2005, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[109] Iran, Pakistan annual meeting, Pakistan Press International, 10 May 2009, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[110] FC rounds up 5 suspects along with arms, ammunition, Pakistan Press International, 2 February 2006, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[111] The Maiwand Rifles have a camp in Kohlu, however it is unclear whether it is their headquarters (FC constable died in rocket attack, Daily Times, 30 June 2004, available at
Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan.
[112] The Makran Scouts have posts in the Mand area of Turbat Tehsil (Rockets fired on Kohlu, Turbat, Dawn Media Group, 29 May 2005, available at
http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/29/top7.htm).
[113] Chaman-Boucher visits Chaman, Pakistan Press International, 15 June 2007, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[114] FC seize 330 Kg Charas, Pakistan Press International, 29 May 2009, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[115] The Sibi Scouts have a checkpost at Bibi Nani in Bolan (Sibi Scouts, unknown persons clash, Pakistan Press International, 16 June 2006, accessed via HighBeam Research).
[116] FC organize free medical camp at Subukzai, Pakistan Press International, 9 March 2007, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[117] IISS estimates up to 40,000 personnel in the Pakistan Rangers (Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 355). Cloughley estimates 25,000 to 30,000 personnel as of 2000, divided into three commands: Mehran Force (an internal security force working under HQ V Corps in Karachi), and two additional groups stationed along the border with India (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at
http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[118] Pakistan Rangers have subordinate HQ in Sialkot, Bahawalpur, and Rahimyar Khan (Janes Sentinel Security Assessment South Asia, Janes Information Group, 25 March 2009, accessed 29 June 2009, p. 10).
[119] They can also be deployed elsewhere as required by the internal security situation (Janes Sentinel Security Assessment South Asia, Janes Information Group, 25 March 2009, accessed 29 June 2009, p. 10).
[120] Composed of ten wings (Suspected Indian smuggler killed by Pak rangers, Press Trust of India, 15 September 2005, available at
Suspected Indian smuggler killed by Pak rangers - Express India).
[121] Rangers, BSF officials discuss cease-fire violation, Pakistan Observer, 14 October 2008, available at
http://pakobserver.net/200810/14/news/topstories05.asp.
[122] Education policy to focus on technical training: PM, The Nation, 2 May 2009, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[123] Foreign diplomats visit Rangers HQ, Daily Times, 17 December 2003, available at
Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan.
[124] Karachiites apprehensive on eve of May 12, as police summon 5000 extra cops, Pakistan Press International, 12 May 2009, accessed via HighBeam Research.
[125] The Frontier Constabulary is independent but associated with FC NWFP. It operates in the settled rather than tribal areas, and its 5,000 personnel are subordinate to the NWFP government. (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at
http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata....) Forces are organized into platoons of roughly 40-45 soldiers each (Abdur Rehman Abid, Taliban ambush FC convoy, foil Buner deployment, Dawn Media Group, 23 April 2009, available at
News agencies not to cover IPL | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM...). The Frontier Constabulary was involved in an April 2009 operation in Buner, for which eight platoons were deployed (Full-scale military operation likely in Buner, News International, 28 April 2009, available at
Today's Newspaper - The News International Abdur Rehman Abid, Taliban ambush FC convoy, foil Buner deployment, Dawn Media Group, 23 April 2009, available at
News agencies not to cover IPL | Latest news, Breaking news, Pakistan News, World news, business, sport and multimedia | DAWN.COM...).
[126] National police meeting held, News International, 23 June 2009, available at
http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=184485.
[127] In 2007, nearly 70% of the Frontier Constabulary were serving is Islamabad, Karachi, and Baluchistan (Ismail Khan, Govts writ weakening in NWFP, tribal areas, Dawn Media Group, 29 March 2007, available at
http://www.dawn.com/2007/03/29/nat2.htm).
[128] According to Cloughley, the 2,500 members of the Baluchistan Constabulary perform similar tasks to the Frontier Constabulary, but they report to the Interior Ministry rather than the provincial government (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at
http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). However, subsequent news reports paint a different picture of the constabularys history. According to these, the Baluchistan Constabulary was formed in 2003-2005 to minimize Frontier Corps responsibilities in the province. The government allocated Rs 4.1 billion to raise the Baluchistan Constabulary, and under the plan, 6,000 people would be recruited who, in addition to the existing 4,000 personnel of the Baluchistan Reserve Police, would form the 10,000-member Baluchistan Constabulary. (See: Monetary transfers to Balochistan drop, Daily Times, 22 June 2003, available at
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_22-6-2003_pg7_22; Ihtasham ul Haque, Rs9.6bn to be spent on law & order: officials, Dawn Media Group, 23 January 2004, available at
http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/23/top6.htm.)
[129] They are drawn from the local tribes and provide a mediating force between them (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at
http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). The Levies and Khassadars, along with the Frontier Corps, were established by the British as a first line of defense against tribal attacks on the NWFP. The second line of defense was provided by the Frontier Constabulary along the border. (Khalid Aziz, The importance of the Khyber operation, News International, 7 July 2008, available at
The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News.) According to a report by the FATA secretariat to the federal government, 6,779 Levies and 16,828 Khassadars are currently operating in FATA. In addition, the government is planning to recruit 5,000 additional Levies personnel and to increase the salaries and allowances of the Levies and Khassadars, also known as the tribal police. Levies personnel are provided with arms and ammunition by the government, unlike the Khassadars who use their own. (Khalid Kheshgi, 5,000 more Levies personnel being, News International, 31 July 2009, available at
http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=190764.)
[130] The National Guard has 185,000 personnel (Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 355). Unit representation based on: Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 355.
[131] The Janbaz Force has 100,000 personnel who are intended to serve close to their homes (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at
http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[132] The 60,000 members of the Mujahid Force are organized in battalions some with light air defense capability (Brian Cloughley, “Asia, Transition Time in Pakistan’s Army,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[133] The National Cadet Corps is drawn from universities and colleges (Brian Cloughley, “Asia, Transition Time in Pakistan’s Army,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[134] “35 more killed in Karachi rain-related incidents,” Pak Tribune, 20 July 2009, available at http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=217178.
[135] The Airport Security Force (ASF) is capable of guard, search, and escort duties but would be unable to defend an installation (Brian Cloughley, “Asia, Transition Time in Pakistan’s Army,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). The ASF training school is located in Karachi (“Pak remains no-fly zone for Indian aircraft,” ExpressIndia.com, 23 July 2002, available at http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12977).
[136] The Coast Guard (CG) is comprised of 2,000 members organized in three battalions (Brian Cloughley, “Asia, Transition Time in Pakistan’s Army,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). As of 2000, it operated about 30 small craft distributed along the coast, excluding Karachi port (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[137] Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[138] Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[139] IISS estimates 45,000 active personnel in the Air Force (“Pakistan,” The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354), while Jane’s estimates 65,000 active personnel with 10,000 in reserve (“Rearming Pakistan: Pakistan Country Briefing, part two,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 November 2008, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). Unit representation based on: “Pakistan Armed Forces: Aircraft Order of Battle,” Scramble, accessed on 30 June 2009, available at http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm. (Unable to verify this information with another source.)
[140] Shakil Shaikh, “Qamar Suleman appointed new air chief,” News International, 9 March 2009, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20828.
[141] Base in Peshawar known as PAF Camp Badaber. The PAF also has a satellite airbase in Kohat (used for emergency landing and recovery of aircraft, see: “Bangash,” Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 February 2009, available at http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Docs/Pakistan/Tribes/Bangash.pdf) and uses four NWFP civilian airfields (Bannu, Chitral, Miramshah, and Saidu) for the same purpose (see: “Pakistan Air Force Bases,” GlobalSecurity.org, 7 March 2009, available at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/airbase.htm). The Pakistan Air Force Academy is located in Risalpur (Nowshera District), and the PAF’s two cadet colleges (Garrison Cadet College and Cadet College Kohat) are located in Kohat (“Bangash,” Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 February 2009, available at http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Docs/Pakistan/Tribes/Bangash.pdf). Also, the PAF plans to raise a squadron of JF-17 Thunder aircraft by the end of 2009, and Air Chief Marshal Qamar Suleman has stated this squadron will be based in Peshawar (“Peshawar base to station JF-17 Thunder aircraft: air chief,” News International, 18 April 2009, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=173012).
[142] “PAF chief pays farewell visit to Chaklala airbase,” News International, 6 March 2009, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=165923.
[143] “Pakistan,” The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354.
[144] “Pakistan,” The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354.
[145] IISS estimates 22,000 active personnel in the Navy, including 1,400 Marines and 2,000 Maritime Security Agency personnel (“Pakistan,” The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354), while Jane’s estimates 24,000 active personnel with another 5,000 in reserve (“Rearming Pakistan: Pakistan Country Briefing, part two,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 November 2008, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[146] Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[147] “President Zardari appoints Noman Bashir new navy chief,” Associated Press of Pakistan, 5 October 2008, available at http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54658&Itemid=2.
[148] Located at PNS Dilawar (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[149] “Vice-Admiral Meenai new COMKAR,” News International, 8 November 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145531.
[150] These include the Naval Academy (PNS Rahbar) and Engineering College. However, the Navy’s tactical school is subordinate to COMPAK. (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata....)
[151] “Rear Admiral Muhammad Shafi promoted,” Associated Press Pakistan, 19 March 2009, available at http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7119...).
[152] In addition, COMCOAST is also responsible for carrying out operations and safeguarding against drug and human trafficking (“Rear Admiral Mahmood Ahmad Khan takes over Coastal Command of PN,” Pakistan Press International, 16 April 2007, accessed via HighBeam Research).
[153] Located at PNS Peshawar (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[154] “Wang says Pak, China have strong friendship bonds,” News International, 7 August 2009, available http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=84488.
[155] Located at PNS Haider. The majority of Pakistan’s fleet is based in Karachi, but the Navy also has facilities Port Qasim, Gwadar (PNS Akram), and Ormara (PNS Ahsan). (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[156] “Sandila takes charge as Commander Pakistan Fleet,” News International, 22 October 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=142489.
[157] “Briefs: Change of guard ceremony at Mazar-e-Iqbal,” News International, 10 November 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145922.
[158] Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[159] Unit representation based on: “Pakistan Armed Forces: Aircraft Order of Battle,” Scramble, accessed on 30 June 2009, available at http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm. Only No. 29, 111, and 333 Squadrons have been verified with another source (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[160] Located at PNS Mehran (“Pakistan Armed Forces: Aircraft Order of Battle,” Scramble, accessed on 30 June 2009, available at http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm).
[161] “Navy to get AEW aircraft and UAVs,” Daily Times, 30 January 2009, available at http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\01\30\story_30-1-2009_pg7_21.
[162] The squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, antisubmarine warfare, electronic warfare, tactical direction, and strike missions (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[163] The squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, antisubmarine warfare, electronic warfare, tactical direction, and strike missions (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[164] The squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, antisubmarine warfare, electronic warfare, tactical direction, and strike missions (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[165] Composed of approximately 1,000 personnel, the SSGN is responsible for conducting unconventional operations at sea and along the shoreline and also plays a minor role in the protection of individuals and facilities. Personnel are trained primarily with the army’s SSG in Peshawar, but sea-specific training is carried out at PNS Qasim. (Brian Cloughley, “Fleet Review, Pakistan’s small navy packs a punch,” Jane’s Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata....)
[166] Located at PNS Iqbal (“Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan),” Jane’s Amphibious and Special Forces, 24 June 2009, available at http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Amphibious-and-Special-Forces/Specia...).
[167] In 2006, Jane’s indicated that within two years the Marines would expand from its strength of 1,500 to about brigade-level (Robert Karniol, “Country Briefing: Pakistan – Plugging the Gaps,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 22 March 2006, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jdw/history/jdw2006/jdw13707.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=Special%20Forces%20(Maritime)%20(Pakistan)&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JDW&), however in January 2009, the IISS estimated 1,400 Marine personnel (“Pakistan,” The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354). Unit representation based on: “PNS QASIM,” Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm.
[168] Located at PNS Qasim (“Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan),” Jane’s Amphibious and Special Forces, 24 June 2009, available at http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Amphibious-and-Special-Forces/Specia...).
[169] “Passing-out parade of 29th batch of Pak Marines,” News International, 10 August 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=129238.
[170] The Marines have the additional responsibility for security along the Indus delta creeks, and a commando group of Marine personnel is also trained for special operations (“Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan),” Jane’s Amphibious and Special Forces, 24 June 2009, available at http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Amphibious-and-Special-Forces/Specia...).
[171] “PNS QASIM,” Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm.
[172] This battalion is currently providing manpower and professional expertise to the Navy for security at various locations in Pakistan, and it is also responsible for the security of Naval VIPs (“PNS QASIM,” Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm).
[173] This battalion is tasked with thwarting external threat to Pakistan’s territorial waters through its “creeks area” (“PNS QASIM,” Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm).
[174] The Army’s Command and Staff College and its School of Infantry and Tactics are located in Quetta (“Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment – South Asia,” Jane’s Information Group, 25 March 2009, accessed 29 June 2009, p. 13).
[175] While Brig. Syed Shahid Ali is the commander of the regimental depot. The Colonel Commandant, an honorary title given to the highest ranking officer in the regiment, is Maj. Gen. Mukhtar Ahmed (“Defence Day celebrated with,” News International, 7 September 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=134303; “Maj Gen Mukhtar Ahmed made new Col Commandant AJK regiment,” Pak Tribune, 28 September 2007, available at http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=120578).
[176] Abottabad is located in the NWFP, north of Islamabad and east of Pesahawar. (Lt. Gen. Shafaatullah Shah is the Colonel Commandant (“Shafaatullah appointed Colonel Commandant,” The Daily Times, 27 April 2008, available at http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\04\27\story_27-4-2008_pg7_17).
[177] Brig. Sikander Khan is the commander of the regimental depot, and Lt. Gen. Sabahat Hussain is the Colonel Commandant (Hasan Mansoor, “Winter threatens Pakistan quake survivors: aid agencies,” Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 2008, available at http://news.smh.com.au/world/winter-
[132] The 60,000 members of the Mujahid Force are organized in battalions some with light air defense capability (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[133] The National Cadet Corps is drawn from universities and colleges (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[134] 35 more killed in Karachi rain-related incidents, Pak Tribune, 20 July 2009, available at http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.php?id=217178.
[135] The Airport Security Force (ASF) is capable of guard, search, and escort duties but would be unable to defend an installation (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). The ASF training school is located in Karachi (Pak remains no-fly zone for Indian aircraft, ExpressIndia.com, 23 July 2002, available at http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=12977).
[136] The Coast Guard (CG) is comprised of 2,000 members organized in three battalions (Brian Cloughley, Asia, Transition Time in Pakistans Army, Janes Intelligence Review, 1 April 2000, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). As of 2000, it operated about 30 small craft distributed along the coast, excluding Karachi port (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[137] Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[138] Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[139] IISS estimates 45,000 active personnel in the Air Force (Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354), while Janes estimates 65,000 active personnel with 10,000 in reserve (Rearming Pakistan: Pakistan Country Briefing, part two, Janes Defence Weekly, 13 November 2008, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...). Unit representation based on: Pakistan Armed Forces: Aircraft Order of Battle, Scramble, accessed on 30 June 2009, available at http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm. (Unable to verify this information with another source.)
[140] Shakil Shaikh, Qamar Suleman appointed new air chief, News International, 9 March 2009, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=20828.
[141] Base in Peshawar known as PAF Camp Badaber. The PAF also has a satellite airbase in Kohat (used for emergency landing and recovery of aircraft, see: Bangash, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 February 2009, available at http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Docs/Pakistan/Tribes/Bangash.pdf) and uses four NWFP civilian airfields (Bannu, Chitral, Miramshah, and Saidu) for the same purpose (see: Pakistan Air Force Bases, GlobalSecurity.org, 7 March 2009, available at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/airbase.htm). The Pakistan Air Force Academy is located in Risalpur (Nowshera District), and the PAFs two cadet colleges (Garrison Cadet College and Cadet College Kohat) are located in Kohat (Bangash, Program for Culture & Conflict Studies, Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 23 February 2009, available at http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCs/Docs/Pakistan/Tribes/Bangash.pdf). Also, the PAF plans to raise a squadron of JF-17 Thunder aircraft by the end of 2009, and Air Chief Marshal Qamar Suleman has stated this squadron will be based in Peshawar (Peshawar base to station JF-17 Thunder aircraft: air chief, News International, 18 April 2009, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=173012).
[142] PAF chief pays farewell visit to Chaklala airbase, News International, 6 March 2009, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=165923.
[143] Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354.
[144] Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354.
[145] IISS estimates 22,000 active personnel in the Navy, including 1,400 Marines and 2,000 Maritime Security Agency personnel (Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354), while Janes estimates 24,000 active personnel with another 5,000 in reserve (Rearming Pakistan: Pakistan Country Briefing, part two, Janes Defence Weekly, 13 November 2008, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[146] Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[147] President Zardari appoints Noman Bashir new navy chief, Associated Press of Pakistan, 5 October 2008, available at http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54658&Itemid=2.
[148] Located at PNS Dilawar (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[149] Vice-Admiral Meenai new COMKAR, News International, 8 November 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145531.
[150] These include the Naval Academy (PNS Rahbar) and Engineering College. However, the Navys tactical school is subordinate to COMPAK. (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata....)
[151] Rear Admiral Muhammad Shafi promoted, Associated Press Pakistan, 19 March 2009, available at http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7119...).
[152] In addition, COMCOAST is also responsible for carrying out operations and safeguarding against drug and human trafficking (Rear Admiral Mahmood Ahmad Khan takes over Coastal Command of PN, Pakistan Press International, 16 April 2007, accessed via HighBeam Research).
[153] Located at PNS Peshawar (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[154] Wang says Pak, China have strong friendship bonds, News International, 7 August 2009, available http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=84488.
[155] Located at PNS Haider. The majority of Pakistans fleet is based in Karachi, but the Navy also has facilities Port Qasim, Gwadar (PNS Akram), and Ormara (PNS Ahsan). (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[156] Sandila takes charge as Commander Pakistan Fleet, News International, 22 October 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=142489.
[157] Briefs: Change of guard ceremony at Mazar-e-Iqbal, News International, 10 November 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145922.
[158] Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jni/history/jni2000/jni00036.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=%22coast%20guard%22%20pakistan&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JNI&.
[159] Unit representation based on: Pakistan Armed Forces: Aircraft Order of Battle, Scramble, accessed on 30 June 2009, available at http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm. Only No. 29, 111, and 333 Squadrons have been verified with another source (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[160] Located at PNS Mehran (Pakistan Armed Forces: Aircraft Order of Battle, Scramble, accessed on 30 June 2009, available at http://www.scramble.nl/pk.htm).
[161] Navy to get AEW aircraft and UAVs, Daily Times, 30 January 2009, available at http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\01\30\story_30-1-2009_pg7_21.
[162] The squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, antisubmarine warfare, electronic warfare, tactical direction, and strike missions (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[163] The squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, antisubmarine warfare, electronic warfare, tactical direction, and strike missions (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[164] The squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance, antisubmarine warfare, electronic warfare, tactical direction, and strike missions (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata...).
[165] Composed of approximately 1,000 personnel, the SSGN is responsible for conducting unconventional operations at sea and along the shoreline and also plays a minor role in the protection of individuals and facilities. Personnel are trained primarily with the armys SSG in Peshawar, but sea-specific training is carried out at PNS Qasim. (Brian Cloughley, Fleet Review, Pakistans small navy packs a punch, Janes Navy International, 1 March 2000, Vol. 105, No. 2, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata....)
[166] Located at PNS Iqbal (Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan), Janes Amphibious and Special Forces, 24 June 2009, available at http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Amphibious-and-Special-Forces/Specia...).
[167] In 2006, Janes indicated that within two years the Marines would expand from its strength of 1,500 to about brigade-level (Robert Karniol, Country Briefing: Pakistan Plugging the Gaps, Janes Defence Weekly, 22 March 2006, available at http://search.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/mags/jdw/history/jdw2006/jdw13707.htm@current&pageSelected=allJanes&keyword=Special%20Forces%20(Maritime)%20(Pakistan)&backPath=http://search.janes.com/Search&Prod_Name=JDW&), however in January 2009, the IISS estimated 1,400 Marine personnel (Pakistan, The Military Balance 2009, Routledge (for The International Institute for Strategic Studies), 2009, p. 354). Unit representation based on: PNS QASIM, Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm.
[168] Located at PNS Qasim (Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan), Janes Amphibious and Special Forces, 24 June 2009, available at http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Amphibious-and-Special-Forces/Specia...).
[169] Passing-out parade of 29th batch of Pak Marines, News International, 10 August 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=129238.
[170] The Marines have the additional responsibility for security along the Indus delta creeks, and a commando group of Marine personnel is also trained for special operations (Special Forces (Maritime) (Pakistan), Janes Amphibious and Special Forces, 24 June 2009, available at http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Amphibious-and-Special-Forces/Specia...).
[171] PNS QASIM, Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm.
[172] This battalion is currently providing manpower and professional expertise to the Navy for security at various locations in Pakistan, and it is also responsible for the security of Naval VIPs (PNS QASIM, Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm).
[173] This battalion is tasked with thwarting external threat to Pakistans territorial waters through its creeks area (PNS QASIM, Pak Navy, accessed on 18 August 2009, available at http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/QASIM.htm).
[174] The Armys Command and Staff College and its School of Infantry and Tactics are located in Quetta (Janes Sentinel Security Assessment South Asia, Janes Information Group, 25 March 2009, accessed 29 June 2009, p. 13).
[175] While Brig. Syed Shahid Ali is the commander of the regimental depot. The Colonel Commandant, an honorary title given to the highest ranking officer in the regiment, is Maj. Gen. Mukhtar Ahmed (Defence Day celebrated with, News International, 7 September 2008, available at http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=134303; Maj Gen Mukhtar Ahmed made new Col Commandant AJK regiment, Pak Tribune, 28 September 2007, available at http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=120578).
[176] Abottabad is located in the NWFP, north of Islamabad and east of Pesahawar. (Lt. Gen. Shafaatullah Shah is the Colonel Commandant (Shafaatullah appointed Colonel Commandant, The Daily Times, 27 April 2008, available at http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\04\27\story_27-4-2008_pg7_17).
[177] Brig. Sikander Khan is the commander of the regimental depot, and Lt. Gen. Sabahat Hussain is the Colonel Commandant (Hasan Mansoor, Winter threatens Pakistan quake survivors: aid agencies, Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 2008, available at http://news.smh.com.au/world/winter-