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The only country in SCS we care is USA, we do not fear it,we care about it since it could make much trouble for us,but it can not stop that process,just remember that. Japan can not help you actually,If Japan interfere with this SCS issue, we have hundreds of plans to make trouble for it and stop it,so we do not worry Japan at all in SCS. Go and hold the hip of your father ,we wait for him,by the way ,your father claimed he will return years ago, but now, he still is in the Middle East.lolyes, Senkaku is island, Japan no need to make artefact island there.
2. Kansai Island
The designers envisioned an airport 2.5 atteslong and 4000 feet wide. The site selected was three miles from land and there the water depth was 60 feet. The water depth was not a serious impediment. The problem was the condition of the soil under the water. Soil immediately under the water was a soft clay called alluvial clay. This alluvial clay went down 100 meters. Japanese engineers had solved the problem of building in this soil. They would drive down pipes which would be then packed with sand. The pipes would then be pulled up leaving columns of sand in place to absorb the moisture in the alluvial clay. The uncertainty for the construction came from the layer of clay lying below the alluvial clay. This clay was called dialluvial clay and extended about one thousand feet down. The compressibility of this clay was uncertain and because of its depth nothing could be done to modify that compressibility.
The airport authorities had a number of experts estimate how much the airport island would sink as a result of the weight of its weight. The estimates ranged from 19 feet to 25 feet.
The official looked at the estimates of the degree of sinking and did what now seems to have been the worse possible thing. They accepted the smallest estimate, 19 feet, in what appears to have been wishful thinking. The design of the airport was then based upon a sinking of 19 feet.
The construction started in 1987. The alluvial clay was stabilized with sand columns as described above. The perimeter of the island was defined by means of 69 steel chambers which were sunk to the bay floor. These chambers were 75 feet in height and 75 feet in diameter. They weighed 200 tons each. The spaces between the chambers were filled with 48,000 specially shaped concrete blocks. Irregular stones weighing one to two tons were added to the walls.
The cavity within the walls was filled with rocks and coarse gravel to avoid the danger of liquification of earth-fill during an earthquake. The fill came two mountains which were leveled in the process.
The radicals, not to be denied their opportunity to commit violence, attached the quarries where the fill material for the island was being escavated. Altogether there were about two dozen attacks.
The island airport had to be linked to the land. That part of the project was started in 1987 and by March of 1990 the bridge link was completed, at a cost of $1 billion. The trussed bridge framework carried a railway on its lower level and a motor vehicle highway of the upper level.
By 1990 the island and its link to the land had been completed. Ten thousand people had worked on the project. The trouble was that the airport island was sinking more than the design provided for. The maximum estimate was 25 feet. The airport authorities took the minimum estimate of 19 feet.
The authorities added another 11.5 feet of fill at a cost of $150 million.
@mike2000 is back ---- this is Japanese Engineering.
Gotta respect the way of the Japanese. There is discipline and harmony in everything that is created.
We build for the purpose of survivability as well. The rapid construction in how the Chinese are building the islands in the SCS, for example, is alarming because we don't know if they are properly settling the foundation. The issue of erosion being a constant issue for man made islands, and issue of sand diversion being a reality. For example Kansai Island, literally took over 10 years to build and regular maintenance, note that we had employed over 10,000 emotes to construct that as well. For us, quality is always the issue. Not just quantity, tho our man made islands are larger than the ones our neighbors are making , combined.
However in China's case, the rapid development of these artificial islands is due to the imminent threat we face at the moment.
In the time that Japan had to build their artificial islands, it was under the protection of the United States so Japan did not need to rush as it faced no immediate threat, which is totally different in China's case.
For reference, China began island building literally months ago lol and they are already the largest islands currently in the SCS.
The perception of an immediate threat in the South China Sea by the neighbors, which include Vietnam, the Philippines, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, is low to nill. None of these neighboring countries would dare to strike or recapture any shoal or islet occupied by the PLA Marines, PLA forces. My view is that the Chinese should build for long term occupation, and should not rush, for structural stability sake.
Have you see Dubai's Palm Islands? Those islands take years to build , as the civil engineers responsible for dredging have to account for sand dispersion, and the issue of land sinkage, which is a reality for reclaimed land. This is why its so important to lay proper foundation (creating multiple intersecting layers of cement, stone) is so essential.
We build for the purpose of survivability as well. The rapid construction in how the Chinese are building the islands in the SCS, for example, is alarming because we don't know if they are properly settling the foundation. The issue of erosion being a constant issue for man made islands, and issue of sand diversion being a reality. For example Kansai Island, literally took over 10 years to build and regular maintenance, note that we had employed over 10,000 emotes to construct that as well. For us, quality is always the issue. Not just quantity, tho our man made islands are larger than the ones our neighbors are making , combined.
I don't disagree with your view, however China doesn't have 10 years to play around with when the threat is literally at our doorstep. Basically China needs a stationary presence in the SCS now amidst growing U.S. provocations and instigation in our backyard lake.
If others want to challenge our territorial rights to the South China Sea then that is a threat to our national sovereignty which we will have to defend. The way I look at it, these new islands China is building will serve as a launch pad to enforce territorial sovereignty in these heated times.
Your view that China should build for the long term occupation is true. We're most def planning for permanent occupancy of SCS.