Galactic Penguin SST
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March, 04, 2014
Before Iran’s outstanding achievement to produce such a high-tech tool, the country had no choice but to deliver its new high-speed missiles and aerospace vehicles to foreign countries for testing purposes, which potentially increased the risk of disclosure of the indigenous research information.
http://web.archive.org/web/20210111072608/https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2014/03/04/302957/iran-builds-advanced-supersonic-wind-tunnel
https://archive.vn/ofaYs
Before Iran’s outstanding achievement to produce such a high-tech tool, the country had no choice but to deliver its new high-speed missiles and aerospace vehicles to foreign countries for testing purposes, which potentially increased the risk of disclosure of the indigenous research information.
http://web.archive.org/web/20210111072608/https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2014/03/04/302957/iran-builds-advanced-supersonic-wind-tunnel
https://archive.vn/ofaYs
Well, North Korea has nonetheless disclosed indirectly the joint research focus on hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) missiles!
https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/iranian-second-space-strategic-rocket-launch-center.350247/post-12897132
https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/iranian-second-space-strategic-rocket-launch-center.350247/post-12901010
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Let's talk about wind tunnel testing for reentry vehicles.
The flight regimes for strategic RVs are incredibly harsh. In 30 - 45 seconds, the RV reaches speeds up to 7km/sec and ~200g acceleration loads. For reference, an AMRAAM reaches around ~1.5km/sec.
Hypersonic velocities are unattainable thru turbine-driven facilities. Instead, hypersonic tunnels store pressurized gas and blow them through expansion nozzles for short duration. The gas is then collected in vacuum chambers, like these at NASA Langley.
Expansion nozzles are key, allowing the gas to accelerate faster than Mach 1. Most of them look very similar to rocket nozzles; they can produce different flow characteristics depending on profile. Contoured nozzles are generally preferred.
As gas expands through the nozzle, its temperature drops dramatically—often to the point where it instantly liquefies. So testing gas must be preheated by thousands of degrees, typically with a plasma arc.
These capabilities are critical to reducing RV dispersion error. Of these variables TRW identified in a 1974 report, lift-related phenomena (especially uneven boundary layer transition) was the biggest contributor to inaccuracy.
The Polaris MK-1 and MK-2 RVs were tested in tunnels originally captured from Nazi Germany. Tunnels 1 and 2 were first built in Peenemünde, moved to Koche after U.S. bombings, and finally brought to White Oak, Maryland in 1946.
Given these characteristics, tunnels can be easily identified through satellite imagery. See the visible vacuum tanks, pressure lines, and gas tanks at India's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and Orbital's GASL shock tube (not an arc-jet).
https://archive.vn/MKGEW/25568bc4680519c97659fac9f5ce3a0202065d87.jpg ; https://archive.vn/MKGEW/ad4aa0dcbdcdc9ad08e57a20a8b1c561ca779e14/scr.png ;
https://web.archive.org/web/20210112082352/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EAgggEBXkAMsCFp?format=jpg&name=large ; https://twitter.com/divert_thruster/status/1155211679904555008
▲ 1. See the visible vacuum tanks, pressure lines, and gas tanks at Orbital's GASL shock tube (not an arc-jet).
Explosive forming has been mainly used in aerospace and aircraft industry to produce large parts for which conventional tooling costs are high. It involves the discharge of explosives located at a predetermined distance from the workpiece, and water is generally used as the energy transfer medium. Parameters for controlling pressure are the amount of explosive, the charge configuration, the distance from the workpiece, the energy transfer medium, and the pressure focusing elements.
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Dec 13, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kri13r81B7M
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Dec 13, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kri13r81B7M
Presence of power generation (for preheaters) or heat exchangers (for cooling) may also be useful signatures. But smaller facilities may be harder to spot. The JF-12 tunnel was reportedly used to test China's hypersonic vehicles, but it appears to be a covered facility.
These facilities could be shock-tubes, which operate for extremely short durations and are used for some subscale aerodynamic tests.
Large arc-jet tunnels are very useful for RV testing.
Pictured: suspected shock-tunnel facility at Iran's Imam Hossein University.
Last Iranian year (ended on 20 March 2013), Commander of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari had unveiled plans to produce the gigantic wind tunnel inside the country, saying the local scientists should design the supersonic wind tunnel capable of producing speeds of Mach 8.
https://archive.is/iMFMP/439afb2ca98258ab03f14d1581923cc0b444ad3f.jpg ; https://archive.is/iMFMP/47a246a20550892549f282e67bfdfcee85883288/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210111070443/https://i.imgur.com/v2oMpgs.jpg ; https://twitter.com/divert_thruster/status/1155211679904555008 ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210111072608/https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2014/03/04/302957/iran-builds-advanced-supersonic-wind-tunnel ; https://archive.vn/ofaYs ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170608145954/http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/2249244.html ; https://archive.vn/CxH3O
▲ 2. Mach 8 Shock-tunnel facility at Iran's Imam Hossein University completed in 2014.
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