Humanistic border, not nationalistic
India and Bangladesh have very close socio-cultural, linguistic and racial affinities, which evolved from a common historical legacy and geographical proximity. Without considering the ground realities and the people's socio-economic lives, Bengal was divided between India and Pakistan in 1947.
However, it did not matter initially to the people as the borders were virtually porous and they could visit each other freely. These intermingled ethnic groups continued their socio-cultural and economic activities, to the extent of getting into marriage alliances. However, these activities were legally put of with the partition of Bengal, and became difficult after the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 when the land and railways routes were stopped.
The poor people were forced to cross the boundary in search of socio-economic security. During the last decade, due to regional security threats and tightening of control on the borders such activities have become very difficult.
The Indo-Bangla border is the longest land border that India shares with any of its neighbours -- 4,096.7 km. Fifty-four cross-border rivers constitute riverine borders between the two countries.
There is much in common between the two neighbours, but trans-national terrorism, insurgency, smuggling and trafficking have spoiled the environment to the extent that cross-border firing and killings between or by the security agencies have become a regular phenomenon.
A Human Rights Watch Report (2010) stated that in the last decade more then 900 Bangladeshi and Indian nationals were indiscriminately killed by BSF. Hence, bilateral relations have become hostage of the irritants at the border, but the causes of insecurity remain unaddressed.
The Indo-Bangla border has 6.5 km of un-demarcated boundaries, which are spread over three sectors. The is disagreement because each would have to give up small portions of land which are at present in their respective possessions. However, in the 4th meeting of the Joint Boundary Working Group, both sides agreed to resolve the differences and demarcate the land boundary in all three un-demarcated sectors.
There are a number of exchangeable and non-exchangeable adversely possessed enclaves. India has 111 enclaves in Bangladesh and Bangladesh has 51 enclaves in India. In July 2001, the West Bengal government agreed to grant access between Dahagram and Angorporta through Tin Bigha Corridor under the Lease Agreements of 1982 and 1992.
In the 4th JBWG meeting, both sides expressed satisfaction at the electrification of Dahagram and Angarpota. With a view to implementing the decision to allow 24-hour unfettered access through Tin Bigha Corridor, both sides agreed to put in place all the infrastructure and security.
Due to these irritants, neither state is ensured freedom from fear or freedom from want of the people in border areas. They have increased the involvement of local people in crimes committed by violent non-state actors. Hence, the problem of terrorism, insurgency and border crimes correlates with the problem of underdevelopment, and all are a threat to sustainable peace and stability on the border.
Successive governments have remained tied up with a narrow conception of border management, which envisages nothing more than the establishment of static border posts, regular patrols, ambushes and so on. The Indian government has accorded topmost priority to erecting fences along the border.
Viewed against the backdrop of rapidly changing meanings of internal as well external security, it is apparent that border management is not simply a matter of policing along the border; it is an issue that needs a comprehensive and holistic treatment.
Indeed it is being increasingly realised now that border management must include defending the border in times of war; securing the border in times of peace; stopping unauthorised movement of people; coordinating intelligence inputs from various agencies and, above all, ensuring socio-economic development of the border areas.
With the problems being trans-national, a unilateral approach to border management cannot resolve them; only bilateral or multilateral approaches of development can ensure human security across the border. The ongoing bilateral Joint Working Group and JBWG meetings in Dhaka must realise that a humanitarian border is more stable than a nationalistic one.
* When the whole world is getting integrated, India and Bangladesh should also reduce the distance between each other. The Indo-Bangladesh border has a higher potential for trade than any other border of India. Therefore, both the governments need to take immediate measures for the removal of all the barriers to ensure legal trade. The implementation of the recommendations should not be nationalistic but humanistic. Both the countries have agreed to organise border haats on a pilot basis at Sunamganj and Kurigram from February 2011. Liberalising immigration and visa policy, and facilitating trade and investments are measures that could minimise illegal trade and migration across the border;
* Consequent to the LBA of 1974, the "Joint Indo-Bangladesh Guidelines -1975" were framed for the border forces of both the countries. The aim was to ensure cooperation between them to exchange information and intelligence at appropriate levels. The guidelines were meant to prevent development work of any nature within 150 yards on either side of the international border. However, both countries recently reached an understanding where India can have constructions at 12 points and Bangladesh at 11 points within 150 yards of the zero- line. This will create a conducive environment to remove the fear among the people of the border areas;
* In the 4th JBWG Meeting, both sides agreed that the issue of enclaves and adverse possessions should be addressed in a pragmatic manner and necessary steps should be taken to facilitate the exchange of these enclaves in the light of jointly assessed ground realities. Involving the border population in resolving border problems, particularly the problem of adversely possessed enclaves, or chittmahals, would build confidence among them. In reality, these are stateless people with no road, no electricity and no education;
* Bilateral mechanisms for the exchange of information on border areas, implementation of a single information system with databases, intelligence gathering, joint training and certification for personnel directly involved in border control activities would make a stable and peaceful border. At the recent meetings of BSF and BGB, both sides agreed on joint patrol to check terrorism, smuggling and trafficking, not to fire on innocent people, and also to develop awareness among the bordering people to obey the rules;
* India and Bangladesh have signed a deal of $1 billion soft loan, particularly for infrastructure building. Both have also agreed in principle to provide transit facilities to connect with Nepal and Bhutan and India's North Eastern states. Similarly, both the governments should also take up a comprehensive approach to develop infrastructure and people's livelihood in the border areas. These initiatives would help in filling critical gaps in the social and physical infrastructures on either side of the border, and also inculcate a sense of security and integration among the population of the eastern South Asian sub-region;
* Inclusion of local self-government and local people and civic bodies (gram panchayat and salish) would help in factoring the aspirations of the border population into a comprehensive border management policy. The coordination between the local law enforcement agencies, civil administration and civil society stakeholders can also help to build a humanitarian border.
Some of the recent initiatives may ensure freedom from fear, but freedom from want can only be achieved through a comprehensive border development approach. The border area population could be involved in holding of joint socio-cultural and economic activities like melas, haats, and cultural programmes.
In ensuring human security, sustainable peace and development both the countries should also establish joint ventures and develop business-related infrastructure on border areas, which will focus on improving employability and developing entrepreneurship. This would help to develop a humanitarian border.