how did china build its infrastructure ?

[Martian2]

China and Mongolia plan to jointly build new highway for coal transportation

"It's no coincidence that the Asian giant is the world's largest coal user. The world's fastest-growing economy is also the world's fastest-growing coal market, accomplishing what no other nation has by navigating industrialization, urbanization and modernization all at once.

China uses coal to fuel approximately 80 percent of its electricity for basic needs and for providing the steel that creates the foundation for its fast-growing cities. It is expected to use more electricity than the entire Western Hemisphere in as little as the next two decades as hundreds of millions of citizens transition from rural to urban lifestyles.

More steel is going into the ground in China than anywhere else in the world: In fact, China consumed enough iron and steel last year to rebuild the entire U.S. commercial air fleet. Perhaps that's why China accounts for more than 60 percent of the global metallurgical coal market, most of which is used domestically for steel production."

"Photo of a coal mine in Mongolia: Flickr/Wolfiewolf"

Highway to Datong China, near Mongolian border

China, Mongolia plan to jointly build new highway for coal transportation

"China and Mongolia plan to jointly build new highway for coal transportation
English.news.cn 2010-10-05 15:12:46

HOHHOT, Oct. 5 (Xinhua) -- A new highway linking China and Mongolia is expected to be jointly built by the two countries with a total investment of 2.51 billion yuan (around 375 million U.S. dollars), local authorities said Tuesday.

The new highway is planned to be 245 kilometers in length and will run from Mongolia's southwest Omnogovi Aymag Province to Ganqimaodu, a border town in China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, said a regional government official.

Two firms from China and Mongolia plan to set up a joint venture, which will be the main builder of the highway. The Mongolia firm will own 51 percent of the joint venture while the China firm the remaining 49 percent.

Construction of the highway is scheduled to be completed in two years.

The project plan had been submitted to the authorities of the two countries respectively, the official said.

The new highway was expected to improve coal transportation between the two countries, as well as promote economic development in China and Mongolia, the official said.

Trade between China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Mongolia reached 5.33 billion U.S. dollars and jumped 33.5 percent year on year over the first eight months of this year. As of Sept. 22, around 5.24 million tonnes of coal had been transported to China via Ganqimaodu."

 

[Martian2]

High-speed rail linking central, western China starts operation - People's Daily Online

"High-speed rail linking central and western China starts operation
10:19, February 07, 2010

With a speed of 350 kilometers per hour, the high-speed Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) train coded G2004 is about to leave Xi'an for Zhengzhou from Xi'an Railway Station in northwest China's Shaanxi Province on Feb. 6, 2010. (Xinhua/Ding Haitao)

A high-speed railway linking central China city Zhengzhou and northwestern city Xi'an, went into operation Saturday.

The 505-km Zhengzhou-Xi'an high-speed railway, the first of its kind in central and western China, cuts the travel time between the two cities from formerly more than six hours to less than two hours, said local railway authorities Saturday.

The first train left Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi Province, at 10:50 a.m. and arrived at Zhengzhou, capital of Henan Province, at 1:15 p.m., said Long Jing, head of the Xi'an Railway Bureau.

The train traveled at 350 kilometers per hour, said Long. A total of 14 trains would be traveling between Zhengzhou and Xi'an everyday, said Long.

The first train from Zhengzhou to Xi'an departed from Zhengzhou at 11:25 a.m. and arrived at Xi'an at 2:01 p.m., said Niu Jianfeng, spokesman of the Zhengzhou Railway Bureau.

With a speed of 350 kilometers per hour, a high-speed Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) train is being tested en route from Xi'an to Zhengzhou, in Tongguan, northwest China's Shaanxi Province on Feb. 4, 2010. (Xinhua/Ding Haitao)

The Zhengzhou-Xi'an high-speed railway, included in the country's "Mid- and long-term railway network plan", has been built since Sept. 25, 2005, with a total investment of about 35.31 billion yuan (5.17 billion U.S. dollars), said Niu.

"The Zhengzhou-Xi'an high-speed railway will meet the growing demand of of passenger and cargo transportation in central and western China, and help promote local development," said Wang Yongping, spokesman of the Ministry of Railways.

Henan is one of the major grain producers of China and an emerging economic and industrial powerhouse. This most populous province in China is also a major tourist attraction with a great number of sites of historical and cultural interests. Shaanxi boasts rich cultural resources and is endowed with rich natural resources such as coal, petroluem, and natural gas.

Passengers ride in the high-speed Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) train coded G2003 heading to Xi'an from Zhengzhou, central China's Henan Province, on Feb. 6, 2010. The first high-speed passenger railway in western China, which links Xi'an with Zhengzhou, started operation on Saturday morning. The 505-km line will help shorten the travel time between the two major cities to less than two hours from the current six hours. (Xinhua/Zhu Xiang)

The country's total railway coverage will be more than 110,000 kilometers by 2012 and 120,000 kilometers by 2020, according to the "Mid- and long-term railway network plan".

"By 2012, it will take less than eight hours to travel by train from Beijing to most provincial capitals in China," said Long.

Source: Xinhua"


For your information, in addition to the new high-speed rail, Zhengzhou also has new highways.

Zhengzhou Transportation: Flights, Train, Bus to/from Zhengzhou, China Highlights

Zhengzhou's new highway

 

[World_POV]

I am sure these pics are very inspiring for all the developing Countries.

Keep it up China

 

[Martian2]

The topic of this thread is Chinese infrastructure. We have covered Chinese cities (e.g. they look great!), dams, and highways. It is time to continue broadening our examination of China's infrastructure. Without due haste, let's proceed onward.

Shanghai's 1st modern streetcar line starts operation

Shanghai's first modern streetcar line begins operation in the east China city on January 1, 2010. There are 15 stations along the 9.8-kilometer route with a flat ticket fare of 2 yuan. It connects with Shanghai Metro Line 2 at Zhangjiang High Tech station. [Photo/Xinhua]

Passengers take a ride inside a modern streetcar in Shanghai on January 1, 2010. [Photo/Xinhua]

 

[Martian2]

Let's take a look at China's energy infrastructure.

Yuhuan, China’s most advanced coal-fired power plant, boasts a record-breaking efficiency of 45%—thanks to ultra-supercritical steam turbines supplied by Siemens (below)

According to the New York Times (see article below), "China has begun building [a new "Yuhuan-type ultra-supercritical coal-fired plant"] at a rate of one a month."

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/asia/11coal.html?_r=2&em

"China Outpaces U.S. in Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants

By KEITH BRADSHER
Published: May 10, 2009

TIANJIN, China — China’s frenetic construction of coal-fired power plants has raised worries around the world about the effect on climate change. China now uses more coal than the United States, Europe and Japan combined, making it the world’s largest emitter of gases that are warming the planet.

But largely missing in the hand-wringing is this: China has emerged in the past two years as the world’s leading builder of more efficient, less polluting coal power plants, mastering the technology and driving down the cost.

While the United States is still debating whether to build a more efficient kind of coal-fired power plant that uses extremely hot steam, China has begun building such plants at a rate of one a month.

Construction has stalled in the United States on a new generation of low-pollution power plants that turn coal into a gas before burning it, although Energy Secretary Steven Chu said Thursday that the Obama administration might revive one power plant of this type. But China has already approved equipment purchases for just such a power plant, to be assembled soon in a muddy field here in Tianjin.

“The steps they’ve taken are probably as fast and as serious as anywhere in power-generation history,” said Hal Harvey, president of ClimateWorks, a group in San Francisco that helps finance projects to limit global warming.

Western countries continue to rely heavily on coal-fired power plants built decades ago with outdated, inefficient technology that burn a lot of coal and emit considerable amounts of carbon dioxide. China has begun requiring power companies to retire an older, more polluting power plant for each new one they build.

Cao Peixi, the president of the China Huaneng Group, the country’s biggest state-owned electric utility and the majority partner in the joint venture building the Tianjin plant, said his company was committed to the project even though it would cost more than conventional plants.

“We shouldn’t look at this project from a purely financial perspective,” he said. “It represents the future.”

Without doubt, China’s coal-fired power sector still has many problems, and global warming gases from the country are expected to continue increasing. China’s aim is to use the newest technologies to limit the rate of increase.

Only half the country’s coal-fired power plants have the emissions control equipment to remove sulfur compounds that cause acid rain, and even power plants with that technology do not always use it. China has not begun regulating some of the emissions that lead to heavy smog in big cities.

Even among China’s newly built plants, not all are modern. Only about 60 percent of the new plants are being built using newer technology that is highly efficient, but more expensive.

With greater efficiency, a power plant burns less coal and emits less carbon dioxide for each unit of electricity it generates. Experts say the least efficient plants in China today convert 27 to 36 percent of the energy in coal into electricity. The most efficient plants achieve an efficiency as high as 44 percent, meaning they can cut global warming emissions by more than a third compared with the weakest plants.

In the United States, the most efficient plants achieve around 40 percent efficiency, because they do not use the highest steam temperatures being adopted in China. The average efficiency of American coal-fired plants is still higher than the average efficiency of Chinese power plants, because China built so many inefficient plants over the past decade. But China is rapidly closing the gap by using some of the world’s most advanced designs.

After relying until recently on older technology, “China has since become the major world market for advanced coal-fired power plants with high-specification emission control systems,” the International Energy Agency said in a report on April 20.

China’s improvements are starting to have an effect on climate models. In its latest annual report last November, the I.E.A. cut its forecast of the annual increase in Chinese emissions of global warming gases, to 3 percent from 3.2 percent, in response to technological gains, particularly in the coal sector, even as the agency raised slightly its forecast for Chinese economic growth. “It’s definitely changing the baseline, and that’s being taken into account,” said Jonathan Sinton, a China specialist at the energy agency.

But by continuing to rely heavily on coal, which supplies 80 percent of its electricity, China ensures that it will keep emitting a lot of carbon dioxide; even an efficient coal-fired power plant emits twice the carbon dioxide of a natural gas-fired plant.

Perhaps the biggest question now is how much further China can go beyond the recent steps. In particular, how fast will it move toward power plants that capture their emissions and store them underground or under the seafloor?

That technology could, in theory, create power plants that contribute virtually nothing to global warming. Many countries hope to develop such plants, though progress has been halting; Energy Secretary Chu has promised steps to speed up the technology in the United States.

China has just built a small, experimental facility near Beijing to remove carbon dioxide from power station emissions and use it to provide carbonation for beverages, and the government has a short list of possible locations for a large experiment to capture and store carbon dioxide. But so far, it has no plans to make this a national policy.

China is making other efforts to reduce its global warming emissions. It has doubled its total wind energy capacity in each of the past four years, and is poised to pass the United States as soon as this year as the world’s largest market for wind power equipment. China is building considerably more nuclear power plants than the rest of the world combined, and these do not emit carbon dioxide after they are built.

But coal remains the cheapest energy source in China by a wide margin. China has the world’s third-largest coal reserves, after the United States and Russia.

“No matter how much renewable or nuclear is in the mix, coal will remain the dominant power source,” said Ashok Bhargava, a China energy expert at the Asian Development Bank in Manila.

Another problem is that China has finally developed the ability to build high-technology power plants only at the end of a national binge of building lower-tech coal-fired plants. Construction is now slowing because of the economic slump.

By adopting “ultra-supercritical” technology, which uses extremely hot steam to achieve the highest efficiency, and by building many identical power plants at the same time, China has cut costs dramatically through economies of scale. It now can cost a third less to build an ultra-supercritical power plant in China than to build a less efficient coal-fired plant in the United States."

 

[Martian2]

China's offshore wind turbines

Wind blows in energy for Shanghai

"Wind blows in energy for Shanghai
English.news.cn 2010-07-07 09:00:21

BEIJING, July 7 (Xinhuanet) -- China's biggest offshore wind farm started transmitting power to the national grid yesterday morning through a submarine cable, authorities said.

The Donghai Bridge Wind Farm off Shanghai's coast, consisting of 34 three-megawatt wind-driven generators, can fuel more than 200,000 city households.

The capacity of the wind farm was only 102 megawatts, less than 1 percent of the city's current total power capacity of about 18,200 megawatts from traditional fuel electric plants.

But Shanghai Electric Power Co Ltd, the city's power supplier, said it was a good start for the application of clean energy in Shanghai.

"The operation of the Donghai Bridge Wind Farm provided good experience for the development of new energy," said Li Chonghe, vice general manager.

The company said that with the operation of the Donghai wind farm, the city could save about 86,000 tons of coal and reduce carbon dioxide by more than 234,700 tons every year.

Construction of the wind farm, located at the east side of the Donghai Bridge, was started in September 2008 and finished this February. Before operations officially started, the wind farm was on a trial run for more than a month, the company said.

The first batch of power generated by the wind farm is being transmitted to the World Expo site.

Meanwhile, construction of the Donghai wind farm's second phase has been approved for the west side of the bridge, authorities said. The total capacity of the second phase was also designed at about 100 megawatts, the company said.

The company said it plans to build another four offshore wind farms: one in the Pudong New Area, one in Chongming County and the other two in Fengxian District. The total capacity of wind power could reach 1,100 megawatts after the farms are finished.

The city's power capacity now amounts to 26,640 megawatts after including 8,440 megawatts brought in by the national grid from other provinces. Power demand is expected to peak at 26,000 megawatts during workday rush hours on extremely hot days this summer, officials said.

(Source: Shanghaidaily.com)"

 

[Martian2]

China's Suntech BIPV. Suntech Power Holdings Co. is the world's largest maker of polysilicon solar-power modules.

Huge solar station starts operation - China.org.cn

"Huge solar station starts operation
China Daily, July 19, 2010

The world's largest stand alone integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) project started transmitting power to the grid in Shanghai on Sunday in another move showcasing China's commitment to reduced carbon emissions.

The 6.68-megawatt solar system can produce 6.3 million kilowatt-hours (kwh) of electricity per year to meet the needs of 12,000 Shanghai households. It will cut coal consumption by 2,254 tons, while reducing carbon emissions by 6,600 tons.

The project has been installed on the awnings on both sides of the newly completed Hongqiao Station of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway. Its 20,000 solar panels cover a roof area of 61,000 sq m and have produced 300,000 kwh power since the 160 million-yuan project began operation two weeks ago.

"The project is another manifestation of China's commitment to reducing carbon emissions to fight climate change. It comes after the country set a voluntary target of cutting carbon intensity per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020," said Yu Hailong, general manager of the Beijing-based China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group (CECEP), the project's developer.

"As a pilot project, it will help stimulate the development of solar energy in China and promote the construction of more environmentally friendly railway stations," he said.

Chief engineer of the Ministry of Railway Zheng Jian said China will further encourage BIPV implementation at railway stations, which serve as an ideal vehicle to promote the technology.

A 2.2-MV BIPV system has also been installed at the Wuhan Station of the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-speed Railway. The system was connected to the national grid in May, CECEP deputy manager Chen Shuguang said.

"BIPV technology does not take up extra space, because it is integrated into buildings' design and construction. It is especially suitable for China's eastern areas, where there are limited land resources yet greater energy demand," Chen said.

The development of renewable energy has been topping the central government's agenda. It aims to have an installed capacity of 20 gigawatts of solar units and 100 gigawatts of wind power by 2020, official statistics show.

A number of world-class pilot projects have been completed this year in Shanghai, which is hosting the World Expo 2010.

They include the 4.6-MV solar energy generation system installed in the Expo Garden and China's first offshore wind farm, the 102-MV Donghai Bridge wind power project, which started transmitting electricity to the national grid in early July.

The government is also tendering for bids to develop 13 solar power projects with a combined capacity of 280 megawatts in the western regions, following last year's bidding for a 10-megawatt solar power plant in Gansu province's Dunhuang.

But Song Aizhen, of the solar energy branch of CECEP, said the government needs to come up with more detailed subsidy plans for renewable energies to encourage more active corporate investment.

"Take solar energy for instance - its cost is already three times that of thermal power, and BIPV technologies are even more expensive," she said.

'So government subsidies will be crucial to the technology's wider application.'"

 

[Martian2]

Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II

"Guangdong nuclear power station in foreground. Ling Ao nuclear power station in background."

Workers begin loading fuel into the reactor core of unit 1 of Ling Ao Phase II on April 22, 2010. A total of 157 fuel assemblies will be loaded into the reactor core in an operation expected to take five days to complete. The unit is scheduled to begin commercial operation by the end of 2010. (Image: CGNPC)

"Nuclear plant trainees working at a simulator in a Chinese training center, which uses the latest in digital equipment."

Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II

"Reactor starts up at Ling Ao II
11 June 2010

China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company (CGNPC) has celebrated the achievement of criticality at the first reactor of the Ling Ao II nuclear power plant.

Control rods were withdrawn from the core of the pressurized water reactor on 9 June, while concentrations of boron in the coolant water were reduced to create conditions for a sustained chain reaction. CGNPC then undertook 35 hours of zero-power tests that helped it verify the performance of the reactor core as well as instrumentation and monitoring systems.

The commissioning milestone of criticality comes before start-ups and shutdowns at low power, connection to the grid and a stepped increase to full power and commercial operation in around October. At that point it would become the 12th nuclear reactor to supply power to China and take total generating capacity close to 10 GWe.

The reactor is the third CPR-1000 to be built, representing a development from a French 900 MWe design imported in the 1990s: The CPR-1000 can deliver 1080 MWe and has a design life of 60 years.

CGPC noted the increased involvement of Chinese designers and suppliers, which reached about 50 per-cent with this unit. A subsequent reactor at Ling Ao II should have 70 per-cent local content - including the first Chinese-made pressure vessel. The figure is rising beyond 80 per-cent for the 12 other CPR-1000s currently under construction and beyond those another 13 are firmly planned which should use Chinese suppliers for over 90 per-cent of parts.

Researched and written
by World Nuclear News"

[Note: Thank you to "ANR" for the post.]

 

[Martian2]

Construction starts on new nuclear generator in east China's Fujian

"Construction starts on new nuclear generator in east China's Fujian
English.news.cn 2010-10-03 22:08:06

FUZHOU, Oct. 3 (Xinhua) -- Ningde Nuclear Power Plant in southeast China's Fujian Province has begun building its fourth generator, the company said Sunday.

It is the last of the four generators in the first phase of construction.

The nuclear power plant will begin operating in 2012; making it the first of its kind in the province.

The nuclear plant is expected to generate 30 billion kWhs of electricity every year; guaranteeing to provide a quarter of the province's annual power consumption, when all four generators are in full operation by 2015.

The nuclear plant will also save 12 million tons of coal every year or the equivalent of about 30 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions.

Ningde nuclear power plant, co-funded and jointly run by Guangdong Nuclear Power Group, Datang International Power Generation Co. Ltd., and Fujian Energy Group Co. Ltd, started the construction of its first generator in 2008.

Another nuclear power plant in the province, Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant, is also expected to commence construction of its fifth and sixth generators before the end of this year. It is expected to start operating in 2013.

Editor: Fang Yang"

 

[Martian2]

Whether the electricity is generated from Chinese ultra-supercritical coal-fired plants, 5 MW wind turbines, solar collectors, or nuclear reactors, the electric power is transmitted across China on super-efficient 1,000kv UHV alternating-current transmission lines.

High-voltage transmission towers

China leads in UHV power technology

"China leads in UHV power technology
(Xinhua)
Updated: 2009-04-16 14:38

BEIJING -- A spokesman of the State Grid Corporation of China (State Grid) said here Wednesday the country has become the world leader in the development of ultra-high-voltage (UHV) power transmission and [transformer] technology.

Two workers of Huaibei power company inspect the transformer substations in Huaibei, east China's Anhui Province, Jan. 29, 2008. [Xinhua]

In recent years, China has achieved an overall breakthrough in UHV core technology and the localization of UHV equipment, with more than 100 domestic manufacturers and suppliers participating in the manufacturing and supply of UHV equipment, Ma said at the annual General Meeting of the China Business Council for Sustainable Development (CBCSD).

In January 2009, the world's first 1000kv UHV Alternating Current transmission project, known as the Jindongnan-Nanyang-Jingmen UHVAC transmission project, was put into operation. It marks a breakthrough in the technology of long-distance, large-capacity and low-loss UHV power transmission.

The project has been organized and independently innovated by the State Grid, said the company official. So far, the State Grid has formulated 47 national standards and a whole set of specifications for UVH project design, construction, operation and maintenance, he said.

Ma said that the standard voltage of China's UHVAC is recommended as the international standard by the International Electro Technical Commission and the International Council on Large Electric System.

The International Electro Technical Commission has set up an HV Direct Current New Technology Board, with its secretariat based in China. It is the first time that the commission has placed the secretariat of a board in China, according to the State Grid official.

By 2012, the company plans to set up a large coal-electricity base linking together Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and other economically-challenged western parts of the country, as well as a UHV network for eastern and central load centers.

By 2020, the company will build up a synchronized power grid mainly consisting power grids of northern, eastern and central parts of the country. By then, the country's total transmission capacity of UHV power grid will have reached 300 million kw."

 

[Martian2]

ZTE awarded "2010 IPTV Equipment Vendor of the Year" accolade

IPTV is an acronym for Internet Protocol TeleVision.

ZTE IPTV technology

The end-to-end IPTV solution provided by ZTE consists of the Head End, Content Delivery Network (CDN), Middleware, Conditional Access/Digital Rights Management (CA/DRM) System, Set-Top Box (STB), and Network Management System (NMS), as shown in Figure 1.

IPTV is a fast-growing worldwide market. [Disclosure: My mother is one of the subscribers on the IPTV chart. She watches KyLin IPTV (e.g. 40 channels of Mandarin television programs) in the U.S.]

ZTE awarded "2010 IPTV Equipment Vendor of the Year" accolade - ZTE Corporation

"ZTE awarded "2010 IPTV Equipment Vendor of the Year" accolade
2010-09-29

29 September 2010, Shenzhen –ZTE Corporation, (H share stock code: 0763.HK / A share stock code: 000063.SZ), a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, has been recognized as the "Best Practice Award-2010 IPTV Equipment Vendor of the year", marking the second time it has received the accolade. It received the award based on research conducted by leading consulting company, Frost & Sullivan.

Among IPTV vendors, ZTE ranked third in the world IPTV middleware market in terms of subscribers in 2010 H1, and was the leader in the IPTV middleware markets of Asia and China in 2010 H1.

With the development of the global broadband market, IPTV content and application has become more important. As one of the latest broadband applications, IPTV has attracted industry attention.

As Europe, Asia and North America begin to experiment and play TV programs through the IP transmission network, market growth in IPTV is likely to accelerate. The number of global IPTV subscribers is likely to increase to 62.1 million by the end of 2010, and is tipped to reach 267.9 million in 2014. The global IPTV market revenue is likely to grow to US$17.5 billion until 2010 and is forecast to increase to US$46.5 billion in 2014.

According to the research, by 2014 most of the new subscribers are expected to come from emerging markets, with China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Thailand and Philippines tipped to account for 62.0 percent of additional subscribers between 2009 and 2014.

ZTE has great influence in some regional markets, such as Asia, South America and the Middle East. In the Asian IPTV middleware market in 2010 H1, ZTE was ranked No. 1 in terms of its financial position, investment level, and business prospects. In the China IPTV middleware market 2010 H1, ZTE was also ranked No. 1 by achieving the leading edge based on its long-term R&D effort and market performance.

On the basis of large-scale IPTV deployment with China Telecom, ZTE has cooperated with many other operators, such as VNPT, the largest operator in Vietnam; Telkom Indonesia, the largest operator in Indonesia; and CANTV, Venezuela's biggest operator.

"We are honored to win 'Best Practice Award-2010 IPTV Equipment Vendor of the year' again, We believe it is a significant milestone for ZTE's sustainable developments and a clear endorsement of our IPTV solutions by the industry." said Mr. Yu Yifang, Vice President of ZTE, general manager of service product line. "ZTE has been engaged in R&D and the industrial promotion of IPTV. ZTE has built the world's largest H.264 IPTV network and had 2.52 million subscribers as of June 2010."

ZTE also actively promotes IPTV application around the world. By the end of June 2010, ZTE's IPTV products have been sold to major IPTV markets in Asia, the Americas and Europe, with over 5 million users. The 2005–2010 compound growth rate of ZTE's IPTV products reached 60.0 percent, making ZTE the fastest growing mainstream IPTV system provider."

 

[Martian2]

China launches sixth Beidou-2 navigation and positioning satellite

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation said that China has independently developed the Compass II series of satellites into a network of global coverage of satellite navigation and positioning systems by 2020.

China launches 6th positioning satellite - People's Daily Online

The sixth orbiter into space as part of its satellite navigation and positioning network, which is known as the Beidou, or Compass, system, is launched on the Long March-3C carrier rocket at Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Xichang, southwest China's Sichuan Province, on Nov. 1, 2010. (Source: Chinanews.com.cn /photo: Wang Yulei)

"China successfully launched its sixth orbiter which will form part of its indigenous satellite navigation and positioning network on Nov. 1.

A Long March-3C carrier rocket carrying the "Beidou," or Compass, navigation satellite took off at 12:26 a.m. on Nov.1 from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China's Sichuan Province.

It will join five other satellites already in orbit to form a network, which will eventually consist of 35 satellites.

The network will provide satellite navigation services for Asia-Pacific regions by 2012 and global services by 2020.

The China Academy of Space Technology developed the satellite and the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology developed the carrier rocket."

File picture of an early model Beidou satellite.

A person stands next to an early model Beidou satellite to provide reference for its size.

Chinese Long March 3C launches with BeiDou-2 | NASASpaceFlight.com

"Chinese Long March 3C launches with BeiDou-2
October 31st, 2010 by Rui C. Barbosa

China has launched the sixth satellite in their growing navigation system on Sunday, via the launch of their Long March 3C (Chang Zheng-3C) launch vehicle, carrying the BeiDou-2 Compass-G4 satellite. The launch of took place from the Xi Chang Satellite Launch Center, in Sichuan Province at 16:26UTC on October 31.

Chinese Launch:

China’s constellation of satellites for the navigation system will eventually consist of 35 vehicles, including 27 MEO satellites, 5 GSO satellites and 3 IGSO birds. The satellites will transmit signals on the: 1195.14-1219.14MHz, 1256.52-1280.52MHz, 1559.05-1563.15MHz and 1587.69-1591.79MHz, carrier frequencies.

The BeiDou-2 was developed in the basis of the DFH-3 satellite platform and is expected to have a lifespan of eight years.

The Compass Navigation Satellite System (CNSS) is China’s second-generation satellite navigation system capable of providing continuous, real-time passive 3D geo-spatial positioning and speed measurement.

The system will be initially used to provide high-accuracy positioning services for users in China and its neighboring regions, covering an area of about 120 degrees longitude in the Northern Hemisphere. The long-term goal is to develop a global navigation satellite network similar to the GPS and GLONASS.

Like the American and Russian counterparts, CNSS will have two levels of service, ranging from a civilian service which will allow for an accuracy of 10 meters in the user position, 0.2 m/s on the user velocity and 50 nanoseconds in time accuracy; and the military and authorized users service, providing higher accuracies.

The first phase of the project will involve coverage of the Chinese territory, with the second phase covering the entire globe.

Previous BeiDou satellites for the second-generation satellite navigation system were launched on April 13, 2007 ‘Compass-M1′ (31115 2007-011A); April 14, 2009 ‘Compass-G2′ (34779 2009-018A); January 16, 2010 ‘Compass-G1′ (36287 2010-001A); June 2 ‘Compass-G3′ (36590 2010-024A) and July 31, ‘Compass-I1′ (36828 2010-036A).

This was the sixth flight of the CZ-3C Chang Zheng-3C launch vehicle. The vehicle was developed to fill the gap between the CZ-3A Chang Zheng-3A and the CZ-3B Chang Zheng-3B, having a payload capacity of 3,800 kg for GTO. This is a three stage launch vehicle identical to the CZ-3B but only using two strap-on boosters on its first stage.

The development of the CZ-3C started in February 1999. The rocket has a liftoff mass of 345,000 kg. The first two stages and the two strap on boosters use hypergolic (N2O4/UDMH) fuel, while the third stage uses cryogenic LOX. The total length of the CZ-3A is 54.838 meters, with a diameter of 3.35 meters on the core stage and 3.00 meters on the third stage.

The first launch of the CZ-3C Chang Zheng-3C launch vehicle took place on April 25, 2008 when it orbited the first TL-1 Tian Lian-1 tracking and data relay satellite.

This was the 134th successful Chinese orbital launch, the 133rd launch of a Chang Zheng launch vehicle, the sixth launch from Xi Chang in 2010, the 12th orbital launch for China in 2010, establishing a new total launch record for a year.

The Xi Chang Satellite Launch Centre is situated in the Sichuan Province, south-western China and is the country’s launch site for geosynchronous orbital launches.

Equipped with two launch pads (LC2 and LC3), the centre has a dedicated railway and highway lead directly to the launch site. The Command and Control Centre is located seven kilometers south-west of the launch pad, providing flight and safety control during launch rehearsal and launch. Down range Tracking and Control stations of the launch center are located in Xi Chang City and Yibin City of Sichuan Province, and Guiyang City of Guizhou Province. Each of them houses tracking and measurement equipment for the powered phase of a launch vehicle flight.

Other facilities on the Xi Chang Satellite Launch Centre are the Launch Control Centre, propellant fuelling systems, communications systems for launch command, telephone and data communications for users, and support equipment for meteorological monitoring and forecasting.

During 1993-1994, Xi Chang underwent extensive modernization and expansion, in part due to the requirements of the CZ-3 launcher family and in part to meet commercial customer needs.

The first launch from Xi Chang took place at 12:25UTC on January 29, 1984, when the CZ-3 Chang Zheng-3 (CZ3-1) was launched the Shiyan Weixing (14670 1984-008A) communications satellite into orbit. The launch of the new BeiDou-2 satellite was the 52nd successful orbital launch from Xi Chang.

Before the end of the year China plans other launches as the launch of the FY-3B Feng Yun-3B meteorological satellite, on November 4, the launch of the ST-1B Shen Tong-1B / ZX-20 (2) ZhongXing-20 (2) military communications satellite, and another launch for the Compass navigation system with the launch of the second BeiDou-2 IGSO (Inclined GSO) satellite of the system."

Note: Thank you to "Brotherhood," "stax," and "xuxu1457" for the post.

 

[Martian2]

Let's take a look at China's offshore energy infrastructure. "Since 1993, China has built about 13 of the 17 floaters currently operating in its waters. Some of these producing floaters have also been upgraded or had their lifespans extended."

China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading vessel (FPSO)

Helicopter landing on CNOOC FPSO

CNOOC finds pearl in Enping - Upstream Online

"CNOOC finds pearl in Enping

CHINA National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) has made a significant oil discovery in the Enping Trough of the Pearl River Mouth basin in the eastern part of the South China Sea.

Xu Yihe 18 June 2010 01:47 GMT

Hopes: Enping find raises CNOOC's expectations in the South China Sea

Industry sources said that the find could pave the way for a new standalone field development based around a floating production, storage and offloading vessel.

The discovery, which has yet to be publicly confirmed, was made through the drilling of exploration well Enping 22 in late May. The discovery well confirmed a pay zone thickness of more than 100 metres, one source said. Sources added that CNOOC could announce the discovery soon.

The well lies at a location about 100 kilometres south-west of the Panyu oilfield, which was just surrendered to CNOOC by Devon Energy in April and north of Block 28/20, which is being explored by Italy's Eni.

Industry officials suggested that oil reserves at the Enping Trough discovery could total up to 30 million cubic metres (190 million barrels), which could support a scheme to produce 30,000 barrels per day when production starts.

The field is 100 percent owned by CNOOC, which is understood to be planning to drill appraisal wells to further determine the size of the reserves.

Once confirmed, Enping could turn out to be the largest find to have been made in the shallow waters of the South China Sea in recent years.

Its discovery will be a boost for CNOOC's amibitions to double its domestic hydrocarbons supply, including liquefied natural gas imports, to 100 million tonnes per annum (2 million barrels of oil equivalent per day) by 2020. China's offshore output capacity is expected to reach about 1.4 million boepd by 2015, up from an expected tally of about 1 million boepd this year.

CNOOC has participated in major deep-water success on deep-water block 29/26 where operator Husky Energy has made multi-trillion cubic feet natural gas discoveries that are set to be developed. However, discoveries in the shallow-water areas at the Pearl River Mouth basin have been scarce in recent years potentially making Enping a new breakthrough.

CNOOC does have some acreage in the Enping Trough that is on offer to foreign companies for exploration. Block 27/06 is categorised as being in the region, though it is not immediately clear how close that acreage is to the Enping 22 discovery.

Well-placed industry officials said CNOOC is already thinking about building a new floater to develop the field once reserves and an overall development plan confirm that it justifies commercial production.

"The new discovery doesn't favour tie-back development, as the nearest producing field is about 100 kilometres away," said one source.

Since 1993, China has built about 13 of the 17 floaters currently operating in its waters. Some of these producing floaters have also been upgraded or had their lifespans extended.

Published: 18 June 2010 01:47 GMT | Last updated: 18 June 2010 01:47 GMT"

 

[Martian2]

China's Hai Yang Shi You 201, the "first deepwater pipe-laying [vessel] in Asia capable of operating at a water depth of 3,000 meters."

Press Center-Press Center-Deepwater Pipe-laying Vessel "Hai Yang Shi You 201" Docks for Debugging---Powered By SiteEngine

"On May 28, "Hai Yang Shi You 201" docked at the offshore engineering yard of Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industries for outfitting and debugging.

Invested upon by Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd. (COOEC), it is the first deepwater pipe-laying crane in Asia capable of operating in a water depth of 3,000 meters. With a Dynamic Positioning Class 3 System and a lifting capacity of 4,000 tons, "Hai Yang Shi You 201" is equipped to operate in unrestricted navigation outside the Arctic.

"Hai Yang Shi You 201" has integrated a number of world-class manufacturing technologies, and its detail design and construction were independently carried out in China. It belongs to the Eleventh Five-Year National Science and Technology Program and National High-Tech R & D Program, or 863 Program.

The project was launched in May 2005 and the construction began in September 2008. After the completion of "Hai Yang Shi You 201", COOEC is to take charge of its operation.

Release date: 28 May 2010"

China deepens its resolve on energy security > Oil News

"China deepens its resolve on energy security
OilOnline Managers posted on 7/13/2010

Chinese companies have stepped up their activities over the last year, and two recent reports from analysts Infield Energy Analysts and Wood Mackenzie suggest increased activity in the near future, especially as the NOCs venture into deeper waters.

In China's deepwater campaign, Infield forecasts a large-scale home-grown exploration and development campaign off China.

Over the next two decades, CNOOC plans to invest $30 billion in deepwater plays in the South China Sea with an aim to increase production of oil and gas to over 1 million b/d by 2020. Chinese NOCs, however, have little experience in deepwater operations, the report observes, as 98 percent of the country's operational platform infrastructure is within water depths of 500m or less.

China is moving into deepwater, though, and the DP3 Hai Yang Shi You 981 - the first deepwater semi to be designed and built in China - left the Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding yard in late February. It can operate in waters to 3000m and drill to 10,000m. Additionally, Rongsheng Heavy Industry has built a deepwater pipelay vessel. The Infield paper calls the construction of the semi and pipelay vessel 'China's first steps towards a deepwater campaign'.

Of CNOOC's $30 billion planned investment, $2.2 billion will be used to engineer and fabricate a deepwater MODU, $880 million will go to the fabrication of a 3000m water depth drilling vessel, and $440 million is earmarked for a deepwater pipelay vessel, the paper notes. CNOOC believes the South China Sea is the offshore equivalent of its Daqing oil field, which produced 1 million b/d at its peak.

So far, CNOOC has, as a partner, logged a few deepwater finds offshore China, including the Liuhua 29-1 field and the nearby Liwan 3-1. The latter's FEED is complete, and a development plan was submitted to regulatory authorities earlier this year. Liwan 3-1, discovered in 2006, was the first deepwater discovery in Chinese waters; it holds an estimated 100-150bcm of gas. About a month ago, Husky Energy, operator of both the Liwan 3-1 and Liuhua 34-2 fields, announced an appraisal at its Liuhua 29-1 discovery in 765m of water gave 'encouraging results'.

The Liuhua 29-1 field is Husky's third significant deepwater gas discovery in block 29/26.

Sinopec is also launching a deepwater program and has acquired a stake in block 18 offshore Angola. Sinopec's plan is to gain deepwater experience offshore Angola and use the experience to develop its deepwater assets offshore China, according to the report.

PetroChina has also acquired three deepwater blocks offshore Myanmar. The company plans to start deepwater exploration in the South China Sea in 2015.

In Wood Mackenzie's recent report Chinese NOCs step up international expansion, the firm said its review indicates intense activity over the last year will result in net overseas production reaching a new record level of 1 million boe/d in 2010 from CNPC/PetroChina, Sinopec and CNOOC combined.

'In total the three Chinese NOCs [i.e. National Oil Company] have committed nearly US$25 billion to asset and corporate acquisitions since April 2009, far exceeding previous annual spending,' says Norman Valentine, senior analyst at WoodMac. 'Until recently Wood Mackenzie has characterized international expansion by the Asian NOCs as relatively conservative. Acquisitions over the last 12 months have changed the picture - we estimate that the three Chinese NOCs alone accounted for nearly 20 percent of global deal value in the first quarter of 2010.'

WoodMac anticipates this increased activity will continue.

'With large-scale deals of over US$9 billion committed so far in 2010, we expect the Chinese NOCs to maintain high levels of deal activity,' Valentine says.

The firm estimates Chinese companies have accessed 2 billion boe of commercial reserves.

As a result, Valentine says, WoodMac expects the NOCs will produce over 1 million boe/d from overseas operations this year.

WoodMac concludes that while it may take some time for Chinese NOCs to be considered leading players in the industry's emerging resource segments, Chinese NOCs are well positioned to maintain high levels of corporate activity in the future and build on the milestone production levels of 2010. OE

By: Jennifer Pallanich
Issue: July 2010"

[Note: Thank you to "marchpole" for the picture of "Hai Yang Shi You 201" deepwater vessel.]

 

[mivy]

A Bushman is not taking an IQ test. Children or young adults in the same grade (e.g. at comparable levels of education) are taking identical exams.

Genetics is pretty easy to understand if a person doesn't have a closed mind. Are some populations shorter in stature than others? The answer is clearly "yes." The extreme example of pygmies in Africa come to mind. What is the cause of their height difference? Genetics.

Similarly, is intelligence a characteristic of human beings? Yes. What determines intelligence? The answer is the same. Genetics.

I don't believe in inborn IQ difference between different races(the question is stupid itself and not politically correct across the world). Maybe the cause is the different culture. Chinese use Chinese characters which may help Chinese (the same goes for other east-asian countries)do better in Pictures analysing or 3D imagination questions(common in IQ test) ,that's all.