Sweat bathing in Medieval Europe
www.mikkelaaland.com
I can’t believe I have to write this down right now, but my dear friends, medieval people bathed regularly. Yes. I assure you. I am very serious. It is true. In fact, medieval people loved a bath a…
going-medieval.com
Bathing during the Middle Ages
www.medieval-life.net
View attachment 959705
In the
Medieval period the term
hospital encompassed hostels for travellers, dispensaries for
poor relief, clinics and surgeries for the injured, and homes for the blind, lame, elderly, and mentally ill.
Monastic hospitals developed many treatments, both therapeutic and spiritual.
[34]
During the thirteenth century an immense number of hospitals were built. The
Italian cities were the leaders of the movement.
Milan had no fewer than a dozen hospitals and
Florence before the end of the fourteenth century had some thirty hospitals. Some of these were very beautiful buildings. At Milan a portion of the general hospital was designed by
Bramante and another part of it by
Michelangelo. The Hospital of
Siena, built in honor of
St. Catherine, has been famous ever since. Everywhere throughout Europe this hospital movement spread.
Virchow, the great German pathologist, in an article on hospitals, showed that every city of Germany of five thousand inhabitants had its hospital. He traced all of this hospital movement to
Pope Innocent III, and though he was least papistically inclined, Virchow did not hesitate to give extremely high praise to this pontiff for all that he had accomplished for the benefit of children and suffering mankind.
[57]
Hospitals began to appear in great numbers in
France and
England. Following the
French Norman invasion into England, the explosion of French ideals led most Medieval monasteries to develop a hospitium or hospice for pilgrims. This hospitium eventually developed into what we now understand as a hospital, with various monks and lay helpers providing the medical care for sick pilgrims and victims of the numerous plagues and chronic diseases that afflicted Medieval Western Europe. Benjamin Gordon supports the theory that the hospital – as we know it - is a French invention, but that it was originally developed for isolating
lepers and plague victims, and only later undergoing modification to serve the pilgrim.
[58]
Owing to a well-preserved 12th-century account of the monk
Eadmer of the Canterbury cathedral, there is an excellent account of
Bishop Lanfranc's aim to establish and maintain examples of these early hospitals:
So no,Ottomans weren't the first to establish hospitals for the common people.
The word
perfume is derived from the Latin
perfumare, meaning "to smoke through".
[3] Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient
Mesopotamia,
Egypt, the
Indus Valley civilization and possibly
Ancient China.
[4] It was further refined by the
Romans and the Muslims.
The world's first-recorded
chemist is considered to be a woman named
Tapputi, a perfume maker mentioned in a
cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia.
[5] She distilled flowers, oil, and
calamus with other
aromatics, then filtered and put them back in the still several times.
[6]
In 2003,
[8] archaeologists uncovered what are believed[
by whom?] to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in
Pyrgos,
Cyprus. The perfumes dated back more than 4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory
[8] housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In ancient times people used
herbs and
spices, such as
almond,
coriander,
myrtle,
conifer resin, and
bergamot, as well as
flowers.
[9] In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their olfaction receptors.
[10]
On the
Indian subcontinent, perfume and perfumery existed in the
Indus civilization (3300 BC – 1300 BC).
[7]
Now,get back on topic.
