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So much to say on your first line but I am afraid discourse would turn into a misdemeanour by some. Anyway, Balochistan was a disputed territory between Sindh and Persia. According to Chachnama (I believe), Rai Sahiras II of Sindh is believed to have died in a battle against the Persians in...

The Indus: where it has helped sustain civilization in lower delta it has also brought dissolution and destruction. Before the advent of the canal system, the Indus remained untamed and moody diverting itself away from the very civilizational settlements, plants, and animal lifeform it helped...

There are several. Most of the works were done by Arab scholars themselves. But if you want the comprehensive (yet concise) knowledge base in one place I recommend the book/thesis "Arabs in Sindh: 712-1026 AD" by John Jahangir Bede. He has covered some of the major historical sources who have...

Good find but a poor grasp of history. Islam, Muslims, and Arabs arrived in Sindh long before Ummayad Army. The Arabs were known to frequent Sindh for trade both before and after the Ummayad invasion and Sindis are also known to travel to Arabia/Hejaz. People who opposed the Ummayad regime and...

If there were no radiological, biological, and/or chemical agents/traces present they would not detect anything. They were there because, as I said before, people kept using the term "gas." I do not think soybean hull/dust qualifies as a biological agent.

They did not die at the same time. Deaths took place hours apart, even couple of days. This was largely a result of lack of awareness, anticipation, and availability of treatment options in less affluent government hospitals for respiratory failures due to exposure to soybean hull/dust. There is...

Pakistan has on more then one occasion displayed the mock ups of some of its missiles prior to their first flight-test.

It is a hybrid system and would continue to be so. Liquid-fuel is essential for a controlled flight. Solid-fuel cannot be controlled once it starts to burn up.

While Mansoor Ahmed is a significant voice as he has an aptitude for understanding weapon systems from both the strategic and technical/technological perspectives, I do not agree that Ra'ad-II is developed as an answer to Nirbhay (if that's what he means), even though it may inadvertently...

Technically, the air force has both the Ra'ad and Ra'ad-II. The Navy has Babur-III.

In some ways you are correct but we need to consider the period and timeline in which the JF-17 was conceived. The cost was a major issue in the late 1990s. Pakistan needs to be thankful for the fact that the Chinese avionics and weapon systems improved rapidly beginning mid-2000s. Otherwise...

Legalities and factualities asides: * SUPARCO is no longer responsible for missile development and hasn't been since the mid-1990s when NDC & PMO were created. * M-11 only serves as the basis for Ghaznavi not the others, though it may have been a testbed for testing technologies & components...

From what has been deduced over the years, PAF was seeking a qualitative yet cost-effective lightweight aircraft with a modular design that would be free of political risk. The concept of JF-17 was to develop an airframe from scratch with the Chinese/CAC help and then incorporate Western...

I agree with what you are saying. Point no.1 has been my argument as well. There is too much predictability with a limited range of the delivery system (missile) and endurance of the platform (submarine). Additionally, submarine technology has come a long way where equipping SLBMs on...

My dear, This discussion will only lurk between desirable and doable, without going into what is actually happening or will happen. MIRVed intercontinental SLBM would require larger submarines with VLS. We do not have such a boat and we cannot bet on the Chinese boats until we see what they...

The maximum range of Pakistan's ballistic missiles has been capped at 2750km (Shaheen-III). As per former DG SPD Gen (R) Khalid Kidwai, Pakistan does not intend on exceeding this range. There is no intent for developing an ICBM, which would be an overkill for credible minimum deterrence (CMD)...

It is a group of 8 Muslim states or Muslim majority states. Nigeria is standout as they keep their census 50%-50% between Muslims and Christians. Thus, India does not fit into this group. I do not see any country in the group possibly raising any objection to Pakistan's participation except for...

He served the longest and dedicated himself to SPD and its evolution. He also had prior experience with strategic organizations and had an academic aptitude for nuclear strategy making as well. Thus, he had better communication skills relating to nuclear deterrence and able to engage with...

There were some foundational issues with the USSR * Marxism was envisioned for European states that had gone through the industrial revolution and agrarian/farming society had been replaced by labourers society. More specifically the labour class replaced small farmers. On the other hand, the...

Conventional subs are also less noisy, more stealthy and more manoeuvrable. The flip side is that their missions are usually littoral (along the coast), which puts them in the reach of the enemy's ASW assets. If we can equip our subs with long-range SLCM (or even SLBM in the case of Chinese...