Surface To Air Missiles | Terror in the Sky.

[batmannow]

HQ-2 Surface-to-Air Missile

The HQ-2 (HongQi-2, HongQi = “Red Flag”) is a long-range, medium- to high-altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed from the HQ-1, a Chinese copy of the Soviet Almaz S-75 (NATO codename: SA-2 Guideline). The HQ-2 remained the sole weapon system in service with the PLA SAM forces to protect China’s key targets before the early 1990s. The PLA has been trying to find a successor to the forty-year-old weapon system but all attempts to develop an indigenous SAM have been unsuccessful so far. As a result, the PLA was forced to continue upgrading the HQ-2 with new technologies to extend its service life into the 21st century.

The S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile entered Soviet service in 1956. The PLA received a limited number of Soviet-made S-75 missile in early 1960 to arm its first two SAM battalions. On 8 October 1960, one of the SAM battalions used the S-75 missile to shoot down a U.S.-made RB-57D spy plane operated by the Taiwanese air force—the first ever example of using SAM to shoot down a plane in the world. In the next four years, the PLA SAM units shot down another three U.S.-made U-2 spy planes operated by the Taiwanese air force using the S-75 SAM.

While the S-75 SAM began to enter PLA service, a licensed production of the missile in China was also agreed. However, Moscow suspended all of its assistance to China and called back its advisers before the production could begin. The First Ministry of Machinery Industry and 5th Research Academy of Ministry of Defence took the lead in the reverse-engineering of the missile, and the first Chinese-built S-75 missile designated HQ-1 rolled out in 1964. By the mid-1960s, the S-75 and indigenous HQ-1 could no longer shoot down the U-2 after the U.S. added active jamming devices to its reconnaissance aircraft. The PLA urgently needed a SAM with strong electronic countermeasures capabilities.

In 1965 the PLA began to develop an improved SAM based on the HQ-1. 2nd Space Academy (now China Academy of Defence Technology, CADT) was responsible for the general system design, with 139 Factory and 786 Factory in charge of missile and ground station respectively. The main design targets were to improve the missile’s accuracy and resistance to enemy electronic jamming, as well as to increase the missile’s operational zone. The new SAM, which was designated HQ-2, passed its certification test in 1966. Since then, the HQ-2 has been produced in mass numbers for the PLA to protect China’s major cities, military bases, and industrial complexes. The PLA has also introduced a number of improved variants including the HQ-2A and HQ-2B in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

On 8 September 1967, the PLA air defence troops fired three SAM (two HQ-2s and one HQ-1) at a Taiwanese-flown U-2 spy plane, and one of the HQ-2 missiles hit the target despite the plane’s use of electronic jamming. The latest score of the HQ-2 SAM took place on 5 October 1987, when the PLA air defence troops shot down a Vietnamese Air Force MiG-21R (Fishebed-H) reconnaissance plane using the HQ-2 SAM near the China-Vietnamese border.

In 1984, the PLA conducted a series of HQ-2 tests against the Tuqiang-3 guided target missile. According to reports, the HQ-2 and the Tuqiang-3 were launched approximately 100km apart and the HQ-2 SAMs were fired in “salvo shots” of two to three missiles per Tuqiang-3. Four out of five target missiles were shot down. In more tests the following year, the HQ-2 shot down seven out of eleven guided targets. In light of these two tests, the PLA expanded the HQ-2’s role to include anti-missile functions

Design

The HQ-2 is a large two-stage missile designed to intercept high-altitude targets like strategic bombers and spy planes. Its radar guidance guarantees a single-shot hit probability of 68%, but according to the American's experience in the Vietnam War, this ratio drops sharply when the missile is used in a strong electronic jamming environment. The improved HQ-2B is said to have much improved capability against various active and passive jamming.

The second-stage of the HQ-2 missile is a large liquid rocket, which makes it inconvenient to be maintained and transported. Each missile is carried by a semi-trailer towed by a 6x6 truck, and needs to be loaded onto a fixed launcher before firing. The loading usually takes about 5 minutes but this really depends on the training and experience of missile operators.

The basic operational unit of the HQ-2 SAM is battalion, each including six fixed launchers, 18 spare missiles, early-warning radar, target illuminating radar (ground guidance station) and support units (command, power, communications, etc.)

HQ-2A

The modifications on the HQ-2 SAM began in 1973 to enhance the missile's low altitude target engaging and electronic countermeasure capabilities based on the experience of the Vietnam War. The firing tests of the HQ-2A were undertaken between 1978 and 1982, and the final design certification for batch production was issued in June 1984. The 144 modifications on the HQ-2A include increasing the horizontal firing angle to ±75° from the original ±55°; increasing the speed to 1,200 m/s from the original 1,150 m/s; increasing the G limit to 1.5G from the original 1G; adding optical/TV guidance system and improving the missile's electronic countermeasure capability.

actullly we need HQ-9 , immediatly?



HQ-9 Surface-to-Air Missile


Key Information
Type: Surface-to-air missile
PLA Designation: HQ-9
NATO Reporting Name: N/A
Contractor: CASIC 2nd Academy (China Academy of Defence Technology)
Service Status: PLA Air Force

Summary
The HQ-9 (HongQi-9) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather surface-to-air missile system developed by the China Academy of Defence Technology (also known as CASIC 2nd Academy), a subordinate of the China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation (CASIC). The HQ-9 was designed to engage multiple airborne targets such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters at all altitudes, with limited anti-ballistic missile capability. The HQ-9 is currently serving with both the PLA Air Force (SAM corps) and the PLA Navy.

The HQ-9 development began in the early 1980s, initially based on the U.S. Patriot air defence missile system that China obtained via an unknown third-party country. Like the Patriot, the HQ-9 uses a ‘Track-Via-Missile’ (TVM) terminal guidance system and was originally designed to be launched from a Patriot-style slant-positioned box-shape container launcher. The missile uses a two-stage solid rocket engine. Due to China’s substandard solid fuel rocket technology, the HQ-9 was seriously oversize – the first-stage was 700mm in diameter and the second-stage was 560mm in diameter. As a result, each launch vehicle could only carry two missile tube launchers.

After China obtained the S-300PMU SAM system from Russia in the mid-1990s, certain S-300PMU technologies were used to improve the HQ-9 design. The HQ-9 is believed to have benefited from S-300's solid rocket, aerodynamic layout, gas-dynamic spoilers, and launcher technologies. This has resulted in a modified HQ-9 which is ‘cold-launched’ vertically from a S-300-style tube launcher system. Four tube launchers are carried onboard a 8X8 TEL vehicle with cross-country capability.
The HQ-9 was initially developed to replace the PLA’s bulk of obsolete HQ-2 (Chinese copy of the Soviet/Russian SA-2 Guideline), but the slow progress in the development has led to the PLA’s decision to purchase additional S-300PMU missiles from Russia. By the time the HQ-9 was ready for operational deployment in the late 1990s, the missile was already behind foreign air-defence missiles such as U.S. PAC3 and Russian S-300PMU2 in capability and performance. Only a small number of the HQ-9 has been fielded by the PLA for operational trial and evaluations. The naval variant of the HQ-9 has been installed onboard the Type 052C destroyer commissioned in 2004.
The HQ-9 is reported to have a slant range of 200km up to an altitude of 30km. The missile has a proximity fuse with an effective range of 35m, which goes active when the missile is 5km away from its target. The missile is transported and launched on Taian TAS5380 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL), which has four canisters that look almost identical to those used in the S-300PMU1.

Guidance & Fire Control

The HQ-9’s guidance is very similar to that of the Patriot missile, consisting of inertial initial guidance + radio command midcourse correction + track-via-missile (TVM) terminal guidance. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the ground engagement control station. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted back to the missile via the command uplink.

The HQ-9 system reportedly uses a large HT-233 3D C-band mono-pulse planar phased array radar, which operates in the 300MHz bandwidth and has a detection range of 120km and tracking range of 90km. The radar can detect targets in azimuth (360 degrees) and elevation (0 to 65 degrees), and is capable of tracking some 100 airborne targets and simultaneously engaging more than 50 targets. The radar system is carried on a Taian TAS5380 8X8 heavy-duty cross-country vehicle.

The HQ-9 may also be compatible with the Russian tracking radar, making it suitable to be deployed in combination with the S-300.

FT-2000 Anti-Radiation SAM

In 1998 CPMIEC revealed a unique anti-radiation surface-to-air missile system FT-2000, which was designed engage airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and other electronic warfare aircraft at long ranges. Based on the HQ-9 design, the FT-2000 is fitted with a passive radar-homing seeker and is launched from a 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle carrying four missile tube launchers.

The FT-2000 is a scaled down version of the HQ-9 fitted with a passive radar seeker that homes the missile using the electronic emission of enemy AWACS and electronic warfare (EW) aircraft. When the missile detects and locks on to the radar or jammer, it can home on the target autonomously at 1,200m/s while sustaining a 14G overload. The FT-2000 can also be used in co-operation with friendly aircraft when the onboard radar warning receiver detects hostile signal. In addition, the FT-2000 missile has a built-in inertial navigation system, so that whenever it has acquired a lock-on, it will continue towards the target even if the emitter is shut down, although the missile's accuracy would seriously degrade in this case.

For the detection and localisation of hostile radar emissions and jammers the FT-2000 makes use of four ground-based Electronic Support Measures (ESM) sensor posts, each of which is mounted on wheeled vehicles and can together track 50 targets simultaneously. The ESM sensor posts are deployed at a distance 30km from each other. The missile launchers are deployed near the central ESM sensor station at a distance of 150 metres. Additionally, the missile can also be used in conjunction with surveillance and target acquisition radars.

Despite being regarded as the first of its kind in the world, the real effectiveness of the FT-2000 in operation was somehow doubtful. The missile caught great attention when it was first revealed in 1998, but did not enter production due to lack of interest from either domestic or international market.

Specifications
Missile dimensions: N/A
Launch weight: N/A
Propulsion: Two-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Slant range: Minimum 500m; Maximum 200km; or 30km against ballistic missile
Maximum speed: Mach 2
Guidance: TVM semi-active radar homing
Warhead: 180kg
System reaction time: 10 seconds
Single-shot hit probability: 70~90%

 

[batmannow]

S-300PMU (SA-10) Air Defence Missile System

The PLA Air Force (PLAAF)’s Surface-to-Air Missile Corps has been operating the S-300 (NATO reporting name: SA-10 Grumble) family of surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by Russian Almaz Central Design Bureau since the mid-1990s. The S-300 missile system was regarded as one of the world’s most effective all-altitude regional air defence system, comparable in performance to the U.S. MIM-104 Patriot system. The PRC remains the largest export customer of the S-300, mainly due to its incapability to produce a similar system domestically or acquire it from another country.

The PLA Air Force (PLAAF)’s Surface-to-Air Missile Corps has been operating the S-300 (NATO reporting name: SA-10 Grumble) family of surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by Russian Almaz Central Design Bureau since the mid-1990s. The S-300 missile system was regarded as one of the world’s most effective all-altitude regional air defence system, comparable in performance to the U.S. MIM-104 Patriot system. The PRC remains the largest export customer of the S-300, mainly due to its incapability to produce a similar system domestically or acquire it from another country.

The PRC ordered two battalions (eight batteries) of the S-300PMU (SA-10 Grumble) SAM system in 1991 and received them in 1993. The US$220 million package included 32 truck-towed 5P85T (KrAZ-260V) transporter-erector-launchers (TEL), each with four ready-to-launch semi-active radar homing 5V55U missiles and 4~8 spare missiles, totalling 256~384 missiles in the package. Some additional 120 spare missiles were ordered from Russia in 1994 to replace those fired in exercises.


PLAAF S-300PUM missile launch (Chinese Internet)

The contract to purchase two battalions (eight batteries) of the improved S-300PMU1 (SA-10A Grumble) system was signed in 1994 and the delivery took place in the late 1990s. The US$400 million package included 32 self-propelled 5P85SE/DE TEL vehicles and 196 TVM-guidance 48N6E missiles. 50% of the package was paid through barter and 50% in hard currency.

An additional two battalions (eight batteries) of the S-300PMU1 system was ordered in 2001 in a contract worth US$400 million. The packaged included 32 TEL vehicles and 198 missiles, also in the 48N6E model. These missiles were reportedly deployed in the southeast Fujian province across the strait from Taiwan.

In 2002, The PRC ordered two Altair S-300F Rif (NATO reporting name: SA-N-6) shipboard air defence missile complexes worth US$£200 million from Russia. Each of theses complexes consists of six large-size revolver vertical launching systems (VLS), housing eight ready-to-launch 5V55RM semi-active radar homing missiles each. These systems were installed on the PLA Navy’s Type 051C (Luzhou class) missile destroyers.

In 2003, the PRC finalised a contract worth US$980 million with the Russian state export agency Rosoboronexport to acquire four battalions (16 batteries) of the more advanced S-300PMU2 (SA-10B Favorit) system, which was introduced to the international market in 2001. The package included 64 self-propelled 5P85SE2/DE2 TEL vehicles and 256 improved 48N6E2 missiles, which has an extended range of 200km against aircraft and 40km range against ballistic missile. The first two battalions were delivered in 2007, and the rest two battalions are scheduled to be delivered in 2008.

By the end of 2008, the PLAAF will be operating a total of 160 S-300 launchers grouped into 10 SAM battalions (40 batteries). These launchers include 32 S-300PMUs, 64 S-300PMU1s, and 64 S-300PMU2s. Each launcher is equipped with four ready-to-launch missiles and 4~8 spare missiles. If taking additional spare and practice missiles purchased from Russia into account, the total number of missiles received by the PLAAF has amounted well above 1,000.

The acquisition of the S-300 system has significantly improved the PLA’s capability of denying Chinese airspace to enemy air forces. In particular, the latest S-300PMU2 system gives the PLAAF limited ballistic missile defence capability for the first time. As well as serving defensive roles, the missile system could also be used in a more “offensive” manner by deploying them close to the border to force enemy aircraft avoid entering their envelope, thus forming an airspace blockage over enemy territory.

However, the mere 160 launchers are barely adequate to provide cover for few key cities and strategic assets. A number of indigenous SAM development projects have been initiated since the mid-1980s, but none has been able to produce a capable SAM system of the S-300-class. As a result, the PLAAF is forced to continue relying on the obsolete HQ-2 SAM system based on the 1950s-era Soviet SA-2 Guideline technology to provide air-defence in most parts of the country. The PRC was reportedly seeking a licensed co-production of the S-300, but the request may have been turned down by Russia.

S-300PMU Missiles


5V55U air defence missile of the S-300PMU (Chinese Internet)

The vertically launched S-300 missile uses a single-stage solid propellant rocket motor. It is normally armed with a 100~150kg HE-fragmentation warhead with a proximity fuse, though a low yield tactical nuclear type is believed to be an alternative warhead option. The missile's vertical launch trajectory provides fastest available reaction time capability to counter targets approaching from any azimuth. Missile engagement altitude extends from 25m up to about 30,000m. The maximum engagement range is 120~150km. The missile is carried inside a sealed container-launcher cylinder and does not to require any check-ups or adjustments for a period of 10 years.

The initial version acquired by the PLA is the S-300PMU introduced in 1992 for the export market. The system features the improved 5V55U missile, which was developed from the 5V55R, The missile still utilised the older semi-active radar homing (SARH) terminal guidance but had an increased engagement envelope to give this missile roughly the same altitude capabilities as the newer 150km-range 48N6 missile.

The S-300PMU1 uses the improved 48N6E missile using the more advanced Track-Via-Missile (TVM) guidance similar to that used on the U.S. Patriot missile air defence system. The TVM guidance provides the 48N6E missile with anti-ballistic missile (ABM) capability as well as improved performance against aircraft. The S-300PMU2 (Favorit) uses a further improved 48N6E2 missile that has extended range and performance.

S-300PMU S-300PMU1 S-300PMU2
Missile Model 5V55U 48N6E 48N6E2
Maximum Velocity 2,000m/s 2,000m/s 2,000m/s
Launch Weight 1,470kg 1,780kg 1,800kg
Range (vs Aircraft) 150km 150km 195km
Range (vs Missile) 35~40km 40km 40~50km
Altitude 75km 75km 95km
Guidance Semi-active radar TVM TVM

HQ-15

There has been speculations that the PLA may be considering a licensed co-production of the S-300 SAM systems in China. The Chinese copy of the S-300 was reportedly designated HQ-15. Some reports suggested that Chinese-assembled S-300 missiles using Russian-made kits have already been tested by the PLA, but this cannot be confirmed. China has the capability to initiate such a co-production but the PLA may wish to use the S-300 technology to improve its own indigenous designs such as HQ-9 instead. Another possibility is that China will only produce the missile, but not the TEL vehicles and guidance radar, to save the overall costs of the programme.

S-300PMU Launch Complex

Each missile battery consists of four TEL vehicles (with 16 ready-to-launch missiles), a 30N6E Flap Lid B (also known as Tomb Stone) phased-array illumination and guidance radar, and a 76N6 Clam Shell low-altitude early warning radar At the regiment level, there is also a command post consisting of a combat control system mounted on a 8X8 MAZ 543 truck, and a 64N6E Big Bird early warning radar mounted on a semi-trailer towed by an 8X8 MAZ-7910 tractor truck.

The battery takes only five minutes to deploy once it comes to the halt. The vehicles have electronic inter-vehicle communications and data transmission links with elevatable pole-type antenna, and thus it does not require interconnecting vehicle cables. Each of the KrAZ-260 tractor truck has four hydraulic jacks positioned either side between the first/second and third/fourth road wheels which are lowered to the ground to provide a more stable and level environment.

Table: Equipments of a Typical S-300 Regiment
Designation NATO codename Qty Systems Purpose
5P85T 32 S-300PMU Truck-towed TEL based on KrAZ-260, each carrying four missile transport-launch containers (TLC)
5P85SE (master)
5P85DE (slave) 16
16 S-300PMU1/PMU2 Self-propelled 8X8 TEL based on MAZ-543, each carrying four transport-launch containers (TLC)
30N6E(2) Flap Lid B
(Tomb Stone) 8 S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 Phased-array illumination and guidance radar
76N6 Clam Shell 8 S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 Low-altitude early warning radar
96L6E 8 S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 Detection and target designation radar
83M6E(2) 1 S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 Command post including 54K6E(2) combat control system and 64N6E(2) early warning radar
54K6E(2) 1 S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 Combat control system
64N6E(2) Big Bird 1 S-300PMU/PMU1/PMU2 Early warning radar and IFF interceptor

 

[All-Green]

No doubt an advanced long range SAM is the need of the hour, but a SAM can never truly match a modern aircraft in bringing down an enemy aircraft. I am OK with current priority of PAF in modernization of combat aircraft first.
However i definitely agree that PA Air defence needs to be upgraded within 5 years time in parallel with acquisition of JF-17s, FC-20s, AEW&C.
We need a layered and completely integrated defence umbrella with enough density of firepower to counter much superior numbers of the potential invading forces. This shall and is taking time to develop but i am pretty hopeful we shall have a much better picture within few years.

The future maybe rail guns...
Rail guns using electromagnetically accelerated projectiles are being tested and as far as i have read, the projectile speeds attained were to the tune of 10-20km/s.
The extremely high muzzle velocity attained has raised the interests of many to be used in anti missile/anti aircraft defensive roles as well as offensive roles.
Using a small projectile of few kg, the kinetic energy imparted can ensure a damage comparable to a cruise missile.

The massive current required and heating of the rail gun are so far the bottleneck but i feel this technology is going to develop into a very amazing product.
Lets see how it goes.

 

[Arsalan]

We know that HQ-2Bs were deployed over Kahota when Indian AF Mig-25R came over Islamabad in 1997 and did a sonic boom before egress. HQ-2B or SA-2 is said to be high altitude Air defence system, so what went wrong?

actually nothing went wrong, it was just a measure to avoid further tension in Pak-India relations.

perhaps the story of the indian plane locked by our eagle and still not shot down last month is a perfect explanation of the case!!

 

[Arsalan]

and the HQ2z???

so do we have them still in operational conditions,,

if yes thats great, they are undoubtedly goog systems.

may be we can buy some new batteries of the same system and supplement them with low altitude missiles like anza and that can for a good defence shield.

For the anza i would like to see a multiple launch system, just as the cortal, perhaps four launch ready missile plus a few (eight) as back up that can be mounted and fired in short time. this combination of both anza and HQ2 will help to form a network where the more powerfull radars with HQ2 system may also help or enhance the abilities of the anza.

i mean its not a big deal, we have some knowledge of SAMz in shape of Anza (Mk I,MK II, and MK III) we jsut need to groom it and this will add great power to our military muscle!!

 

[Arsalan]

No doubt an advanced long range SAM is the need of the hour, but a SAM can never truly match a modern aircraft in bringing down an enemy aircraft. I am OK with current priority of PAF in modernization of combat aircraft first.
However i definitely agree that PA Air defence needs to be upgraded within 5 years time in parallel with acquisition of JF-17s, FC-20s, AEW&C.
We need a layered and completely integrated defence umbrella with enough density of firepower to counter much superior numbers of the potential invading forces. This shall and is taking time to develop but i am pretty hopeful we shall have a much better picture within few years.

The future maybe rail guns...
Rail guns using electromagnetically accelerated projectiles are being tested and as far as i have read, the projectile speeds attained were to the tune of 10-20km/s.
The extremely high muzzle velocity attained has raised the interests of many to be used in anti missile/anti aircraft defensive roles as well as offensive roles.
Using a small projectile of few kg, the kinetic energy imparted can ensure a damage comparable to a cruise missile.

The massive current required and heating of the rail gun are so far the bottleneck but i feel this technology is going to develop into a very amazing product.
Lets see how it goes.

you think it will be sensible to invest on a new and latest system rather than having the battle tested SAms, speciall keeping in view the budgetary constrains you yourself had pointedd to!!

 

[Arsalan]

By Batman Now
In 1984, the PLA conducted a series of HQ-2 tests against the Tuqiang-3 guided target missile. According to reports, the HQ-2 and the Tuqiang-3 were launched approximately 100km apart and the HQ-2 SAMs were fired in “salvo shots” of two to three missiles per Tuqiang-3. Four out of five target missiles were shot down. In more tests the following year, the HQ-2 shot down seven out of eleven guided targets. In light of these two tests, the PLA expanded the HQ-2’s role to include anti-missile functions

now this is the part of the SAM system that facinates me the most!!

 

[All-Green]

you think it will be sensible to invest on a new and latest system rather than having the battle tested SAms, speciall keeping in view the budgetary constrains you yourself had pointedd to!!

Not at all sensible for us to invest in rail guns, but i didn't suggest that WE develop it, now did I?

I was just informing the forum about the future plans of most advanced countries, read about the rail gun tests being carried out and it shall be of interest to you.
Whereas the electricity requirement is huge and heating is an issue, the range is great and also the ammunition is not going to be expensive at all since the Kinetic energy is off the charts so practically all you need in the form of ammunition is the mass of few kgs!
Certainly that is something worth keeping an eye on in the long run...

Anyways i am not suggesting that we develop this technology...as i am writing this post the electricity has just come back on after one hour (load shedding) so of course i am not suggesting that we try the rail gun as we are currently a few thousand Mega Watts short on electricity ourselves...

 

[Shiny Capstar]

A nice combo of long range high-alt systems to force enemy aircraft down closer to the ground and where possible destroy them, when low they should be engaged with shorter ranged SAM's and AAA. It wont clear the skies but it will act as air denial and can aid PAF when it is fighting defensively, (the new networking abilities will help). It could also aid the use of less advanced aircraft as they would have more of a chance to get in close where they have a better chance with enemy craft busy dealing with incoming SAMs.

You will want good EW capabilities to deny jamming as much as possible, the IAF hasn't any stealth aircraft and wont for some time so they wont be able to sneak in.

The MRCA winner will be a problem to deal with though.

 

[Tomahawk]

First of all there is no doubt that airforce should be strong enough do deal with any kind of eventuality by enemy, for that purpose you should have good jet fighters plus surveillance (ground based radars) and AEW (which PAF will have soon in form of Saab Erieye). Because the earlier the threat is identified the better it would be for PAF, because it will give ample amount of reation time to PAF to counter the threat. But having said all that there should be a very good network of SAMs as a second line of defence, specially in war-time when recation time is minimum.

 

[Arsalan]

can surface to air missiles also be guided via AWACS system?

 

[Arsalan]

A nice combo of long range high-alt systems to force enemy aircraft down closer to the ground and where possible destroy them, when low they should be engaged with shorter ranged SAM's and AAA. It wont clear the skies but it will act as air denial and can aid PAF when it is fighting defensively, (the new networking abilities will help). It could also aid the use of less advanced aircraft as they would have more of a chance to get in close where they have a better chance with enemy craft busy dealing with incoming SAMs.

You will want good EW capabilities to deny jamming as much as possible, the IAF hasn't any stealth aircraft and wont for some time so they wont be able to sneak in.

The MRCA winner will be a problem to deal with though.

that is exactly what i was talking about!

a strong network of SAMs will be a good defeinsive line specially in the wartime, specially keeping in view that our aim is to maintain a defeinsive deterance and have no offensive aims!

SAMz will not be good only for this but also will be good enough against the missile threat

now again. can anyone plz inform us about the current status of HQ2 with pakistan, do we have them?

 

[batmannow]

yes we have them.

 

[batmannow]

HQ-64 (LY-60) Surface-to-Air Missile

Land-Based SAM Ship-Based SAM
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Chinese Name: HongQi-64 (HQ-64)
Export Name: LieYing-60 (LY-60)

Contractor: Shanghai Academy of Space Flight Technology (CASC 8th Academy)
Service Status: In service with the PLAAF

Summary

The HQ-64 surface-to-air missile (SAM) was developed in the 1990s by the Shanghai Academy of Space Flight Technology, based on the Italian Alenia Aspide missile technology. The missile is available in both land- and ship-based versions, and has been promoted to the export market under the designation LY-60. The missile was previously thought to be for export only, but recent Internet-source photos confirmed that the missile is now in service with the SAM troops of the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) for short- to medium-range air defence role

Development History

The Aspide was derived from the U.S. AIM-7 Sparrow semi-active radar-homing medium-range air-to-air missile (MRAAM), but with a monopulse seeker replacing the conic scan seeker for improved accuracy and better resistance to jamming. The Aspide emulated the United States’ practice with the Sparrow to have evolved from an air-to-air missile into a multi-purpose missile that can be launched from land-, ship- and aerial-platforms.

China obtained a small number of the Italian Alenia Aspide missile in the 1980s, and later signed an agreement to co-produce the missile under license. However, due to the arms embargo imposed by the E.U. in 1989, the co-production of the Aspide missile was cancelled. However, Chinese engineers used the Aspide technology to develop an indigenous model with similar performance. The air-to-air version of the missile was later commissioned under the designation PL-11, while the surface-to-air version of the missile became the HQ-64/LY-60.

Design

The HQ-64 was designed to engage low-/medium-altitude fast jet targets, low-flying helicopters, and sea-skimming anti-ship missiles. The missile is guided by the radio command with artificial interference capability. It was claimed to be the only medium-low-altitude air defence missile in the world that uses microprocessor intelligent module technology.

The surveillance radar detects the target aircraft and then hands it over to the appropriate tracking/illumination radar unit for the engagement. The system continuous wave semi-active homing guidance principles, and, with the allocated assets, the battery can process up to 40 targets, track 12 and engage three of them simultaneously. The use of the moving target tracking processing system and frequency agility technology also gives the system good anti-jamming capability. System reaction time is 9 seconds.

Deployment

A typical land-based HQ-64 battery fire unit comprises one 4X4 truck-mounted surveillance radar, three 4X4 truck-mounted tracking/illumination radars, one emergency power supply vehicle, and six 6X6 truck-mounted transporter-launcher platforms. Each of the launch platform has five ready to launch missiles in individual sealed containers.

The fire unit is complemented by a technical support unit which comprises a transport and reloading vehicle, a test vehicle, an electronic maintenance vehicle, an electromechanical maintenance vehicle, a tools support vehicle, a spares and meter vehicle, and a power supply vehicle.

Specifications

Missile dimensions: Length 3.89m; Diameter 0.208m; Wingspan 0.68m
Launch weight: 220kg
Propulsion: Single-stage solid rocket
Operating altitude: 0.03~12Km
Operating range: 1~18km
Maximum speed: Mach 4.0
Guidance: Semi-active radar
Warhead: HE, prefabricated steel ball fragmentation type
System reaction time: 9 sec
Single shot hit probability: 60~80%

i guss, this system we need in quick time & with tot, i guss it will not be so difficult to get as they are from china!
the advocation of fighter aircrafts to counter, arial threats is a wrong approch, because even in the long term,PAF wouldnt be going to able to have 1000 ac's in its inventry, thus its very important to have 2nd line of air defences in place?
HQ-64 & HQ-9 , surly can provide the needed 2nd line of air defences , to pakistans key strategic locations & KEY(ATOMIC )INSTALATIONS, HQ-2 was good at its times, but now in crunnt circumstances, we need "HQ-64 & HQ-9" in good numbers because , it not only INDIA, which we are aimming as a threat?
as a frist muslim atomic capable nation, we should base our defences strategicaly locked on every front!


HQ-9 Surface-to-Air Missile

Land-Based HQ-9 /Shipborne HHQ-9

Key Information

Type: Surface-to-air missile
PLA Designation: HQ-9
NATO Reporting Name: N/A
Contractor: CASIC 2nd Academy (China Academy of Defence Technology)
Service Status: PLA Air Force

Summary

The HQ-9 (HongQi-9) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather surface-to-air missile system developed by the China Academy of Defence Technology (also known as CASIC 2nd Academy), a subordinate of the China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation (CASIC). The HQ-9 was designed to engage multiple airborne targets such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters at all altitudes, with limited anti-ballistic missile capability. The HQ-9 is currently serving with both the PLA Air Force (SAM corps) and the PLA Navy.

The HQ-9 development began in the early 1980s, initially based on the U.S. Patriot air defence missile system that China obtained via an unknown third-party country. Like the Patriot, the HQ-9 uses a ‘Track-Via-Missile’ (TVM) terminal guidance system and was originally designed to be launched from a Patriot-style slant-positioned box-shape container launcher. The missile uses a two-stage solid rocket engine. Due to China’s substandard solid fuel rocket technology, the HQ-9 was seriously oversize – the first-stage was 700mm in diameter and the second-stage was 560mm in diameter. As a result, each launch vehicle could only carry two missile tube launchers.

After China obtained the S-300PMU SAM system from Russia in the mid-1990s, certain S-300PMU technologies were used to improve the HQ-9 design. The HQ-9 is believed to have benefited from S-300's solid rocket, aerodynamic layout, gas-dynamic spoilers, and launcher technologies. This has resulted in a modified HQ-9 which is ‘cold-launched’ vertically from a S-300-style tube launcher system. Four tube launchers are carried onboard a 8X8 TEL vehicle with cross-country capability.

The HQ-9 was initially developed to replace the PLA’s bulk of obsolete HQ-2 (Chinese copy of the Soviet/Russian SA-2 Guideline), but the slow progress in the development has led to the PLA’s decision to purchase additional S-300PMU missiles from Russia. By the time the HQ-9 was ready for operational deployment in the late 1990s, the missile was already behind foreign air-defence missiles such as U.S. PAC3 and Russian S-300PMU2 in capability and performance. Only a small number of the HQ-9 has been fielded by the PLA for operational trial and evaluations. The naval variant of the HQ-9 has been installed onboard the Type 052C destroyer commissioned in 2004.

The HQ-9 is reported to have a slant range of 200km up to an altitude of 30km. The missile has a proximity fuse with an effective range of 35m, which goes active when the missile is 5km away from its target. The missile is transported and launched on Taian TAS5380 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL), which has four canisters that look almost identical to those used in the S-300PMU1.

Guidance & Fire Control

The HQ-9’s guidance is very similar to that of the Patriot missile, consisting of inertial initial guidance + radio command midcourse correction + track-via-missile (TVM) terminal guidance. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the ground engagement control station. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted back to the missile via the command uplink.

The HQ-9 system reportedly uses a large HT-233 3D C-band mono-pulse planar phased array radar, which operates in the 300MHz bandwidth and has a detection range of 120km and tracking range of 90km. The radar can detect targets in azimuth (360 degrees) and elevation (0 to 65 degrees), and is capable of tracking some 100 airborne targets and simultaneously engaging more than 50 targets. The radar system is carried on a Taian TAS5380 8X8 heavy-duty cross-country vehicle.

The HQ-9 may also be compatible with the Russian tracking radar, making it suitable to be deployed in combination with the S-300.

FT-2000 Anti-Radiation SAM

In 1998 CPMIEC revealed a unique anti-radiation surface-to-air missile system FT-2000, which was designed engage airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and other electronic warfare aircraft at long ranges. Based on the HQ-9 design, the FT-2000 is fitted with a passive radar-homing seeker and is launched from a 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle carrying four missile tube launchers.

The FT-2000 is a scaled down version of the HQ-9 fitted with a passive radar seeker that homes the missile using the electronic emission of enemy AWACS and electronic warfare (EW) aircraft. When the missile detects and locks on to the radar or jammer, it can home on the target autonomously at 1,200m/s while sustaining a 14G overload. The FT-2000 can also be used in co-operation with friendly aircraft when the onboard radar warning receiver detects hostile signal. In addition, the FT-2000 missile has a built-in inertial navigation system, so that whenever it has acquired a lock-on, it will continue towards the target even if the emitter is shut down, although the missile's accuracy would seriously degrade in this case.

For the detection and localisation of hostile radar emissions and jammers the FT-2000 makes use of four ground-based Electronic Support Measures (ESM) sensor posts, each of which is mounted on wheeled vehicles and can together track 50 targets simultaneously. The ESM sensor posts are deployed at a distance 30km from each other. The missile launchers are deployed near the central ESM sensor station at a distance of 150 metres. Additionally, the missile can also be used in conjunction with surveillance and target acquisition radars.

Despite being regarded as the first of its kind in the world, the real effectiveness of the FT-2000 in operation was somehow doubtful. The missile caught great attention when it was first revealed in 1998, but did not enter production due to lack of interest from either domestic or international market.

Specifications
Missile dimensions: N/A
Launch weight: N/A
Propulsion: Two-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Slant range: Minimum 500m; Maximum 200km; or 30km against ballistic missile
Maximum speed: Mach 2
Guidance: TVM semi-active radar homing
Warhead: 180kg
System reaction time: 10 seconds
Single-shot hit probability: 70~90%

As the threats of modern attack aircraft and helicopters grow, conventional anti-aircraft artillery weapons are no longer capable of providing the air defence cover the ground forces need in battlefield.

 

[Arsalan]

HQ-64 (LY-60) Surface-to-Air Missile

Land-Based SAM Ship-Based SAM
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Chinese Name: HongQi-64 (HQ-64)
Export Name: LieYing-60 (LY-60)

Contractor: Shanghai Academy of Space Flight Technology (CASC 8th Academy)
Service Status: In service with the PLAAF

Summary

The HQ-64 surface-to-air missile (SAM) was developed in the 1990s by the Shanghai Academy of Space Flight Technology, based on the Italian Alenia Aspide missile technology. The missile is available in both land- and ship-based versions, and has been promoted to the export market under the designation LY-60. The missile was previously thought to be for export only, but recent Internet-source photos confirmed that the missile is now in service with the SAM troops of the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) for short- to medium-range air defence role

Development History

The Aspide was derived from the U.S. AIM-7 Sparrow semi-active radar-homing medium-range air-to-air missile (MRAAM), but with a monopulse seeker replacing the conic scan seeker for improved accuracy and better resistance to jamming. The Aspide emulated the United States’ practice with the Sparrow to have evolved from an air-to-air missile into a multi-purpose missile that can be launched from land-, ship- and aerial-platforms.

China obtained a small number of the Italian Alenia Aspide missile in the 1980s, and later signed an agreement to co-produce the missile under license. However, due to the arms embargo imposed by the E.U. in 1989, the co-production of the Aspide missile was cancelled. However, Chinese engineers used the Aspide technology to develop an indigenous model with similar performance. The air-to-air version of the missile was later commissioned under the designation PL-11, while the surface-to-air version of the missile became the HQ-64/LY-60.

Design

The HQ-64 was designed to engage low-/medium-altitude fast jet targets, low-flying helicopters, and sea-skimming anti-ship missiles. The missile is guided by the radio command with artificial interference capability. It was claimed to be the only medium-low-altitude air defence missile in the world that uses microprocessor intelligent module technology.

The surveillance radar detects the target aircraft and then hands it over to the appropriate tracking/illumination radar unit for the engagement. The system continuous wave semi-active homing guidance principles, and, with the allocated assets, the battery can process up to 40 targets, track 12 and engage three of them simultaneously. The use of the moving target tracking processing system and frequency agility technology also gives the system good anti-jamming capability. System reaction time is 9 seconds.

Deployment

A typical land-based HQ-64 battery fire unit comprises one 4X4 truck-mounted surveillance radar, three 4X4 truck-mounted tracking/illumination radars, one emergency power supply vehicle, and six 6X6 truck-mounted transporter-launcher platforms. Each of the launch platform has five ready to launch missiles in individual sealed containers.

The fire unit is complemented by a technical support unit which comprises a transport and reloading vehicle, a test vehicle, an electronic maintenance vehicle, an electromechanical maintenance vehicle, a tools support vehicle, a spares and meter vehicle, and a power supply vehicle.

Specifications

Missile dimensions: Length 3.89m; Diameter 0.208m; Wingspan 0.68m
Launch weight: 220kg
Propulsion: Single-stage solid rocket
Operating altitude: 0.03~12Km
Operating range: 1~18km
Maximum speed: Mach 4.0
Guidance: Semi-active radar
Warhead: HE, prefabricated steel ball fragmentation type
System reaction time: 9 sec
Single shot hit probability: 60~80%

i guss, this system we need in quick time & with tot, i guss it will not be so difficult to get as they are from china!
the advocation of fighter aircrafts to counter, arial threats is a wrong approch, because even in the long term,PAF wouldnt be going to able to have 1000 ac's in its inventry, thus its very important to have 2nd line of air defences in place?
HQ-64 & HQ-9 , surly can provide the needed 2nd line of air defences , to pakistans key strategic locations & KEY(ATOMIC )INSTALATIONS, HQ-2 was good at its times, but now in crunnt circumstances, we need "HQ-64 & HQ-9" in good numbers because , it not only INDIA, which we are aimming as a threat?
as a frist muslim atomic capable nation, we should base our defences strategicaly locked on every front!


HQ-9 Surface-to-Air Missile

Land-Based HQ-9 /Shipborne HHQ-9

Key Information

Type: Surface-to-air missile
PLA Designation: HQ-9
NATO Reporting Name: N/A
Contractor: CASIC 2nd Academy (China Academy of Defence Technology)
Service Status: PLA Air Force

Summary

The HQ-9 (HongQi-9) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather surface-to-air missile system developed by the China Academy of Defence Technology (also known as CASIC 2nd Academy), a subordinate of the China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation (CASIC). The HQ-9 was designed to engage multiple airborne targets such as fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters at all altitudes, with limited anti-ballistic missile capability. The HQ-9 is currently serving with both the PLA Air Force (SAM corps) and the PLA Navy.

The HQ-9 development began in the early 1980s, initially based on the U.S. Patriot air defence missile system that China obtained via an unknown third-party country. Like the Patriot, the HQ-9 uses a ‘Track-Via-Missile’ (TVM) terminal guidance system and was originally designed to be launched from a Patriot-style slant-positioned box-shape container launcher. The missile uses a two-stage solid rocket engine. Due to China’s substandard solid fuel rocket technology, the HQ-9 was seriously oversize – the first-stage was 700mm in diameter and the second-stage was 560mm in diameter. As a result, each launch vehicle could only carry two missile tube launchers.

After China obtained the S-300PMU SAM system from Russia in the mid-1990s, certain S-300PMU technologies were used to improve the HQ-9 design. The HQ-9 is believed to have benefited from S-300's solid rocket, aerodynamic layout, gas-dynamic spoilers, and launcher technologies. This has resulted in a modified HQ-9 which is ‘cold-launched’ vertically from a S-300-style tube launcher system. Four tube launchers are carried onboard a 8X8 TEL vehicle with cross-country capability.

The HQ-9 was initially developed to replace the PLA’s bulk of obsolete HQ-2 (Chinese copy of the Soviet/Russian SA-2 Guideline), but the slow progress in the development has led to the PLA’s decision to purchase additional S-300PMU missiles from Russia. By the time the HQ-9 was ready for operational deployment in the late 1990s, the missile was already behind foreign air-defence missiles such as U.S. PAC3 and Russian S-300PMU2 in capability and performance. Only a small number of the HQ-9 has been fielded by the PLA for operational trial and evaluations. The naval variant of the HQ-9 has been installed onboard the Type 052C destroyer commissioned in 2004.

The HQ-9 is reported to have a slant range of 200km up to an altitude of 30km. The missile has a proximity fuse with an effective range of 35m, which goes active when the missile is 5km away from its target. The missile is transported and launched on Taian TAS5380 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL), which has four canisters that look almost identical to those used in the S-300PMU1.

Guidance & Fire Control

The HQ-9’s guidance is very similar to that of the Patriot missile, consisting of inertial initial guidance + radio command midcourse correction + track-via-missile (TVM) terminal guidance. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the ground engagement control station. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted back to the missile via the command uplink.

The HQ-9 system reportedly uses a large HT-233 3D C-band mono-pulse planar phased array radar, which operates in the 300MHz bandwidth and has a detection range of 120km and tracking range of 90km. The radar can detect targets in azimuth (360 degrees) and elevation (0 to 65 degrees), and is capable of tracking some 100 airborne targets and simultaneously engaging more than 50 targets. The radar system is carried on a Taian TAS5380 8X8 heavy-duty cross-country vehicle.

The HQ-9 may also be compatible with the Russian tracking radar, making it suitable to be deployed in combination with the S-300.

FT-2000 Anti-Radiation SAM

In 1998 CPMIEC revealed a unique anti-radiation surface-to-air missile system FT-2000, which was designed engage airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and other electronic warfare aircraft at long ranges. Based on the HQ-9 design, the FT-2000 is fitted with a passive radar-homing seeker and is launched from a 8X8 transport-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle carrying four missile tube launchers.

The FT-2000 is a scaled down version of the HQ-9 fitted with a passive radar seeker that homes the missile using the electronic emission of enemy AWACS and electronic warfare (EW) aircraft. When the missile detects and locks on to the radar or jammer, it can home on the target autonomously at 1,200m/s while sustaining a 14G overload. The FT-2000 can also be used in co-operation with friendly aircraft when the onboard radar warning receiver detects hostile signal. In addition, the FT-2000 missile has a built-in inertial navigation system, so that whenever it has acquired a lock-on, it will continue towards the target even if the emitter is shut down, although the missile's accuracy would seriously degrade in this case.

For the detection and localisation of hostile radar emissions and jammers the FT-2000 makes use of four ground-based Electronic Support Measures (ESM) sensor posts, each of which is mounted on wheeled vehicles and can together track 50 targets simultaneously. The ESM sensor posts are deployed at a distance 30km from each other. The missile launchers are deployed near the central ESM sensor station at a distance of 150 metres. Additionally, the missile can also be used in conjunction with surveillance and target acquisition radars.

Despite being regarded as the first of its kind in the world, the real effectiveness of the FT-2000 in operation was somehow doubtful. The missile caught great attention when it was first revealed in 1998, but did not enter production due to lack of interest from either domestic or international market.

Specifications
Missile dimensions: N/A
Launch weight: N/A
Propulsion: Two-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Slant range: Minimum 500m; Maximum 200km; or 30km against ballistic missile
Maximum speed: Mach 2
Guidance: TVM semi-active radar homing
Warhead: 180kg
System reaction time: 10 seconds
Single-shot hit probability: 70~90%

As the threats of modern attack aircraft and helicopters grow, conventional anti-aircraft artillery weapons are no longer capable of providing the air defence cover the ground forces need in battlefield.

sir what is the point in posting all this literature, i mean are you trying to point at the options we have to opt for as our SAM system or are you giving them just for our knowledge?

as far as i know we do not have these systems!

and if you think that they are the options we have can you please kindly prove your point!