Stalin 'planned to send a million troops to stop Hitler if Britain and France agreed pact'

[vostok]

Papers which were kept secret for almost 70 years show that the Soviet Union proposed sending a powerful military force in an effort to entice Britain and France into an anti-Nazi alliance.

Such an agreement could have changed the course of 20th century history, preventing Hitler's pact with Stalin which gave him free rein to go to war with Germany's other neighbours.

The offer of a military force to help contain Hitler was made by a senior Soviet military delegation at a Kremlin meeting with senior British and French officers, two weeks before war broke out in 1939.

The new documents, copies of which have been seen by The Sunday Telegraph, show the vast numbers of infantry, artillery and airborne forces which Stalin's generals said could be dispatched, if Polish objections to the Red Army crossing its territory could first be overcome.

But the British and French side - briefed by their governments to talk, but not authorised to commit to binding deals - did not respond to the Soviet offer, made on August 15, 1939. Instead, Stalin turned to Germany, signing the notorious non-aggression treaty with Hitler barely a week later.

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, named after the foreign secretaries of the two countries, came on August 23 - just a week before Nazi Germany attacked Poland, thereby sparking the outbreak of the war. But it would never have happened if Stalin's offer of a western alliance had been accepted, according to retired Russian foreign intelligence service Major General Lev Sotskov, who sorted the 700 pages of declassified documents.

"This was the final chance to slay the wolf, even after [British Conservative prime minister Neville] Chamberlain and the French had given up Czechoslovakia to German aggression the previous year in the Munich Agreement," said Gen Sotskov, 75.

The Soviet offer - made by war minister Marshall Klementi Voroshilov and Red Army chief of general staff Boris Shaposhnikov - would have put up to 120 infantry divisions (each with some 19,000 troops), 16 cavalry divisions, 5,000 heavy artillery pieces, 9,500 tanks and up to 5,500 fighter aircraft and bombers on Germany's borders in the event of war in the west, declassified minutes of the meeting show.

But Admiral Sir Reginald Drax, who lead the British delegation, told his Soviet counterparts that he authorised only to talk, not to make deals.

"Had the British, French and their European ally Poland, taken this offer seriously then together we could have put some 300 or more divisions into the field on two fronts against Germany - double the number Hitler had at the time," said Gen Sotskov, who joined the Soviet intelligence service in 1956. "This was a chance to save the world or at least stop the wolf in its tracks."

When asked what forces Britain itself could deploy in the west against possible Nazi aggression, Admiral Drax said there were just 16 combat ready divisions, leaving the Soviets bewildered by Britain's lack of preparation for the looming conflict.

The Soviet attempt to secure an anti-Nazi alliance involving the British and the French is well known. But the extent to which Moscow was prepared to go has never before been revealed.

Simon Sebag Montefiore, best selling author of Young Stalin and Stalin: The Court of The Red Tsar, said it was apparent there were details in the declassified documents that were not known to western historians.

"The detail of Stalin's offer underlines what is known; that the British and French may have lost a colossal opportunity in 1939 to prevent the German aggression which unleashed the Second World War. It shows that Stalin may have been more serious than we realised in offering this alliance."

Professor Donald Cameron Watt, author of How War Came - widely seen as the definitive account of the last 12 months before war began - said the details were new, but said he was sceptical about the claim that they were spelled out during the meetings.

"There was no mention of this in any of the three contemporaneous diaries, two British and one French - including that of Drax," he said. "I don't myself believe the Russians were serious."

The declassified archives - which cover the period from early 1938 until the outbreak of war in September 1939 - reveal that the Kremlin had known of the unprecedented pressure Britain and France put on Czechoslovakia to appease Hitler by surrendering the ethnic German Sudetenland region in 1938.

"At every stage of the appeasement process, from the earliest top secret meetings between the British and French, we understood exactly and in detail what was going on," Gen Sotskov said.

"It was clear that appeasement would not stop with Czechoslovakia's surrender of the Sudetenland and that neither the British nor the French would lift a finger when Hitler dismembered the rest of the country."

Stalin's sources, Gen Sotskov says, were Soviet foreign intelligence agents in Europe, but not London. "The documents do not reveal precisely who the agents were, but they were probably in Paris or Rome."

Shortly before the notorious Munich Agreement of 1938 - in which Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister, effectively gave Hitler the go-ahead to annexe the Sudetenland - Czechoslovakia's President Eduard Benes was told in no uncertain terms not to invoke his country's military treaty with the Soviet Union in the face of further German aggression.

"Chamberlain knew that Czechoslovakia had been given up for lost the day he returned from Munich in September 1938 waving a piece of paper with Hitler's signature on it," Gen Sotksov said.

The top secret discussions between the Anglo-French military delegation and the Soviets in August 1939 - five months after the Nazis marched into Czechoslovakia - suggest both desperation and impotence of the western powers in the face of Nazi aggression.

Poland, whose territory the vast Russian army would have had to cross to confront Germany, was firmly against such an alliance. Britain was doubtful about the efficacy of any Soviet forces because only the previous year, Stalin had purged thousands of top Red Army commanders.

The documents will be used by Russian historians to help explain and justify Stalin's controversial pact with Hitler, which remains infamous as an example of diplomatic expediency.

"It was clear that the Soviet Union stood alone and had to turn to Germany and sign a non-aggression pact to gain some time to prepare ourselves for the conflict that was clearly coming," said Gen Sotskov.

A desperate attempt by the French on August 21 to revive the talks was rebuffed, as secret Soviet-Nazi talks were already well advanced.

It was only two years later, following Hitler's Blitzkreig attack on Russia in June 1941, that the alliance with the West which Stalin had sought finally came about - by which time France, Poland and much of the rest of Europe were already under German occupation.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wor...Hitler-if-Britain-and-France-agreed-pact.html

 

[Piotr]

Papers which were kept secret for almost 70 years show that the Soviet Union proposed sending a powerful military force in an effort to entice Britain and France into an anti-Nazi alliance.

Such an agreement could have changed the course of 20th century history, preventing Hitler's pact with Stalin which gave him free rein to go to war with Germany's other neighbours.

The offer of a military force to help contain Hitler was made by a senior Soviet military delegation at a Kremlin meeting with senior British and French officers, two weeks before war broke out in 1939.

The new documents, copies of which have been seen by The Sunday Telegraph, show the vast numbers of infantry, artillery and airborne forces which Stalin's generals said could be dispatched, if Polish objections to the Red Army crossing its territory could first be overcome.

But the British and French side - briefed by their governments to talk, but not authorised to commit to binding deals - did not respond to the Soviet offer, made on August 15, 1939. Instead, Stalin turned to Germany, signing the notorious non-aggression treaty with Hitler barely a week later.

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, named after the foreign secretaries of the two countries, came on August 23 - just a week before Nazi Germany attacked Poland, thereby sparking the outbreak of the war. But it would never have happened if Stalin's offer of a western alliance had been accepted, according to retired Russian foreign intelligence service Major General Lev Sotskov, who sorted the 700 pages of declassified documents.

"This was the final chance to slay the wolf, even after [British Conservative prime minister Neville] Chamberlain and the French had given up Czechoslovakia to German aggression the previous year in the Munich Agreement," said Gen Sotskov, 75.

The Soviet offer - made by war minister Marshall Klementi Voroshilov and Red Army chief of general staff Boris Shaposhnikov - would have put up to 120 infantry divisions (each with some 19,000 troops), 16 cavalry divisions, 5,000 heavy artillery pieces, 9,500 tanks and up to 5,500 fighter aircraft and bombers on Germany's borders in the event of war in the west, declassified minutes of the meeting show.

But Admiral Sir Reginald Drax, who lead the British delegation, told his Soviet counterparts that he authorised only to talk, not to make deals.

"Had the British, French and their European ally Poland, taken this offer seriously then together we could have put some 300 or more divisions into the field on two fronts against Germany - double the number Hitler had at the time," said Gen Sotskov, who joined the Soviet intelligence service in 1956. "This was a chance to save the world or at least stop the wolf in its tracks."

When asked what forces Britain itself could deploy in the west against possible Nazi aggression, Admiral Drax said there were just 16 combat ready divisions, leaving the Soviets bewildered by Britain's lack of preparation for the looming conflict.

The Soviet attempt to secure an anti-Nazi alliance involving the British and the French is well known. But the extent to which Moscow was prepared to go has never before been revealed.

Simon Sebag Montefiore, best selling author of Young Stalin and Stalin: The Court of The Red Tsar, said it was apparent there were details in the declassified documents that were not known to western historians.

"The detail of Stalin's offer underlines what is known; that the British and French may have lost a colossal opportunity in 1939 to prevent the German aggression which unleashed the Second World War. It shows that Stalin may have been more serious than we realised in offering this alliance."

Professor Donald Cameron Watt, author of How War Came - widely seen as the definitive account of the last 12 months before war began - said the details were new, but said he was sceptical about the claim that they were spelled out during the meetings.

"There was no mention of this in any of the three contemporaneous diaries, two British and one French - including that of Drax," he said. "I don't myself believe the Russians were serious."

The declassified archives - which cover the period from early 1938 until the outbreak of war in September 1939 - reveal that the Kremlin had known of the unprecedented pressure Britain and France put on Czechoslovakia to appease Hitler by surrendering the ethnic German Sudetenland region in 1938.

"At every stage of the appeasement process, from the earliest top secret meetings between the British and French, we understood exactly and in detail what was going on," Gen Sotskov said.

"It was clear that appeasement would not stop with Czechoslovakia's surrender of the Sudetenland and that neither the British nor the French would lift a finger when Hitler dismembered the rest of the country."

Stalin's sources, Gen Sotskov says, were Soviet foreign intelligence agents in Europe, but not London. "The documents do not reveal precisely who the agents were, but they were probably in Paris or Rome."

Shortly before the notorious Munich Agreement of 1938 - in which Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister, effectively gave Hitler the go-ahead to annexe the Sudetenland - Czechoslovakia's President Eduard Benes was told in no uncertain terms not to invoke his country's military treaty with the Soviet Union in the face of further German aggression.

"Chamberlain knew that Czechoslovakia had been given up for lost the day he returned from Munich in September 1938 waving a piece of paper with Hitler's signature on it," Gen Sotksov said.

The top secret discussions between the Anglo-French military delegation and the Soviets in August 1939 - five months after the Nazis marched into Czechoslovakia - suggest both desperation and impotence of the western powers in the face of Nazi aggression.

Poland, whose territory the vast Russian army would have had to cross to confront Germany, was firmly against such an alliance. Britain was doubtful about the efficacy of any Soviet forces because only the previous year, Stalin had purged thousands of top Red Army commanders.

The documents will be used by Russian historians to help explain and justify Stalin's controversial pact with Hitler, which remains infamous as an example of diplomatic expediency.

"It was clear that the Soviet Union stood alone and had to turn to Germany and sign a non-aggression pact to gain some time to prepare ourselves for the conflict that was clearly coming," said Gen Sotskov.

A desperate attempt by the French on August 21 to revive the talks was rebuffed, as secret Soviet-Nazi talks were already well advanced.

It was only two years later, following Hitler's Blitzkreig attack on Russia in June 1941, that the alliance with the West which Stalin had sought finally came about - by which time France, Poland and much of the rest of Europe were already under German occupation.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wor...Hitler-if-Britain-and-France-agreed-pact.html

The problem is that USA and England didn't want to stop Hitler:

Episode 5. Who paid for World War II?
Written by Nikolay STARIKOV on 06/10/2010

Seventy years ago the greatest massacre in history began – with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

A recent resolution by the parliamentary assembly of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian money into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to debate the culpability for the war’s outbreak, then we need to begin by answering this key question: who accommodated the Nazis’ rise to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany’s entire prewar history shows that the “necessary” policies were all provided for by guided financial turmoil – the same situation, by the way, that the world finds itself in today.

The key structures of the West’s post-war strategy were the central financial institutions of the United States and Great Britain – the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System – coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who set out to establish absolute control over the financial system in Germany to manage the politics of Central Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the following steps:

1st: 1919-1924 – Preparing the grounds for massive American financial investments in the German economy.
2nd: 1924-1929 – Establishing control over the financial system and funding the National-Socialist movement.
3rd: 1929-1933 – Inciting and unleashing a deep economic crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
4th: 1933-1939 – Financial cooperation with the Nazi government and support for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new world war.

In the first stage, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related issue of German reparations. After the United States’ formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and France) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of war debt owed to the U.S., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their own financial problems the debtor countries went after Germany, forcing it to pay an enormous sum in reparations under extremely difficult conditions. The resulting flight of German capital abroad and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that the all the government could do is mass produce German marks without backing. The German currency collapsed as a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation rate reached 578,512% and one dollar was worth 4.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all attempt to pay the reparations, which eventually sparked the famous “Ruhr crisis” — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling elite in Britain and American had been waiting for. Having allowed France to get bogged down in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the problem, they took the situation into their own hands. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said, “We must wait until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal.”

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, head of the Bank of England. At the heart of the project were Dresdner Bank representative Hjalmar Schacht’s proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the request of John Foster Dulles, future Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal advisor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference. Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who then gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and – at last – to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and German financial circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the “Dawes Plan” (named after an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of one of Morgan’s banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and also settled how Germany would pay them off. However, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could only be made possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that end, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, half of which were provided by Morgan’s banks. In doing so, Anglo-American banks established control over not only Germany’s payments, but also its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit system. By August 1924, the old German mark had been made anew, the financial situation in Germany stabilized, and, as researcher G.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Republic was prepared for “the most striking economic aid in history, followed by the most bitter harvest in world history. […] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American blood flooded into Germany’s financial core.”

The consequences of this quickly made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to cover the allies’ total debts, the so-called “absurd Weimar cycle” developed. The gold that Germany was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.S., where it disappeared. From the U.S., according to the plan, gold was going to Germany in the form of “aid”, which was then paid back to England and France, who then sent it back to the United States to pay off their war debts. The U.S. then placed a heavy interest rate on it and sent it back to Germany. In the end, Germany lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, then the country would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country’s military-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German companies, allowing American capital to actively integrate itself into the German economy. The total amount of foreign investment in German industry from 1924-1929 amounted to nearly 63 billion gold marks (the loans accounted for 30 billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers – primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy percent of the Germany’s financial income. As a result, as early as 1929, Germany’s industry was second in the world, but to a large extent it was in the hands of America’s leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.G. Farben, the company that became the German war machine’s key component, was under the control of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil at the time it funded 45 percent of Hitler’s election campaign in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electrical industry in the form of AEG and Siemens (by 1933, General Electric owned a 30 percent stake in AEG). Through telecom company ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Germany’s telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family’s General Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller bank, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged – metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany’s military-industrial complex became so intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American capital had reached key sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans – the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that beginning in 1923, Hitler received large sums of money from abroad – from where exactly is unknown, but it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is also known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich – a meeting Smith recounted in a detailed report to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), saying he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith’s circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with “Putzi” (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important role shaping Hitler into a successful politician, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.
Hitler was preparing himself for big-time politics, but, as long as prosperity reigned in Germany, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.
After the U.S. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the autumn of 1929, the third phase of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and the J.P. Morgan decided to cease lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic depression in Central Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Republic.

But, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, thanks to large donations from Thyssen, I.G. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party collected 6.4 million votes – putting it in second place in the Reichstag. Shortly thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link between the major German industrialists and the foreign financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a secret agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was also present at this meeting – something his biographers don’t like to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing banker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler’s program was fully approved. It was here that the final path for the Nazis’ rise to power was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor. Then began the fourth stage of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused continued payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions about the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay up. Moreover, after Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.S. in May 1933 to meet with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well as a reduction and eventual cessation of payment on old loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that they previous government could not.

In the summer of 1934, Britain signed the Anglo-German Transfer Agreement, which became one of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and by the end of the 1930’s, Germany developed into Britain’s primary trading partner. Schroeder’s bank turned into the Germany’s and Great Britain’s main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment bank “Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.”, which the New York Times described as “economic-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome”. As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit as the financial basis of his four-year plan, so this didn’t raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in German and built large oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same time, the United States secretly provided Germany with the most modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the “Junker-87” dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second world war was in full-swing, American investment in the German economy totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 million alone, General Motors — $35 million, ITT — $30 million, and Ford — $17.5 million.

The intimate financial and economic collusion between Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the backdrop against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place – leading directly to World War II.

Today, while the global financial elite has embarked on a plan of “Great Depression part II” with the subsequent transition to a “new world order”, it is imperative to identify its key role in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.
Source: https://orientalreview.org/2010/10/06/episodes-5-who-paid-for-world-war-ii/

 

[Saif-ud-Din Qutuz]

The problem is that USA and England didn't want to stop Hitler:

Episode 5. Who paid for World War II?
Written by Nikolay STARIKOV on 06/10/2010

Seventy years ago the greatest massacre in history began – with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

A recent resolution by the parliamentary assembly of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian money into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to debate the culpability for the war’s outbreak, then we need to begin by answering this key question: who accommodated the Nazis’ rise to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany’s entire prewar history shows that the “necessary” policies were all provided for by guided financial turmoil – the same situation, by the way, that the world finds itself in today.

The key structures of the West’s post-war strategy were the central financial institutions of the United States and Great Britain – the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System – coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who set out to establish absolute control over the financial system in Germany to manage the politics of Central Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the following steps:

1st: 1919-1924 – Preparing the grounds for massive American financial investments in the German economy.
2nd: 1924-1929 – Establishing control over the financial system and funding the National-Socialist movement.
3rd: 1929-1933 – Inciting and unleashing a deep economic crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
4th: 1933-1939 – Financial cooperation with the Nazi government and support for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new world war.

In the first stage, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related issue of German reparations. After the United States’ formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and France) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of war debt owed to the U.S., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their own financial problems the debtor countries went after Germany, forcing it to pay an enormous sum in reparations under extremely difficult conditions. The resulting flight of German capital abroad and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that the all the government could do is mass produce German marks without backing. The German currency collapsed as a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation rate reached 578,512% and one dollar was worth 4.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all attempt to pay the reparations, which eventually sparked the famous “Ruhr crisis” — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling elite in Britain and American had been waiting for. Having allowed France to get bogged down in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the problem, they took the situation into their own hands. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said, “We must wait until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal.”

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, head of the Bank of England. At the heart of the project were Dresdner Bank representative Hjalmar Schacht’s proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the request of John Foster Dulles, future Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal advisor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference. Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who then gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and – at last – to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and German financial circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the “Dawes Plan” (named after an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of one of Morgan’s banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and also settled how Germany would pay them off. However, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could only be made possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that end, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, half of which were provided by Morgan’s banks. In doing so, Anglo-American banks established control over not only Germany’s payments, but also its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit system. By August 1924, the old German mark had been made anew, the financial situation in Germany stabilized, and, as researcher G.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Republic was prepared for “the most striking economic aid in history, followed by the most bitter harvest in world history. […] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American blood flooded into Germany’s financial core.”

The consequences of this quickly made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to cover the allies’ total debts, the so-called “absurd Weimar cycle” developed. The gold that Germany was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.S., where it disappeared. From the U.S., according to the plan, gold was going to Germany in the form of “aid”, which was then paid back to England and France, who then sent it back to the United States to pay off their war debts. The U.S. then placed a heavy interest rate on it and sent it back to Germany. In the end, Germany lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, then the country would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country’s military-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German companies, allowing American capital to actively integrate itself into the German economy. The total amount of foreign investment in German industry from 1924-1929 amounted to nearly 63 billion gold marks (the loans accounted for 30 billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers – primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy percent of the Germany’s financial income. As a result, as early as 1929, Germany’s industry was second in the world, but to a large extent it was in the hands of America’s leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.G. Farben, the company that became the German war machine’s key component, was under the control of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil at the time it funded 45 percent of Hitler’s election campaign in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electrical industry in the form of AEG and Siemens (by 1933, General Electric owned a 30 percent stake in AEG). Through telecom company ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Germany’s telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family’s General Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller bank, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged – metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany’s military-industrial complex became so intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American capital had reached key sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans – the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that beginning in 1923, Hitler received large sums of money from abroad – from where exactly is unknown, but it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is also known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich – a meeting Smith recounted in a detailed report to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), saying he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith’s circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with “Putzi” (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important role shaping Hitler into a successful politician, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.
Hitler was preparing himself for big-time politics, but, as long as prosperity reigned in Germany, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.
After the U.S. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the autumn of 1929, the third phase of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and the J.P. Morgan decided to cease lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic depression in Central Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Republic.

But, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, thanks to large donations from Thyssen, I.G. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party collected 6.4 million votes – putting it in second place in the Reichstag. Shortly thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link between the major German industrialists and the foreign financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a secret agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was also present at this meeting – something his biographers don’t like to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing banker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler’s program was fully approved. It was here that the final path for the Nazis’ rise to power was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor. Then began the fourth stage of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused continued payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions about the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay up. Moreover, after Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.S. in May 1933 to meet with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well as a reduction and eventual cessation of payment on old loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that they previous government could not.

In the summer of 1934, Britain signed the Anglo-German Transfer Agreement, which became one of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and by the end of the 1930’s, Germany developed into Britain’s primary trading partner. Schroeder’s bank turned into the Germany’s and Great Britain’s main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment bank “Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.”, which the New York Times described as “economic-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome”. As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit as the financial basis of his four-year plan, so this didn’t raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in German and built large oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same time, the United States secretly provided Germany with the most modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the “Junker-87” dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second world war was in full-swing, American investment in the German economy totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 million alone, General Motors — $35 million, ITT — $30 million, and Ford — $17.5 million.

The intimate financial and economic collusion between Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the backdrop against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place – leading directly to World War II.

Today, while the global financial elite has embarked on a plan of “Great Depression part II” with the subsequent transition to a “new world order”, it is imperative to identify its key role in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.
Source: https://orientalreview.org/2010/10/06/episodes-5-who-paid-for-world-war-ii/

I've no doubt that most evil of the people live in the US. In the 19th century they're fighting inside US for their dominance. After that, 20th century onward, they started meddling for global dominance. They are Gog and Magog

 

[Sharpshooter12]

The new documents, copies of which have been seen by The Sunday Telegraph, show the vast numbers of infantry, artillery and airborne forces which Stalin's generals said could be dispatched, if Polish objections to the Red Army crossing its territory could first be overcome.

And the future events proved that Polish objections were quite valid. They suffered greatly at the hands of Soviet forces both before Barbarossa in the territories captured by red army(Katyn massacre etc.) and after the Nazis were pushed out of Poland by the red army in 1944. Polish were never really free until 1989.

This was the final chance to slay the wolf, even after [British Conservative prime minister Neville] Chamberlain and the French had given up Czechoslovakia to German aggression the previous year in the Munich Agreement," said Gen Sotskov, 75.

And there lied the problem, British and French wanted peace so much that they ended up inciting the conflict.

Probably because of the horrendous losses in the first world war, French wanted to avoid another conflict at whatever the cost. Even before Sudtenland, if the French had shown any backbone when Germans entered Rhineland, Hitler's rise would have been checked. The German troops were under strict orders that if they face any resistance from the French troops they should retreat. This would have undermined his authority and saner voices in Germany would have prevailed.

Even after the hostilities began in 1939, French and British could not decide if they want to commit fully to this war. The 9 month period that is called Phoney war was what caused French their humiliation a couple of months later. Most of the German troops were in Poland, allies had a clear advantage in manpower, equipment and technology, and yet they did not invade Germany and kept on waiting for Hitler's next move.

It was clear that the Soviet Union stood alone and had to turn to Germany and sign a non-aggression pact to gain some time to prepare ourselves for the conflict that was clearly coming," said Gen Sotskov.

That does not make sense at all. If all Stalin wanted was to check the German rise and form an alliance against Germany then he should have known that any attack on Poland by the Germans will naturally start a war between allies and Germany so if he wanted to check the Germans that was the perfect opportunity. There was not even a need for a pact.

Britain was doubtful about the efficacy of any Soviet forces because only the previous year, Stalin had purged thousands of top Red Army commanders.

And that was probably why the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was signed in the first place. Stalin knew he needed time to make Red Army back into a cohesive fighting force after the purge. The Finnish war shortly afterwards proved the inefficiencies in the Red Army.

Having said all that, if such a pact would have been signed, Germany would not have dared attack Poland and hence the WW2 would have been avoided, as the only thing Germans dreaded more than Hitler was a two front war.

 

[vostok]

I once read an article in the magazine - author (he was translator or secretar of Molotov, if I am not mistaken) described almost every day of August 1939. The Soviet Union made enormous efforts to form an anti-Nazi alliance in those days - but failed because West did not want it. If Stalin had not signed the pact with Hitler, the Nazi troops after the defeat of Poland would have started a war against the USSR in September 1939. It was absolutely unacceptable - the USSR was not ready to fight with Germany back then.

 

[Sharpshooter12]

If Stalin had not signed the pact with Hitler, the Nazi troops after the defeat of Poland would have started a war against the USSR in September 1939. It was absolutely unacceptable - the USSR was not ready to fight with Germany back then.

At least with the hindsight, your statement does not make sense. Once the Poland was invaded, both western powers immediately declared war on Germany. Hitler would not have risked a two front war when French and British had well equipped armies on the mainland Europe.

 

[Desert Fox]

Interesting article.

I once read an article in the magazine - author (he was translator or secretar of Molotov, if I am not mistaken) described almost every day of August 1939. The Soviet Union made enormous efforts to form an anti-Nazi alliance in those days - but failed because West did not want it. If Stalin had not signed the pact with Hitler, the Nazi troops after the defeat of Poland would have started a war against the USSR in September 1939. It was absolutely unacceptable - the USSR was not ready to fight with Germany back then.

I strongly disagree for the simple reason that Germany did not possess the resources to even attack Poland on its own. You need lots of fuel for aircrafts, trucks, and tanks. Fuel that Germany did not possess. Not to mention other essential resources like rubber which were imported from overseas tropical regions.

Poland was relatively the same size as Germany of the time (both countries have been "resized" at the end of 1945).

So a solo German attack on Poland would not be possible as long as there was the threat of a British (& French) declaration of war on Germany because this would result in a blockade and thus choking of Germany not unlike in the final years of WW1.

So the only two options for Germany were thus: either Britain and France remained neutral in the event of a German-Polish conflict or the Soviets would assist the Germans in the strike on Poland and in the event of a declaration of war from the West.

The rest is history. Not only did the Soviet Union assist Germany in it's attack on Poland but it would also provide Hitler with all of the resources to wage war against France and the rest of Europe. Germany could not get these resources from anywhere else since the British (& American) navy dominated the seas bordering Europe.

Also, was the USSR not ready to fight Germany?

How so if in that very month (August, 1939) Red army annihilated Japanese Manchurian army at Khalkin Gol?

In fact in 1939 USSR had every advantage over any European power of that time. And Germany was militarily weak relative to the other major European countries.

 

[Desert Fox]

The problem is that USA and England didn't want to stop Hitler:

Episode 5. Who paid for World War II?
Written by Nikolay STARIKOV on 06/10/2010

Seventy years ago the greatest massacre in history began – with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

A recent resolution by the parliamentary assembly of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian money into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to debate the culpability for the war’s outbreak, then we need to begin by answering this key question: who accommodated the Nazis’ rise to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany’s entire prewar history shows that the “necessary” policies were all provided for by guided financial turmoil – the same situation, by the way, that the world finds itself in today.

The key structures of the West’s post-war strategy were the central financial institutions of the United States and Great Britain – the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System – coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who set out to establish absolute control over the financial system in Germany to manage the politics of Central Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the following steps:

1st: 1919-1924 – Preparing the grounds for massive American financial investments in the German economy.
2nd: 1924-1929 – Establishing control over the financial system and funding the National-Socialist movement.
3rd: 1929-1933 – Inciting and unleashing a deep economic crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
4th: 1933-1939 – Financial cooperation with the Nazi government and support for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new world war.

In the first stage, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related issue of German reparations. After the United States’ formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and France) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of war debt owed to the U.S., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their own financial problems the debtor countries went after Germany, forcing it to pay an enormous sum in reparations under extremely difficult conditions. The resulting flight of German capital abroad and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that the all the government could do is mass produce German marks without backing. The German currency collapsed as a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation rate reached 578,512% and one dollar was worth 4.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all attempt to pay the reparations, which eventually sparked the famous “Ruhr crisis” — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling elite in Britain and American had been waiting for. Having allowed France to get bogged down in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the problem, they took the situation into their own hands. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said, “We must wait until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal.”

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, head of the Bank of England. At the heart of the project were Dresdner Bank representative Hjalmar Schacht’s proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the request of John Foster Dulles, future Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal advisor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference. Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who then gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and – at last – to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and German financial circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the “Dawes Plan” (named after an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of one of Morgan’s banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and also settled how Germany would pay them off. However, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could only be made possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that end, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, half of which were provided by Morgan’s banks. In doing so, Anglo-American banks established control over not only Germany’s payments, but also its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit system. By August 1924, the old German mark had been made anew, the financial situation in Germany stabilized, and, as researcher G.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Republic was prepared for “the most striking economic aid in history, followed by the most bitter harvest in world history. […] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American blood flooded into Germany’s financial core.”

The consequences of this quickly made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to cover the allies’ total debts, the so-called “absurd Weimar cycle” developed. The gold that Germany was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.S., where it disappeared. From the U.S., according to the plan, gold was going to Germany in the form of “aid”, which was then paid back to England and France, who then sent it back to the United States to pay off their war debts. The U.S. then placed a heavy interest rate on it and sent it back to Germany. In the end, Germany lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, then the country would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country’s military-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German companies, allowing American capital to actively integrate itself into the German economy. The total amount of foreign investment in German industry from 1924-1929 amounted to nearly 63 billion gold marks (the loans accounted for 30 billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers – primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy percent of the Germany’s financial income. As a result, as early as 1929, Germany’s industry was second in the world, but to a large extent it was in the hands of America’s leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.G. Farben, the company that became the German war machine’s key component, was under the control of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil at the time it funded 45 percent of Hitler’s election campaign in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electrical industry in the form of AEG and Siemens (by 1933, General Electric owned a 30 percent stake in AEG). Through telecom company ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Germany’s telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family’s General Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller bank, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged – metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany’s military-industrial complex became so intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American capital had reached key sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans – the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that beginning in 1923, Hitler received large sums of money from abroad – from where exactly is unknown, but it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is also known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich – a meeting Smith recounted in a detailed report to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), saying he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith’s circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with “Putzi” (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important role shaping Hitler into a successful politician, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.
Hitler was preparing himself for big-time politics, but, as long as prosperity reigned in Germany, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.
After the U.S. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the autumn of 1929, the third phase of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and the J.P. Morgan decided to cease lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic depression in Central Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Republic.

But, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, thanks to large donations from Thyssen, I.G. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party collected 6.4 million votes – putting it in second place in the Reichstag. Shortly thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link between the major German industrialists and the foreign financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a secret agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was also present at this meeting – something his biographers don’t like to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing banker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler’s program was fully approved. It was here that the final path for the Nazis’ rise to power was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor. Then began the fourth stage of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused continued payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions about the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay up. Moreover, after Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.S. in May 1933 to meet with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well as a reduction and eventual cessation of payment on old loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that they previous government could not.

In the summer of 1934, Britain signed the Anglo-German Transfer Agreement, which became one of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and by the end of the 1930’s, Germany developed into Britain’s primary trading partner. Schroeder’s bank turned into the Germany’s and Great Britain’s main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment bank “Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.”, which the New York Times described as “economic-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome”. As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit as the financial basis of his four-year plan, so this didn’t raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in German and built large oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same time, the United States secretly provided Germany with the most modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the “Junker-87” dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second world war was in full-swing, American investment in the German economy totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 million alone, General Motors — $35 million, ITT — $30 million, and Ford — $17.5 million.

The intimate financial and economic collusion between Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the backdrop against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place – leading directly to World War II.

Today, while the global financial elite has embarked on a plan of “Great Depression part II” with the subsequent transition to a “new world order”, it is imperative to identify its key role in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.
Source: https://orientalreview.org/2010/10/06/episodes-5-who-paid-for-world-war-ii/

The problem is that USA and England didn't want to stop Hitler:

Episode 5. Who paid for World War II?
Written by Nikolay STARIKOV on 06/10/2010

Seventy years ago the greatest massacre in history began – with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

A recent resolution by the parliamentary assembly of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian money into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to debate the culpability for the war’s outbreak, then we need to begin by answering this key question: who accommodated the Nazis’ rise to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany’s entire prewar history shows that the “necessary” policies were all provided for by guided financial turmoil – the same situation, by the way, that the world finds itself in today.

The key structures of the West’s post-war strategy were the central financial institutions of the United States and Great Britain – the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System – coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who set out to establish absolute control over the financial system in Germany to manage the politics of Central Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the following steps:

1st: 1919-1924 – Preparing the grounds for massive American financial investments in the German economy.
2nd: 1924-1929 – Establishing control over the financial system and funding the National-Socialist movement.
3rd: 1929-1933 – Inciting and unleashing a deep economic crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
4th: 1933-1939 – Financial cooperation with the Nazi government and support for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new world war.

In the first stage, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related issue of German reparations. After the United States’ formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and France) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of war debt owed to the U.S., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their own financial problems the debtor countries went after Germany, forcing it to pay an enormous sum in reparations under extremely difficult conditions. The resulting flight of German capital abroad and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that the all the government could do is mass produce German marks without backing. The German currency collapsed as a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation rate reached 578,512% and one dollar was worth 4.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all attempt to pay the reparations, which eventually sparked the famous “Ruhr crisis” — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling elite in Britain and American had been waiting for. Having allowed France to get bogged down in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the problem, they took the situation into their own hands. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said, “We must wait until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal.”

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, head of the Bank of England. At the heart of the project were Dresdner Bank representative Hjalmar Schacht’s proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the request of John Foster Dulles, future Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal advisor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference. Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who then gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and – at last – to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and German financial circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the “Dawes Plan” (named after an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of one of Morgan’s banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and also settled how Germany would pay them off. However, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could only be made possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that end, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, half of which were provided by Morgan’s banks. In doing so, Anglo-American banks established control over not only Germany’s payments, but also its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit system. By August 1924, the old German mark had been made anew, the financial situation in Germany stabilized, and, as researcher G.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Republic was prepared for “the most striking economic aid in history, followed by the most bitter harvest in world history. […] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American blood flooded into Germany’s financial core.”

The consequences of this quickly made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to cover the allies’ total debts, the so-called “absurd Weimar cycle” developed. The gold that Germany was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.S., where it disappeared. From the U.S., according to the plan, gold was going to Germany in the form of “aid”, which was then paid back to England and France, who then sent it back to the United States to pay off their war debts. The U.S. then placed a heavy interest rate on it and sent it back to Germany. In the end, Germany lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, then the country would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country’s military-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German companies, allowing American capital to actively integrate itself into the German economy. The total amount of foreign investment in German industry from 1924-1929 amounted to nearly 63 billion gold marks (the loans accounted for 30 billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers – primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy percent of the Germany’s financial income. As a result, as early as 1929, Germany’s industry was second in the world, but to a large extent it was in the hands of America’s leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.G. Farben, the company that became the German war machine’s key component, was under the control of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil at the time it funded 45 percent of Hitler’s election campaign in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electrical industry in the form of AEG and Siemens (by 1933, General Electric owned a 30 percent stake in AEG). Through telecom company ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Germany’s telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family’s General Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller bank, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged – metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany’s military-industrial complex became so intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American capital had reached key sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans – the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that beginning in 1923, Hitler received large sums of money from abroad – from where exactly is unknown, but it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is also known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich – a meeting Smith recounted in a detailed report to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), saying he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith’s circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with “Putzi” (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important role shaping Hitler into a successful politician, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.
Hitler was preparing himself for big-time politics, but, as long as prosperity reigned in Germany, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.
After the U.S. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the autumn of 1929, the third phase of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and the J.P. Morgan decided to cease lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic depression in Central Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Republic.

But, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, thanks to large donations from Thyssen, I.G. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party collected 6.4 million votes – putting it in second place in the Reichstag. Shortly thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link between the major German industrialists and the foreign financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a secret agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was also present at this meeting – something his biographers don’t like to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing banker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler’s program was fully approved. It was here that the final path for the Nazis’ rise to power was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor. Then began the fourth stage of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused continued payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions about the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay up. Moreover, after Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.S. in May 1933 to meet with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well as a reduction and eventual cessation of payment on old loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that they previous government could not.

In the summer of 1934, Britain signed the Anglo-German Transfer Agreement, which became one of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and by the end of the 1930’s, Germany developed into Britain’s primary trading partner. Schroeder’s bank turned into the Germany’s and Great Britain’s main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment bank “Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.”, which the New York Times described as “economic-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome”. As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit as the financial basis of his four-year plan, so this didn’t raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in German and built large oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same time, the United States secretly provided Germany with the most modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the “Junker-87” dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second world war was in full-swing, American investment in the German economy totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 million alone, General Motors — $35 million, ITT — $30 million, and Ford — $17.5 million.

The intimate financial and economic collusion between Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the backdrop against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place – leading directly to World War II.

Today, while the global financial elite has embarked on a plan of “Great Depression part II” with the subsequent transition to a “new world order”, it is imperative to identify its key role in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.
Source: https://orientalreview.org/2010/10/06/episodes-5-who-paid-for-world-war-ii/

Many of the Soviet Unions largest production plants were designed and built with the assistance of American engineers and executives of the Ford company. Within the American government there was a strong push to establish cordial relationship with USSR, particularly by Communist Jews and major Jewish Capitalists and financial magnates.

The Role of American Capitalism In The Rise of Soviet Industry​

"Signed in Dearborn, Michigan, on May 31, 1929, the contract stipulated that Ford would oversee construction of a production plant at Nizhni Novgorod, located on the banks of the Volga River, to manufacture Model A cars. An assembly plant would also start operating immediately within Moscow city limits. In return, the USSR agreed to buy 72,000 unassembled Ford cars and trucks and all spare parts to be required over the following nine years, a total of some $30 million worth of Ford products. Valery U. Meshlauk, vice chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy, signed the Dearborn agreement on behalf of the Soviets. To comply with its side of the deal, Ford sent engineers and executives to the Soviet Union.

At the time the U.S. government did not formally recognize the USSR in diplomatic negotiations, so the Ford agreement was groundbreaking. (A week after the deal was announced the Soviet Union would announce deals with 15 other foreign companies, including E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and RCA.) As Douglas Brinkley writes in “Wheels for the World,” his book on Henry Ford and Ford Motor, the automaker was firm in his belief that introducing capitalism was the best way to undermine communism. In any case, Ford’s assistance in establishing motor vehicle production facilities in the USSR would greatly impact the course of world events, as the ability to produce these vehicles helped the Soviets defeat Germany on the Eastern Front during World War II. In 1944, according to Brinkley, Stalin wrote to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, calling Henry Ford “one of the world’s greatest industrialists” and expressing the hope that “may God preserve him.”"

 

[vostok]

At least with the hindsight, your statement does not make sense. Once the Poland was invaded, both western powers immediately declared war on Germany. Hitler would not have risked a two front war when French and British had well equipped armies on the mainland Europe.

Yes. The "Phoney War" - no battles almost for a year. Can you imagine something like this on Eastern Front?
If France and England had signed an agreement with the USSR in 1938 (before Czechoslovakia) or in 1939, then there would be no war at all.

 

[Vergennes]

Yes. The "Phoney War" - no battles almost for a year. Can you imagine something like this on Eastern Front?
If France and England had signed an agreement with the USSR in 1938 (before Czechoslovakia) or in 1939, then there would be no war at all.

You cannot blame England and especially France trying to appease Germany especially after the effects of the WW1 were still visible at the outbreak of WW2. Millions of soldiers killed,others injured/disabled,terribly affected France's demographics. Much of the fighting was done in France,large part of territories became total wastelands,a violent bloodbath which still affected the minds of everyone back then. Germany was much more populated (thus couldn't match its field army in size) and had a higher industrial capacity.

Anybody had to live in these times to understand the defeatist attitude. We thought we could avoid the worst. But we didn't.

 

[Zhukov]

Correction Germany and Soviet Union Collectively Attacked Poland. Don't Distort History.
While Germany had a real reason for its tensions with Poland due to alleged ethnic cleansing of Germans by Poles. Soviet Union had no apparent reason to invade Poland except territorial expansion. In fact All the Battles fought by Germany war broke out was for German Persecution in other regions.
But one thing is a mystery to me that will never be answered by anyone. Both soviets and Nazis Attacked Poland but Britain and France only Declared War on Germany and not Soviet Union. Thats pretty Strange and Answer to this question is always lame excuses.
One more thing As far as i have read. Hitler saw Potential Allies in Britain and France and Despised Bolsheviks. The Soviet-Nazi Pact was just a non aggression Pact against each other not an alliance or treaty of mutual defense.
And Leaked documents of German Intelligence revealed that German invasion of Soviet Union was a pre-emptive strike as Soviet Union was already planning to Invade Germany Midway of War and Catch them off-guard. And Germans almost succeeded in crushing Bolsheviks if only Russians had not fought the toughest urban battle in history of mankind. The Legendary Volgograd City Siege.

 

[vostok]

You cannot blame England and especially France trying to appease Germany especially after the effects of the WW1 were still visible at the outbreak of WW2. Millions of soldiers killed,others injured/disabled,terribly affected France's demographics. Much of the fighting was done in France,large part of territories became total wastelands,a violent bloodbath which still affected the minds of everyone back then. Germany was much more populated (thus couldn't match its field army in size) and had a higher industrial capacity.

Anybody had to live in these times to understand the defeatist attitude. We thought we could avoid the worst. But we didn't.

Well, the most populated parts of Russia suffered no less than France in WW1. Plus, after the first world war, we had the Civil War up to 1920.

 

[mike2000 is back]

Correction Germany and Soviet Union Collectively Attacked Poland. Don't Distort History.
While Germany had a real reason for its tensions with Poland due to alleged ethnic cleansing of Germans by Poles. Soviet Union had no apparent reason to invade Poland except territorial expansion. In fact All the Battles fought by Germany war broke out was for German Persecution in other regions.
But one thing is a mystery to me that will never be answered by anyone. Both soviets and Nazis Attacked Poland but Britain and France only Declared War on Germany and not Soviet Union. Thats pretty Strange and Answer to this question is always lame excuses.
One more thing As far as i have read. Hitler saw Potential Allies in Britain and France and Despised Bolsheviks. The Soviet-Nazi Pact was just a non aggression Pact against each other not an alliance or treaty of mutual defense.
And Leaked documents of German Intelligence revealed that German invasion of Soviet Union was a pre-emptive strike as Soviet Union was already planning to Invade Germany Midway of War and Catch them off-guard. And Germans almost succeeded in crushing Bolsheviks if only Russians had not fought the toughest urban battle in history of mankind. The Legendary Volgograd City Siege.

Agree 100%. I always asked myself that question as well. Why Britain and France didn't declare war on Soviet Russia as well when they attacked and invaded Poland together with their ally Nazi Germany.
I guess it was because Britain and France didn't want to fight a two front war with both Germany and Russia . So they had to pick one.

 

[vostok]

Contrary to Tim Ottevanger’s view (Letters, 16 October) of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of August 1939, a pact that astonished the western world, I think it was one of the most significant in the last 200 years. At that time any intelligent observer, including Stalin, knew that the Nazis planned to eradicate Bolshevism and to gain Lebensraum in eastern Europe. The Soviets were engaged in a gigantic educational, agricultural and industrial transformation lasting less than a score of years, a process that took the UK over a century. They had to ensure that they were capable of defeating an onslaught from the greatest military machine ever known. The pact not only gave the USSR an extra 22 months of further industrialisation, but also allowed it to occupy eastern Poland after the Nazis attacked it on 1 September 1939. But for this extra 100+ miles of “buffer zone” the Nazis would have probably captured Moscow in 1941 and much land beyond it. Instead, as Churchill said, the Soviets “ripped the guts out of the Wehrmacht”. But for this the Nazis would have won the war in Europe with cataclysmic implications for the UK.
David Davis
Chesterfield
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/how-the-molotov-ribbentrop-pact-helped-win-the-war

 

[Vergennes]

Well, the most populated parts of Russia suffered no less than France in WW1. Plus, after the first world war, we had the Civil War up to 1920.

http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/population/russia.htm

Soviet Union quickly recovered.

France had a population of ~41,630,000 inhabitants in 1914. In 1939,it had a population of ~41,510,000 inhabitants.