Radar Related developments in Pakistan

[Kompromat]

We are still,behind in radar tech,however with more funding and more private sector partnership,we can have the desired results.

Farhan. Is there any data available regarding DESTO's radar related developments?

 

[Sulman Badshah]

Short Range Ground Surveillance Radar
We are working on development of short range ground surveillance radar for detection of moving targets. The project provides an opportunity to develop know-how of complete electronic system design and development and at the same time, the project acts as a platform for working on research areas of current interest such as automatic target classification, high resolution representation of radar micro-Doppler signal and rain clutter mitigation (range enhancement using signal processing). Our electronic system development effort is geared towards acquiring the know-how to conceive design and develop a complete electronic system that meets a given set of user requirements. In order to meet these system level requirements we have designed and fabricated its components such as antenna, microwave circuits and modules, baseband circuits, DSP system, built-in test and monitoring, turn tilt platform and mechanical hardware.



NR-V3, a solid state coherent pulse doppler radar for detection of moving vehicles and pedestrians up to a range of 4 km for pedestrians and 12 km for vehicles

Microstrip Antennas and Arrays
16x12 Folded Dipole Array Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 4.2º H plane : 5.7º

Gain 28±1 dB

Sidelobe Level ≤ -18 dB

Frequency Ku Band

VSWR Bandwidth 800 MHz

32x12 Folded Dipole Array Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 2.2º H plane : 5.7º

Gain 29±1 dB

Sidelobe Level ≤ -20 dB

Frequency Ku Band

VSWR Bandwidth 600 MHz

8x8 Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patch Array Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 9.9º H plane : 10.34º

Gain ??

Sidelobe Level ≤ -16 dB

Frequency ??

VSWR Bandwidth ??

Planer Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA):
In this work, multiband planer inverted-F antenna with 6mm height was designed, simulated in HFSS and fabricated for operating in the GSM, DCS and WLAN bands. In addition, a reduced height planer inverted-F antenna with 2mm height was also designed simulated and fabricated for application in multiband slim handsets.

Publications:

• Rehman Ahmed, “Low Profile Antennas for Mobile Communication Applications,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2009.

Compact Wideband Broad Side Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
This work includes simulation and experimental results for wide band U-shaped side slots loaded linearly polarized rectangular microstrip antenna with broad side radiation characteristics suitable for onboard applications in S-band. Impedence bandwidth of 34.8% as compared to 2-5% bandwidth of conventional microstrip antenna has been achieved.

Publications:

• Hafiz Muhammad Jafar, “Development of Compact Wide-band Broad Side RMSA Suitable for on-board Applications,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2009.

Patch Antenna Embedded in Dielectric Coating
In this work, frequency selective surface has been implemented over radome to address the issue of composite radome matching. Different planer artificial structures are implemented surrounding the antenna aperture to restore the broad coverage of patch antenna with low return loss. Implementation of artificially hard boundary in the form of longitudinal metallic strips restores the -3 dB beamwidth (

) of the antenna in E-plane at the cost of antenna gain. Soft ring over dielectric coating surrounding the antenna aperture is optimized here for broad beamwidth (

) in E-plane with increased gain near to 7 dB by suppressing the creeped RF energy from thick dielectric coating.

Publications:

• Javed Ahmad, “Ratiation Pattern Improvement of Patch Antenna Embedded in Dielectric Coating using Artificial Surfaces,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2009.

Microstrip Star Shaped Patch Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 34º H plane : 36º

Gain 10.2 dBi

Frequency Ku Band

Fractal Antennas
High Directivity Fractal Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 27º H plane : 31º

Gain 12.5 ± 0.5 dB

Sidelobe Level ≤ -12.5 dB

Frequency 3 GHz

VSWR Bandwidth 450 MHz

Publications:

• Abbas Bin Younas Awan, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, “A New High Directivity Fractal Antenna Based on the Modified Koch Snowflake Geometry” Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 2010) Dec 7-10, 2010, Yokohama Japan.
• Abbas Bin Younas Awan, “High Directivity Fractal Antenna,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2010.

Multiband Fractal Antenna:
Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna and its scale factor variations have been studied. The Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna designed exhibits multiband behavior with three log-periodic bands, spaced with a log-period of 2. The number of log-periodic bands is proportional to the number of fractal iterations. By changing the geometrical scale factor of the Sierpinski Fractal, the band positions are changed accordingly, which confirms that the band positions correspond to the geometrical scale factor of the Sierpinski fractal, but it results in poor input matching (the return loss of the three log periodic bands being approximately -9 dB). This poor input matching is improved by using microstrip line feeding and consequently the return loss of the log-periodic bands improves to less than -15 dB.

Publications:

• Muhammad Waqas, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, “Multiband Sierpinski Fractal Antenna”, IEEE International Multitopic Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan, Dec 2009, pp. 376-381.
• Muhammad Waqas, “Multiband Fractal Antenna,”, MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2009.

Triangular Patch Antenna Using Partial Koch Fractal Boundary:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 70º H plane : 112º

Gain 9.5±0.5 dB

Sidelobe Level ≤ -18 dB

Frequency 3.6 GHz

VSWR Bandwidth 240 MHz

Publications:

• D. Fazal, Q.U. Khan and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan “Use of partial Koch boundaries for improved return loss, gain and sidelobe levels of triangular patch antenna” Electronic Letters 19th July 2012 Vol.48 No.15.
• D. Fazal, “Improvement in the Performance of Triangular Patch Antenna using Partial Koch Fractal Boundary,”, MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2012.

Slotted Waveguide Antennas
20x12 Slotted Wave Guide Array Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 4.1º H plane : 7.2º

Gain 28.5 ± 0.5 dB

Sidelobe Level ≤ -19 dB

Frequency Ku Band

VSWR Bandwidth 100 MHz

Publications:

• Sara H. Dar, Zubair Ahmed, Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, “Characterization of Waveguide Slots Using Full Wave EM Analysis Software HFSS’, IEEE INMIC Conference Proceedings, Karachi, Pakistan, Dec 2008, pp. 85-90.
• Sara Hameed Dar, Zubair Ahmed, and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan “Design of a Low Side Lobe Slotted Waveguide Planar Array”, Fifth International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology, IBCAST, Islamabad, Pakistan, 8th -11th January, 2007. pp. 31-34.
• Sara H. Dar, “Design of a Low Side Lobe Slotted Waveguide Planar Array,” College of E&ME, NUST, 2007.

Reflector and Reflect Array Antennas
Ku Band Reflect Array Antenna:
Specifications:
Half power Beamwidth E plane : 4º H plane : 5º

Gain 22.2 dB

Sidelobe Level ≤ -10 dB

Frequency Ku Band

Journal Publications:

• Muhammad Wasif, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, “Performance of Thinned Mcrostrip Reflectarrays” IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol-2, No. 2, pp 581-585 Dec 2010.

Conference Publications:

• Muhammad Wasif, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, “Performance Comparison of Different Aperture Shapes for Microstrip Reflectarray,” German Microwave Conference (GeMIC), Germany, Mar 2010, pp 250 to 253.
• Muhammad Wasif, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, “Comparison of Microstrip Reflectarray for Different Aperture Shapes and Different Grid Settings of Elementary Antennas on its Aperture” IEEE International Conference on Antennas, Propagation and Systems (INAS 2009), Dec 2009, Johor Malaysia. Pp.110-1 to 110-5.

Thesis:

• Muhammad Wasif, “Design and Fabrication of Microstrip Reflectarray using Patches of Variable Size,” College of E&ME, NUST, 2009.

 

[Sulman Badshah]

Frequency Independent Antennas
Spiral Antenna:
Archimedean Spiral and Equiangular Spiral Antenna has been designed, simulated and fabricated for the 2GHz to 18GHz bandwidth, |Axial ratio| ≤ 3dB and typical VSWR ≤ 2.

15% Reduction in size has been achieved and the parameters of Meander Arm Spiral are better than the classical antenna.

Publications:

• Zia Ullah Khan, “Simulation Design of Spiral Antenna,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2009.

Automatic Target Classification
We are working on automatic target recognition problem for ground surveillance radar NR-V3. The goal of this research is to develop an automatic target classifier that can classify ground targets detected by NR-V3 radar. The work is based on extracting the micro-Doppler features from the backscattered signal using signal processing and then classifying them using machine learning techniques.

In addition, we are developing high resolution 2D time-frequency representation of pedestrian micro-Doppler signature.

Scatter plot showing first 3 feature vectors of NR-V3 data
This work has resulted in a number of publications :

Machine Learning:

• A. Javed, S. Liaqat, M. B. Ihsan, "Support vector machine based micro-Doppler signature classification of ground targets", Radar Conference (EuRAD), 2013, 10th European, Oct. 9 2013 – Oct. 11 2013, pp. 168-171.
• A. Javed, A. Ejaz, S. Liaqat, A. Ashraf, M. B. Ihsan, "Automatic target classifier for a ground surveillance radar using linear discriminant analysis and logistic regression", in Radar Conference (EuRAD), 2012 9th European, Oct 31 2012-Nov 2, 2012, pp 302-305.
• S. Liaqat, S. A. Khan, A. I. Bhatti, M. B. Ihsan, S. Z. Asghar, A, Ejaz, "Automatic recognition of ground radar targets based on target RCS and short time spectrum variance", in Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications 2011 (INISTA 2011), International Symposium on, pp 164-167, Jun 2011.

Joint time-frequency Representation:

• S. Liaqat , M. B. Ihsan, S. Z. Asghar , A. Ejaz, A. Javed, "High resolution 2D time frequency representation of radar micro-Doppler pedestrian signal", Radar Conference (EuRAD), 2013, 10th European, Oct. 9 2013-Oct. 11 2013, pp 515-518.

Microwave Systems
Microwave Transmitter Module for Ku Band

Microwave Transmitter Module for Ku Band
Microwave Tranceiver Module for Ku Band

Microwave Tranceiver Module for Ku Band
Microwave Receiver Module for Ku Band

Microwave Receiver Module for Ku Band

Amplifiers
Spatial Power Combining in Rectangular Waveguides using Dense Finline Arrays:
Spatial power combiners using dense finline arrays (tapered slot antennas) arranged in tray configuration and enclosed in a standard Ku band waveguide (WR-62) have been designed in this work. The design of the finline taper is the most challenging aspect in this work. Before the tapers can be synthesized, a relationship between phase constant of the finline array and its geometrical parameters must be established which can only be achieved through full wave EM analysis. Matlab codes were developed using Spectral Domain Method (SDM) to extract this relationship for single-tray finline, two-tray finline and four-tray finline configuration. Results of SDM codes were also compared with Ansoft HFSS and were found to be in good aggrement. Two tray finline and Four tray finline tapers along with dielectric matching, connected back to back were fabricated and tested using Time Domain Gating feature of Network Analyzer. Results indicate measured return loss of 26.3 dB as compared to simulated return loss of 23.5 dB for single tray finline, 19 dB as compared to simulated return loss of 18.6 dB for two tray finline and 16 dB as compared to simulated return loss of 15.5 dB for four tray finline at 16 GHz.

Publications:

• M. Anis Chaudhary, “Spatial Power Combining in Rectangular Waveguides using Dense Finline Arrays,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2010.

High Performance GaN based Switch Mode Class F and Inverse Class F Power Amplifier:
This work is based on design and development of Class AB, Class F and Class

power amplifiers using GaN based transistors. A comparison has been done between these amplifiers based on output power and efficiency. Effect of input harmonic termination on efficiency and output power in Class F and Class

power amplifiers has also been investigated.

Inverse Class F design

Class F design

Class AB design
Publications:

• Ali Ahmed, “High Performance GaN based Switch Mode Class F and Inverse Class F Power Amplifier,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2012.

Filters
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filter:
Substrate integrated waveguide filters at X and Ku band have been designed which involves determining the width of iris as a function of coupling factor. For this purpose, a design curve of iris width vs coupling was generated using HFSS. Two 5 pole Chebyshev bandpass filters have been fabricated on 4003 Rogers. Measured results at 10 GHz presents 380 MHz bandwidth, 6.6 dB insertion loss and return loss better than 12.5 dB. Measured results at 16 GHz presents 410 MHz bandwidth, 8.1 dB insertion loss and return loss better than 13 dB.

Publications:

• Umar Hasan Khan, “A Narrow Band Subsrate Integrated Waveguide Filter using EM Simulation,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2013.

Compact UWB Bandpass Filter with High Stopband Rejection:
Thesis research is based on the development of compact UWB bandpass filter for UWB communication in 3.1-10.6 GHz band. Two fourth order UWB filters are designed; one by direct coupling of three E-structures and other by capacitive coupling of two E-structures. Filter based on directly coupled E-shape structures has fractional bandwidth of 97%, maximum flat band insertion loss of 1.3dB, maximum returnloss of 9dB and rejection better than 20dB in GPS band. Chip loaded filterhas fractional bandwidth of 115%, maximum flat band insertion loss of 0.25dB, maximum return loss of 11 dB and rejection better than 25dB in GPS band.

Three cascaded E-shape Structure

Chip Loaded E-shape Structure
Publications:

• Bilal Aslam, “Packaged Ultra Wide Band Filter,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2013.

Parallel Coupled Microstrip Bandpass Filter
A fourth order paralled coupled Microstrip band pass filter was designed using chebychev low pass prototype and was simulated on Harmonica and further on EM analysis tool Sonnet to take into account the physical layout and packaging effects. The filter was designed to operate at a centre frequency of 1 GHz and a bandwidth of 200 MHz with pass band ripple of 0.01 dB. The measured results show insertion loss of -1.2 dB and bandwidth of 220 MHz at centre frequency of 1 GHz.

Publications:

• Tahir Abbas, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan “Parallel Coupled Microstrip Band Pass Filter Design using EM-Analysis”, Proceedings of IEEE INMIC 2004 8th International Multitopic Conference Islamabad Pakistan, 24-26 December 2004, pp 703-705.
• Tahir Abbas, Zubair Ahmed and Mojeeb Bin Ihsan. “Design of Coupled-Line Coupled Hairpin-Line Filter Using EM Analysis for Parameter Extraction”, Third International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology, Bhurban, Pakistan, 7-12 June, 2004, pp 740-745.

 

[Sulman Badshah]

Circularly Polarized Antenna Array using Sequential Rotation Technique:
In this project, circularly polarized antenna has been designed for the application domain of Direct Broadcasting Satellites (DBS) using sequential rotation technique. Using this technique, 2 GHz bandwidth has been achieved which is a necessity for efficient performance since DBS operational range is 10.7-12.7 GHz. In addition, good circular polarization and low VSWR over a wide frequency band has been achieved. The axial ratio approaches 0 dB at boresight with 0.47 GHz bandwidth making the antenna broadband both in terms of VSWR and axial ratio bandwidth.

Project Supervisors: Prof Dr. Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, Asst Prof Zubair Ahmed

Group Members: (BE Elect Engg) Kashif Raheem, Saqib Waseem

J-Band Offset Parabolic Reflector Antenna:
In this project, fundamental principles of antenna theory have been applied to the analysis and design of pyramidal horn and parabolic offset reflector antennas respectively. MATLAB code was written to evaluate parameters of reflector and pyramidal horn antenna and simulations were also done in MATLAB to evaluate radiation power patterns of both antennas. Results of these simulations were compared with the simulations done with ‘SABOOR’ software based on the same dimensions and specs. Reflector and horn antenna were then manufactured locally in two iterations.

Project Supervisors: Prof Dr. Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, Asst Prof Zubair Ahmed

Group Members: (BE Elect Engg) Muhammad Shoaib Anwar, Omer Mukhtar

View attachment 208bc6abdd9e152dcdf0b2de27fd05d2.bmp_.jpg

Oscillators
Performance Analysis of Various Circuit Topologies of DROs Designed at Ku Band Frequencies
Transistor oscillators with high-Q, temperature-stable dielectric resonators as frequency determining elements, are widely used as stable sources for microwave systems. In this work, 14.4 GHz HEMT and FET DROs and 16 GHz HEMT DRO have been designed and implemented and a comparison of their general characteristics has been made. 14.4 GHz FET DRO exhibits the best performance with 6 dBm output power and phase noise -100.7 dBC/Hz at 100 kHz offset.

Publications:

• Yawar Nadeem, “Performance Analysis of Various Circuit Topologies of DROs Designed at Ku Band Frequencies,” MS Thesis, College of E&ME, NUST, 2006.

 

[انگریز]

@Horus .........

 

[shaheenmissile]

So why the hell Pakistan;s own NR-V3 not being mass produced and deployed on Af-Pak borders?
The product was cleared by NESCOM in 2014

 

[sparten]

It takes time to manufacture, accept, train and delpoy new hardware

 

[IHK_PK]

MEN R WORKING BEHIND WALLS,, DON'T WORRY.

 

[LeslieEngel]

Its sounds job. Great job.

 

[RealNapster]

So why the hell Pakistan;s own NR-V3 not being mass produced and deployed on Af-Pak borders?
The product was cleared by NESCOM in 2014

Pak Army "NOW" using it On Pak-Afghan border and those area's cleared during operations e'g; Shawal valley

 

[ZAC1]

deployed on indian side of border will give many precise information
Good Job PA and our talented Students

 

[Thunder.Storm]

GSR ,Ground surveillance radar is a class of radar sensors that monitor activity surrounding or on critical infrastructure areas such as airports,[1] seaports, military installations, national borders, refineries and other critical industry and the like. Such radars are characterized by their ability to detect movement at ground level of targets such as an individual walking or crawling towards a facility. Such radars typically have ranges of several hundred metres to over 10 kilometers.

Pakistan's Ministry of defense production launched a Research and development project for completely indigenous production of a GSR in collaboration with EME and other departments of NUST.
A total of 39 Million Rs were allocated for R&D. The preliminary/Theoretical work was completed within an year with 20+ PHD students working on the project. The project was so successful that AESA and PESA technologies seemed conceivable within Pakistan's own expertise and resources.
International Microwave journal IEEE received and published dozens of research papers about Radar technology from the students working on this project. See project 274 on NUST website
NESCOM was given the task of further developing the AESA , PESA related research which branched out of this project. 300 Million USD were allocated for Pakistan's own dedicated Electronics R&D labs near Islamabad which had to be a subsidiary of NESCOM.
Unfortunately the labs never materialized in its desired form. Much of the funds dedicated for the lab were diverted to other civilian projects by PPP Prime minister Raja Pervez Ashraf.
A toned down NESCOM Electronics complex was completed in 2012,but was again a victim of financial corruption and could not do any mlre than manufacturing Motherboards for NRTC's Software defined radios.

The research on further development and building of a prototype GSR continued at NUST/EME
The project was started in 2006 and named "national Radar" or NR.

Over the years 3 versions were built and tested and in 2014 the Final prototype NR-V3 was accepted for production by Pakistan's Ministry of Defense production.

The Radar's Exact specifications are still undisclosed,but a learned guess is that the Radar has the capability of detecting Humans at 4Km range and Vehicles at 12Km range with an average accuracy of 96%.
The biggest challenge in any Ground surveillance radar is to identify target among clutter or reflections of trees,buildings and other ground objects. This was probably the biggest research project and many research papers were written by Pakistani PHD students on this subject during the project.
The final Algorithms was very robust and with accuracy of 96% or more.

All the components,including Antenna,transmitters,Receivers,Filters and software were designed,built and tested in Pakistan.
It is yet to be seen when the Radar will enter mass production and deployment on strategically important locations for area surveillance.

Some pictures of the project as below.

Pakistan's Home made GSR , Ground surveillance radar

 

[Arsalan mehmud]

Keept it up... Good news...
We will have upper hand to limit terror activities... Thanks to the team..

 

[Pomegranate]

WELDONE .......................

 

[shah1398]

A total of 39 Million Rs were allocated for R&D. The preliminary/Theoretical work was completed within an year with 20+ PHD students working on the project.

Money invested and it paid well. More of such projects are badly needed.

The project was so successful that AESA and PESA technologies seemed conceivable within Pakistan's own expertise and resources

Fund them, facilitate them, Encourage them and reap the benefits soon IN SHA ALLAH.

I had seen in some news that we are currently using GSRs at our western borders too. Any guess which one are those?