Indian strategy has relied extensively on extrajudicial murders, which usually "occur after 'crackdowns' ... during which all the men of a neighborhood or village are called to assemble for an identification parade in front of hooded informers. Those whom the informers point out are taken away for torture and interrogation, and some are simply taken away and shot." (Human Rights Watch, "India's Secret Army in Kashmir".) In 1999, Human Rights Watch reported that "custodial killings -- the summary execution of detainees -- remain a central component of the Indian government's counterinsurgency strategy. While the difficulties associated with documentation make it impossible to state accurately the number of such killings, human rights groups in the state and elsewhere in India estimate that such summary executions number in the thousands." ("India: Behind the Kashmir Conflict", July 1999.) In Kashmir and Punjab combined, "the actual number of executed and 'disappeared' ... [is] probably in the tens of thousands," according to Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. (Mahmood, "Trials by Fire: Dynamics of Terror in Punjab and Kashmir," in Jeffrey A. Sluka, ed., Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror [University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000], p. 70.)