Pakistan Air Defense

[The SC]

What are the needs of Pakistan's air defenses, when we look at the superior number of aircrafts India has presently in its arsenal, their roles, qualities and quantities, plus the Rafales in the near future.
What systems should work against all these types of aircrafts from MKI to the rafale? And in what quantity? There are many air defense systems available on the international markets, Pakistan needs short range, medium range and long range air defense systems performing from low to high altitudes.
What are the possibilities?

HQ-9 and HQ-12 SAM System Battery Radars
HQ-9 and HQ-12 SAM System Battery Radars

FD-2000 / HQ-9 SAM - China's Strategic ‘Game Changer’
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-NOTAM-061209-1.html

 

[The SC]

Pakistan procuring S-300 like system
nightcrawler on Fri Nov 19, 2010 12:46 am

In an interview with the Global Times newspaper, Rao Qamar Suleman, air chief marshal of the Pakistan Air Force has confirmed the rumors that Pakistan Air Force will purchase up to four Chinese Surface-to-Air Missiles to meet its airdefence needs.


Air Chief Marshal Rao Suleman has said that Pakistan air force is evaluating, different Chinese surface-to-air missiles for the purchase of 3 to 4 SAM systems. One of the systems under evaluation is "HQ-18"surface-to-air missile system.
As per Jane's Defence weekly Hong Qi-18 (HQ-18) surface to air missile system is Chinese version based on the S-300 that is also known as SA-12A "Gladiator". HQ-18 system has a rand of 100 km and it can be used against short-range ballistic and cruise missiles as well as against aircraft.

Another surface to air missile that may be under consideration is China's indigenously developed HQ-12 / KS-1A SAM. These surface-to-air missiles are available with two engagement radars H-200 phased array radar and SJ-231 phased array radar.

The SJ-231 radar system for the KS-1A/HQ-12 SAM system is based on the on the HT-233 PESA engagement radar which is associated with the advance Chinese surface-to-air missile system HQ-9 / FD-2000. SJ-231 is a self propelled radar.
China's indigenously developed HQ-12 / KS-1A missile is a single stage missile that uses the solid propellant. It has very short span delta wing design that is very much like that of the US Hawk SAM. KS-1A Missiles uses the rail launchers. Depending upon the target’s speed maximum range of KS-1A varies from 38-50km. It can be used against targets flying as high as 27000m and as low as 300m.




Pakistan Military Review: Pakistan Air Force to Purchase 4 Chinese SAM Systems

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HQ-9/FD2000


HQ-9 TELs on 8 x 8 TAS-5380 chassis with HT-233 engagement radar


HHQ-9 launch at motor ignition


HQ-9 TEL using the Taian TAS-5380 chassis.

HQ-9 aft view of the deployed launch tube / transport container assemblies

HQ-9 forward view of the deployed launch tube / transport container assemblies, with the hydraulically elevated gantry exposed - the ram arrangement is modelled on the S-300P self-propelled variant TELs and is similar to a dump truck arrangement. Note the embedded hydraulic rams in the gantry used to position the launchers once upright


HHQ-9 launch at motor ignition. The missile airframe closely resembles the 5V55/48N6 series


HHQ-9 launch, the weapon employs much the same cold launch technology as the Russian S-300P series it was modelled upon


HHQ-9 rounds on parade. The prominent external TVC vanes are very visible on these examples


The FD-2000/HQ-9 round resembles the Soviet 5V55 series, with the exception of prominent external TVC vanes



Cutaway of the FT-2000 round from brochure material. Note the additional cruciform strake absent in the 5V55/48N6 family of missile airframes, and the baseline HQ-9


Chinese internet images described as the HQ-9 round, but more likely a Soviet era 5V55 series round. Below nozzle. Note the TVC vanes coupled to the aerodynamic controls, and different cruciform tail geometry



The HQ-9 has been in production for PLA-AF and PLA-N deployment for a number of years. The US DoD puts current deployments at 64 launchers, making for 8 to 16 batteries.

Since late 2008 the HQ-9 has been offered for export under the designation FD-2000. The anti-radiation FT-2000 was offered for export a decade ago.

To date there have been claims that Pakistan is procuring a number of systems, but details remain to be confirmed. Iran is also a possible future client, following the difficulties they have experienced in procuring the S-300PMU1 / SA-20 Gargoyle from Russia - there have been numerous speculative claims of an acquisition but no evidence to support them.

Given China's active marketing effort in Latin America, South Asia and most recently, Africa, it is likely that HQ-9 derivatives will be widely exported, as more affordable analogues to the Russian S-300PMU2 / SA-20B and S-400 / SA-21.

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It seems that the data used in the design of S-300 interference resistance capability is a highly important state secret, and without deciphering it, the performance of the chinese systems will be affected. I personnaly think that China has overcame this, and maybe Iran too, with its new Bavar-373. The interference resistance capability is one of the most important qualities of the S-300 system

 

[The SC]

Surface to Air Missile Systems and Integrated Air Defence Systems
http://www.ausairpower.net/sams-iads.html
Surface to Air Missile Systems and Integrated Air DefenceSystems

 

[Kompromat]

Isn't it already under discussion?

 

[The SC]

Integrated air defense system

An integrated air defense system puts all antiaircraft sensors (e.g., radar, visual observers, and other technical means) as well as antiaircraft weapons (e.g., anti-aircraft artillery, surface-to-air missiles, air superiority fighters and interceptors, etc., under a common system of command, control, communications and intelligence (C3I). Depending on the national doctrine involved, the control is more or less decentralized. NATO doctrine is concerned with deconfliction, but allowing a fighter pilot the discretion to pursue the final attack. Soviet doctrine, including that of Iraq, was more centralized and less flexible for the pilot.

Today's battlefield, in many respects, starts as a duel between the IADS and the suppression of enemy air defense campaign against it.

The first operational IADS, with no computer assistance other than in the brains of the defenders, was in the Battle of Britain. The term IADS had not yet been invented, but more important was that the Germans did not see the British system as a system. They saw airfields, radars, etc., but did not grasp that the most critical and vulnerable part were the control centers. Indeed, some of the German radars of the time were more advanced, but were not as well integrated.


Requirements of an IADS

The basic rules of an IADS are:

• Find the attackers
• Direct your defensive platforms (e.g., surface-to-air missiles (SAM), anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), etc.) against them
• Let your defensive platforms attack the enemy
• Don't let your defensive platforms attack your own side

Sensors

Radar is the backbone of modern IADS, and radar of many types: early warning, perhaps over-the-horizon early warning, "look down" airborne radar that can detect low-flying aircraft and cruise missiles, ballistic missile acquisition radar, missile fire control radar, ground- and air-based radar that direct fighters to their targets, missile guidance radar, to say nothing of weather radar to pick out routes that the enemy may try and that your forces can use. Still, it is possible to become overdependent on radar, or make too many assumptions that you are superior to the enemy's radar.

Some Soviet/Russian SAMs, such as the 2K12 (NATO reporting name SA-6 GAINFUL), have, in addition to radar, electro-optical assistance to visual guidance. These were a rude surprise to NATO forces that believed they had destroyed all Serbian radars, or forced them to shut down. Anthony Cordesman observed that a lesson learned from the Kosovo campaign was "the continuing survivability of land-based air defenses, and the threat posed by “non-cooperative” air defenses that do not emit or deploy in ways that can be easily targeted. According to NATO figures, some 90% of Serbia’s SA-6 assets survived the war, and could fire using pop-up radar and/or electro-optical techniques at the end of the war." Further, he observed that modern air and missile power can achieve very high levels of suppression, [but\ cannot kill mobile systems or prevent land-based systems from riding out an extensive..."suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) campaign. In contrast to the Iraqi KARI [4] IADS was largely made up of fixed assets.


Layered structure

A modern IADS has multiple layers of sensors and defensive systems. This is most obvious in the protection of a U.S. naval carrier group, in which the outermost ring consists of fighters and well-escorted airborne radar aircraft, with the next ring made up of long-range surface-to-air missiles (SAM) such as the RIM-156 Standard SM-2, another ring of medium-range SAMs such as the # RIM-162 ESSM, and point defenses such as the Phalanx close-in weapons system (i.e., autocannon) and RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles.

When there was a still a major threat from Soviet Naval Aviation bombers launching long-range anti-shipping missiles (ASM), there were two rings of fighters, the Outer Air Battle aircraft being F-14 Tomcat interceptors armed with the extremely long range, but relatively unmaneuverable, AIM-54 Phoenix air-to-air missile. On the theory that "it is better to stop the archer than the arrows", the Tomcats would try to intercept the bombers outside their maximum missile range. Another ring of fighters would engage any threat aircraft not carrying long-range weapons, and probably engage the fast but straight-running ASMs.

Ballistic missile defense can have many layers. Israel is exploring acquiring the very long range RIM-161 Standard SM-3 missile intended to engage theater ballistic missiles, and adapting them to a land-based role. The next ring would be the still long-range, very-high-altitude Arrow-2 missiles co-developed with the U.S. For critical areas of 15 mile or so radius, the remaining incoming warheads would face MIM-104 Patriot missiles. Final point defense of key installations might use autocannon such as the Oerlikon AHEAD shotgun-like pellets, or the developmental Nautilus, formerly the Mobile Tactical High Energy Laser (MTHEL).


Command and control

Today, if the enemy knows where your IADS command is located, and it is not mobile and well-defended, he will make it a high priority to kill. It becomes a center of gravity of one's defense. This was not true in the Battle of Britain; the Germans did not fully understand the network of sector stations linked to one another and to Fighter Command, and they did not have the precision-guided munitions to achieve sure kill on the command posts if they knew their significance.

Iraqi IADS command posts, however, were some of the first targets of the 1991 Operation Desert Storm attack, although an early warning radar was the very first target. The latter was on the Saudi-Iraq border, and was unconventionally attacked by Army AH-64 Apache attack helicopters, led to the target by Air Force Special Operations MH-53 PAVE LOW helicopters with advanced low-level navigation.

While Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) such as the E-3 Sentry or Russian Beriev A-50 seem safe in the air, that depends on the sophistication of the opponent. It is unlikely that a fighter can claw through the escorts surrounding an AWACS, but long-range air-to-air missiles that also have an anti-radiation missile capability may get through. The Soviet/Russian Vympel R-33/AA-9 AMOS has been considered an "AWACS killer". Longer-ranged versions of the U.S. AIM-120 AMRAAM may have the same capability toward the other side.


Air defense platforms

Active DCA uses air, sea, and ground based assets that either physically destroy the enemy, using antiaircraft artillery (AAA), surface-to-air missiles (SAM), and fighter aircraft armed with autocannon or air-to-air missiles (AAM). Fighters have the greatest range and flexibility, but cannot provide continuous coverage of a protected area.

In the past, certain fighter aircraft were specialized for the aircraft interception mission. Multirole combat aircraft have replaced them, but some interceptors, such as the Russian MiG-25. Interceptors tend to have very high speed, but little maneuverability if they were intended to go against bombers. Their high speed and altitude capability can make them useful as reconnaissance platforms, such as the MiG-25R.

Such systems can be divided by their area of coverage. Fighters and longer-range SAMs can cover areas containing numerous surface targets, while point defense of short-range SAMs and AAA can protect specific targets. A special case is the protection of high-value assets such as AWACS and tankers, which usually involves fighters, and possibly electronic warfare aircraft, escorting them.


Deconfliction

Deconfliction is one of the key aspects of an IADS. In general, there are a series of concentric circles around a target: the outermost might be assigned to long-range fighters, the next to long-range SAMs, the next to shorter-range fighters, and the innermost to AAA and short-range SAMs. These circles may be three-dimensional; there may be a rule that while aircraft at high altitude over troop concentrations are not to be engaged by the ground missiles, if they descend below a given altitude, they become targets.

Some IADS will mix systems in an IADS, either accepting a certain probability of fratricide, or relying on identification friend or foe and other electronics to avoid fratricide. Both air force and air defense force [Egyptian] commanders confirmed that, while it was an operational goal to use the MiG-21 as the first force to engage enemy aircraft at maximum range, it also was tactical doctrine for the interceptors to fight within the missile belt and continue harrying attacking forces all the way to their targets. They agreed that losses from friendly missiles were so relatively small that the tactics of using both interceptors and missiles in the same airspace was operationally sound and militarily effective against the offensive formations.

Integrated air defense system - encyclopedia article - Citizendium

 

[The SC]

Air Defense Systems Integrator (off the shelf)
...
The ADSI, which currently forwards 4,000 tracks, contains the latest in hardware technology: CompactPCI. All Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) products employed in new ADSI systems (everything from circuit cards to hard-disk drives to backplanes) are CompactPCI and Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)-compliant.
...
Ultra Electronics Advanced Tactical Systems : Products : Air Defense Systems Integrator
http://ultra-ats.com/files/adsi_v15_pr1_hr.pdf
*Air Defence Systems Integrator and the acronym ADSI are registered trademarks of Advanced Programming Concepts, Austin Tx.

OR

DIAMONDShield Integrated Air & Missile Defense

...
The DIAMONDShield system hosts a suite of Integrated Air and Missile Defense capabilities that enables warfighters to manage a continuous C2 cycle, operating at the speed of the battlespace. The solution is unique, as it delivers a state-of-the-art solution that responds to the growing range of weapons capable of delivering threats by land, surface, air and space. At the core of the product, is a modern service oriented architecture, enabling sensors-to-shooters integration and interoperability the widest range of tactical communications, sensors, weapons and existing legacy systems.

DIAMONDShield’s open architecture minimizes the system’s total cost of ownership and ensures today’s investments can be extended to meet the challenges of tomorrow. Visualization is presented in as set of user-optimized graphical displays with selectable features in 2D, 3D, and 4D. The interoperability enabled by DIAMONDShield ensures seamless C4I operations across services and coalition operations.

DIAMONDShield transforms operational command and control of air and missile defense assets into a collaboration and optimization of assets. It brings everything together into an integrated view of a complex battlespace.

DIAMONDShield Integrated Air & Missile Defense · Lockheed Martin

 

[The SC]

Advanced SAM system

Surface-Launched AMRAAM (SL-AMRAAM / CLAWS)
Raytheon and Kongsberg have produced HAWK-AMRAAM which features HAWK and AMRAAM missiles on universal launchers.

The CLAWS (HUMRAAM) launcher for the surface-launched AMRAAM air defence missile.

Surface-launched AMRAAM is cued by the Raytheon AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel radar.


Surface-Launched AMRAAM (SL-AMRAAM / CLAWS) - Army Technology

 

[The SC]

Isn't it already under discussion?

Please read the opening post, this is different than the other threads discussing actualities, this is more extensive and asks for opinions and expertise.