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"Mossad" looks from space
Realization of the Israeli space projects has begun in 1981 under the direction of general Jegoshua Saga. This idea the prime minister of Israel of that time has supported Menahem Begin. It is necessary to pay attention that at that time Sagas were held by a post of the director of "Aman" (the Israeli military investigation). It is clear that the Saga project concerned first of all development and space shot of prospecting satellite. First for these purposes the Ministry of Finance has allocated 5 mln. dollars Clearly that such scanty sum could not pay expenses on manufacture of satellite in any way, and also carrier rockets and photoequipment for space shootings. However, as it has appeared, this money intended only for studying of possibilities of formation of the Israeli space investigation. Differently, in 5 mln. dollars the state has estimated only preliminary expenses.
In 1982 the Israeli space agency ISA to which coordination of all space programs of the country was assigned has been created. It was thus supposed that the prospecting information from satellite will arrive not only to "Aman", but also "Mossad" (service of the Israeli external investigation).
"HORIZON" OPENS SECRETS
However in 1983 the Israeli space intelligence projects hardly have not suffered full breakdown for headed "Aman" of Ehud the Barrack has supported their rolling up. In its opinion, the extra budget were necessary for expanding on more terrestrial affairs, first of all on purchase of spy planes and secret-service work. In that situation Moshe Arens the native of the United States has rescued which headed in 1982 defensive department and have insisted on renewal of military and prospecting space projects. However space programs of the Jewish state have received a special push after appointment to a supervising post in ISA of one of the largest physicists of the end of the XX-th century of Colonel Juvalja Neemana, the former deputy director "Aman".
The space age of the Jewish state has begun on September, 19th, 1988 when the first satellite "Офек-1" ("Horizon") with help of the Israeli three-stage rocket "Shavit" (the version of a military rocket "Jericho-2" adapted for needs of space) has been launched. In 1984 in Haifa at Tehnione (Polytechnical university) the Institute of space researches has been created. And it is no wonder that the primary goal of satellite of generation "Ofek" consisted in monitoring of a situation of safety in the world. And here the following generation of the satellite, called "Eros", conducted supervision and shootings in the civil purposes and under orders of the various companies.
PARTNERSHIP WITH RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN
Starts of transcommunication satellite of a series "Amos" (from English Afro-Mediterranean Orbital System – «the Afro-Mediterranean orbital system») had great value. "Amos-1" has been launched on May, 16th, 1996 from the European space centre "CSG" Kourou in the French Guiana in the South America. It has worked in an orbit of 12 years. On December, 28th, 2003 from space station "Baikonur" in Kazakhstan "Amos-2" launch has been carried out. Settlement operation time of such device in weight of 1,4 tons makes 12 years. This satellite carries out communication in territory of all Near East, Europe and East coast of the United States. In honour of the 60 anniversary from the date of declaration of Israel on April, 28th, 2008 again from space station "Baikonur" launch into an orbit "Amos-3" providing reliable reception with high quality of television channels in territory from the Western France to Ural Mountains, and also from Istanbul to Kazakhstan has been deduced. This satellite will serve 18 years.
In 2009 into an orbit even more powerful satellite "Amos-4" has been launched. The chairman of National space agency of Kazakhstan Talgat Musabaev rather recently visited Israel and meeting representatives of local space branch, in interview to the Israeli newspaper " Haaretz " named the Jewish state «the major partner of Kazakhstan in all respects the space program». It couldn’t ignore to exclude interest of Kazakhstan which is afraid of export Islamizm from the next Iran, in establishment of the Israeli military-space base on a certain part of a complex "Baikonur". Israelis, most likely, have already received such offer. And objections from the side of Russia which possesses buildings, platforms and the equipment of this space station, has not followed yet.
Some years ago the Israeli company Spacecom which is engaged in development and service of space vehicles, has made basic decision to order manufacturing of satellite from Russia. Satellite "Amos-5" made in Russia, is planned to send in space on December, 31st, 2011. To Israelis, manufacturing and launch will cost in 157 mln. dollars Direct realization of these space projects entrusted to the large enterprises like company «Israeli space industry» and defensive complex Rafael. But if "Amos-5" was developed by Israelis or Americans then cost would increase almost twice.
TO SEE THROUGH THE EARTH!
The Jewish state surpasses all countries of the world, except USA, in such area of satellite technology, as resolution and quality of images. Updating of similar satellite allow to receive three-dimensional images for mapping. The Israeli space satellite already transfer pictures in the hyper spectral image. Hence, from an eye of the Israeli satellite it is impossible to hide or camouflage even underground objects. Certainly, the Israeli military men use it first of all. Tunnels which Hamas militants dig from Gaza to Egypt for illicit transportation of the weapon are perfectly visible to Israelis from space. All the matter is that the hyper spectral device of sounding of the Earth creates the image of same "scene" in 100–200 narrow spectral ranges. The Israeli satellite in literal sense sees through the earth!
But Israeli didn’t stop over it. They work over the technology, allowing to launch satellite from a plane. Advantage of this system is that, for such starts the rocket of the big power is not necessary. There is no need of the space station. Similar satellite can be launch at any time and in any direction. As the base plane it is offered to use fighter F-16.
In Israel the space station for a long time already functions. But it is insufficient as a launching pad for the big spaceships. The Jewish state has carried out launches of many satellites from the space station of Kennedy in American state Florida, "Baikonur" in Kazakhstan, "Plesetsk" and "Cvoboda" in Russia, "Kourou" in the French Guiana (South America). From India from Satish Dhawan Space Centre"Sriharikota" (it is located in 100 kilometres from the city of Madras on the island with the same name) by means of the Indian carrier rocket the Israeli prospecting satellite "ТекСар" has been started. It is interesting that this start was planned for autumn of 2007.
However Iran, having considered that "TekSar" basically will point over their territory, has asked the Indian communist party to interfere with a situation. "Intervention" has not brought special success, but four months has left on overcoming created Marxist–Leninist obstacles. In the end of November of the same year after terrorism in Mumbai Delhi has even more approached with Jerusalem, having bought from Israel some spy satellites.
MILITARY-AIR FORCES ANSWERABLE FOR ALL
The military pilot colonel Ilan Ramon who has made 16-day flight on a shuttle "Colombia" was the first citizen of the Jewish state, visited space, until recently only. Then there was a tragedy, and all crew of the American ship was lost on February, 1st, 2003. Nobody doubts that similar international expeditions have no relation to investigation and under the status cannot have. However level of scientific achievements and the used technical equipment by preparation and launching of such spaceships become sooner or later demanded by military and prospecting structures.
The crew of the wrecked shuttle has had time to transfer of data which will be studied still for a long time by various researchers, and, most likely, not only civil specialties. At once we will notice that the scientific program of "Colombia" prepared the Israeli scientists. As the primary goal the shuttle command should study geophysics of the sandy storms brought from the North Africa in region of the Mediterranean from space.
For all launches of the Israeli satellite bears responsibility command of the Air Forces. Specially prepared military personals of flight category provide transfer and images and other data to corresponding structures and intelligence authorities. Today the Ministry of Defence of Israel has put task for Israel Aerospace Industries to manufacture of a significant number of low orbital satellite providing constant supervision over such target objects, as Iran and Syria. The Israeli military men expand the technologies, allowing to launch spy satellites not from the space stations, and from a board of jet planes F-15. The Particular interest shows Jerusalem to satellite in weight to 100 kgs which in case of occurrence of military operations in a condition to capture all battlefields.
A number of sources state the point of view according to which on launched by India 300-kilogramme satellite RISAT-2 on April, 20th, 2009, transmitter was installed was from Israeli space manufacture which have transformed this satellite in kind of a radar-video camera with the multispectral aperture, that is resisting diffraction to degradation of images of the details of objects.
THE BIG SPACE FOR SMALL ISRAEL
According to recently published Israeli space program presented to prime minister Binjamin Netanjahu, Jerusalem intends to enclose in research of space of one and a half billion shekels (about halfbillion dollars). Such ambitious plan will transform Israel concerning today to space powers, but allocated only the prospecting programs, into a super state in the field of space researches of the widest spectrum. And nevertheless "mini satellite" remain the important article of export of the Jewish state.
The spy objected program for the clear reasons hasn’t competition, but the head of Space department of the Ministry of Defense the retired brigadier general Haim Eshed is appointed. To him will render all assistance the general director of the Ministry of a science and technology of Menahem Grinbljum. Today cooperation in the field of space researches develops Israel not only with super states, but also with Italy, the Netherlands and a number of other states which do not concern space powers in any way. Israel is going to develop manufacture and start so-called nano-satellites in weight about 12 kgs. The particular interest to these workings out shows China. The name of the author, professor Moshe Gelman, the director of the Institute of space researches located in Haifa in a forward to the book of Fredric Samoilovich Ortenberga «Israel in space» (Haifa, 2009), marks: «the State Israel has got competence in the field of launchers, small satellite, optical equipment, workings out of control centers of flights, information processing...» It is reasonably interesting that the book of Ortenberga, in the recent past visible Russian, and nowadays the Israeli expert in the field of space techniques, has been published in the beginning in Russian and English languages and only then in a Hebrew. This fact is no small degree a tribute to the scientists who have arrived from open spaces of the former USSR.
Realization of the Israeli space projects has begun in 1981 under the direction of general Jegoshua Saga. This idea the prime minister of Israel of that time has supported Menahem Begin. It is necessary to pay attention that at that time Sagas were held by a post of the director of "Aman" (the Israeli military investigation). It is clear that the Saga project concerned first of all development and space shot of prospecting satellite. First for these purposes the Ministry of Finance has allocated 5 mln. dollars Clearly that such scanty sum could not pay expenses on manufacture of satellite in any way, and also carrier rockets and photoequipment for space shootings. However, as it has appeared, this money intended only for studying of possibilities of formation of the Israeli space investigation. Differently, in 5 mln. dollars the state has estimated only preliminary expenses.
In 1982 the Israeli space agency ISA to which coordination of all space programs of the country was assigned has been created. It was thus supposed that the prospecting information from satellite will arrive not only to "Aman", but also "Mossad" (service of the Israeli external investigation).
"HORIZON" OPENS SECRETS
However in 1983 the Israeli space intelligence projects hardly have not suffered full breakdown for headed "Aman" of Ehud the Barrack has supported their rolling up. In its opinion, the extra budget were necessary for expanding on more terrestrial affairs, first of all on purchase of spy planes and secret-service work. In that situation Moshe Arens the native of the United States has rescued which headed in 1982 defensive department and have insisted on renewal of military and prospecting space projects. However space programs of the Jewish state have received a special push after appointment to a supervising post in ISA of one of the largest physicists of the end of the XX-th century of Colonel Juvalja Neemana, the former deputy director "Aman".
The space age of the Jewish state has begun on September, 19th, 1988 when the first satellite "Офек-1" ("Horizon") with help of the Israeli three-stage rocket "Shavit" (the version of a military rocket "Jericho-2" adapted for needs of space) has been launched. In 1984 in Haifa at Tehnione (Polytechnical university) the Institute of space researches has been created. And it is no wonder that the primary goal of satellite of generation "Ofek" consisted in monitoring of a situation of safety in the world. And here the following generation of the satellite, called "Eros", conducted supervision and shootings in the civil purposes and under orders of the various companies.
PARTNERSHIP WITH RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN
Starts of transcommunication satellite of a series "Amos" (from English Afro-Mediterranean Orbital System – «the Afro-Mediterranean orbital system») had great value. "Amos-1" has been launched on May, 16th, 1996 from the European space centre "CSG" Kourou in the French Guiana in the South America. It has worked in an orbit of 12 years. On December, 28th, 2003 from space station "Baikonur" in Kazakhstan "Amos-2" launch has been carried out. Settlement operation time of such device in weight of 1,4 tons makes 12 years. This satellite carries out communication in territory of all Near East, Europe and East coast of the United States. In honour of the 60 anniversary from the date of declaration of Israel on April, 28th, 2008 again from space station "Baikonur" launch into an orbit "Amos-3" providing reliable reception with high quality of television channels in territory from the Western France to Ural Mountains, and also from Istanbul to Kazakhstan has been deduced. This satellite will serve 18 years.
In 2009 into an orbit even more powerful satellite "Amos-4" has been launched. The chairman of National space agency of Kazakhstan Talgat Musabaev rather recently visited Israel and meeting representatives of local space branch, in interview to the Israeli newspaper " Haaretz " named the Jewish state «the major partner of Kazakhstan in all respects the space program». It couldn’t ignore to exclude interest of Kazakhstan which is afraid of export Islamizm from the next Iran, in establishment of the Israeli military-space base on a certain part of a complex "Baikonur". Israelis, most likely, have already received such offer. And objections from the side of Russia which possesses buildings, platforms and the equipment of this space station, has not followed yet.
Some years ago the Israeli company Spacecom which is engaged in development and service of space vehicles, has made basic decision to order manufacturing of satellite from Russia. Satellite "Amos-5" made in Russia, is planned to send in space on December, 31st, 2011. To Israelis, manufacturing and launch will cost in 157 mln. dollars Direct realization of these space projects entrusted to the large enterprises like company «Israeli space industry» and defensive complex Rafael. But if "Amos-5" was developed by Israelis or Americans then cost would increase almost twice.
TO SEE THROUGH THE EARTH!
The Jewish state surpasses all countries of the world, except USA, in such area of satellite technology, as resolution and quality of images. Updating of similar satellite allow to receive three-dimensional images for mapping. The Israeli space satellite already transfer pictures in the hyper spectral image. Hence, from an eye of the Israeli satellite it is impossible to hide or camouflage even underground objects. Certainly, the Israeli military men use it first of all. Tunnels which Hamas militants dig from Gaza to Egypt for illicit transportation of the weapon are perfectly visible to Israelis from space. All the matter is that the hyper spectral device of sounding of the Earth creates the image of same "scene" in 100–200 narrow spectral ranges. The Israeli satellite in literal sense sees through the earth!
But Israeli didn’t stop over it. They work over the technology, allowing to launch satellite from a plane. Advantage of this system is that, for such starts the rocket of the big power is not necessary. There is no need of the space station. Similar satellite can be launch at any time and in any direction. As the base plane it is offered to use fighter F-16.
In Israel the space station for a long time already functions. But it is insufficient as a launching pad for the big spaceships. The Jewish state has carried out launches of many satellites from the space station of Kennedy in American state Florida, "Baikonur" in Kazakhstan, "Plesetsk" and "Cvoboda" in Russia, "Kourou" in the French Guiana (South America). From India from Satish Dhawan Space Centre"Sriharikota" (it is located in 100 kilometres from the city of Madras on the island with the same name) by means of the Indian carrier rocket the Israeli prospecting satellite "ТекСар" has been started. It is interesting that this start was planned for autumn of 2007.
However Iran, having considered that "TekSar" basically will point over their territory, has asked the Indian communist party to interfere with a situation. "Intervention" has not brought special success, but four months has left on overcoming created Marxist–Leninist obstacles. In the end of November of the same year after terrorism in Mumbai Delhi has even more approached with Jerusalem, having bought from Israel some spy satellites.
MILITARY-AIR FORCES ANSWERABLE FOR ALL
The military pilot colonel Ilan Ramon who has made 16-day flight on a shuttle "Colombia" was the first citizen of the Jewish state, visited space, until recently only. Then there was a tragedy, and all crew of the American ship was lost on February, 1st, 2003. Nobody doubts that similar international expeditions have no relation to investigation and under the status cannot have. However level of scientific achievements and the used technical equipment by preparation and launching of such spaceships become sooner or later demanded by military and prospecting structures.
The crew of the wrecked shuttle has had time to transfer of data which will be studied still for a long time by various researchers, and, most likely, not only civil specialties. At once we will notice that the scientific program of "Colombia" prepared the Israeli scientists. As the primary goal the shuttle command should study geophysics of the sandy storms brought from the North Africa in region of the Mediterranean from space.
For all launches of the Israeli satellite bears responsibility command of the Air Forces. Specially prepared military personals of flight category provide transfer and images and other data to corresponding structures and intelligence authorities. Today the Ministry of Defence of Israel has put task for Israel Aerospace Industries to manufacture of a significant number of low orbital satellite providing constant supervision over such target objects, as Iran and Syria. The Israeli military men expand the technologies, allowing to launch spy satellites not from the space stations, and from a board of jet planes F-15. The Particular interest shows Jerusalem to satellite in weight to 100 kgs which in case of occurrence of military operations in a condition to capture all battlefields.
A number of sources state the point of view according to which on launched by India 300-kilogramme satellite RISAT-2 on April, 20th, 2009, transmitter was installed was from Israeli space manufacture which have transformed this satellite in kind of a radar-video camera with the multispectral aperture, that is resisting diffraction to degradation of images of the details of objects.
THE BIG SPACE FOR SMALL ISRAEL
According to recently published Israeli space program presented to prime minister Binjamin Netanjahu, Jerusalem intends to enclose in research of space of one and a half billion shekels (about halfbillion dollars). Such ambitious plan will transform Israel concerning today to space powers, but allocated only the prospecting programs, into a super state in the field of space researches of the widest spectrum. And nevertheless "mini satellite" remain the important article of export of the Jewish state.
The spy objected program for the clear reasons hasn’t competition, but the head of Space department of the Ministry of Defense the retired brigadier general Haim Eshed is appointed. To him will render all assistance the general director of the Ministry of a science and technology of Menahem Grinbljum. Today cooperation in the field of space researches develops Israel not only with super states, but also with Italy, the Netherlands and a number of other states which do not concern space powers in any way. Israel is going to develop manufacture and start so-called nano-satellites in weight about 12 kgs. The particular interest to these workings out shows China. The name of the author, professor Moshe Gelman, the director of the Institute of space researches located in Haifa in a forward to the book of Fredric Samoilovich Ortenberga «Israel in space» (Haifa, 2009), marks: «the State Israel has got competence in the field of launchers, small satellite, optical equipment, workings out of control centers of flights, information processing...» It is reasonably interesting that the book of Ortenberga, in the recent past visible Russian, and nowadays the Israeli expert in the field of space techniques, has been published in the beginning in Russian and English languages and only then in a Hebrew. This fact is no small degree a tribute to the scientists who have arrived from open spaces of the former USSR.
