The real issue is why these people are allowed to post here. Who are the admins? What exactly is the policy here?
To talk about Pakistan or to increase post counts? I'm under the impression that the owners of this forum are making quite a bit of money based off ads and they encourage Pak India conflicts to increase posts/clicks which in turn increase turnover.
If this is true, I want no part of this forum.
I was warned already at Mehfile Pakistan Skyscraper Forum about the sheer lack of common sense and odd administration.
I now fully understand. I will not be posting on this forum until I get a proper response from somebody in charge.
~ Early Farming Communities of the Indus Valley ~
Mehrgarh is a large Neolithic and Chalcolithic site located at the foot of the Bolan pass on the Kachi plain of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Continuously inhabited between about 7000 to 2600 BC, Mehrgarh is the earliest known Neolithic site in the the Indus Valley, with early evidence of farming (wheat and barley), herding (cattle, sheep, and goats) and metallurgy. The site is located on the principal route between Central Asia and the Indus Valley: this route was also undoubtedly part of a trading connection established quite early between the Near East, South Asia and Central Asia.
~ Zagros Origins ~
Sedentism, farming, and agriculture was invented some 10,000 years ago in a region between southeastern Anatolia in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, an area traditionally labeled as the Fertile Crescent. Most of the technology and culture associated with farming including domesticated sheep, goat and cattle originated here. The transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agriculture and sedentism was considered such a radical change in human ecology that the term Neolithic revolution was coined for it. Previous research held that a single group of hunter-gatherers developed agriculture in the Middle East and then migrated to Europe, Asia and Africa, where they gradually replaced or mixed with the local population. However, recent unearthed evidence suggests this may not be true. An international research team led by palaeogeneticists of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) published a study in the journal "Science" claiming that the earliest farmers from the Zagros mountains are not the main ancestors of Europe's first farmers or of modern-day Europeans. Instead, they may be ancestors of the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan populations and were definitely related to those who established Mehrgarh. The research team, consisted of scientists from Europe, the United States and Iran who identified similarities between the Neolithic farmer’s DNA and that of living people in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, and Iranian Zoroastrians in particular. Scientists examined the DNA of 9,000 to 10,000-year-old bone fragments discovered in a cave near Eslamabad, 600 kilometers (370 miles) southwest of Tehran, and found they belonged to a man with black hair, brown eyes and brown skin. Intriguingly, the man's diet included cereals, a sign that he had learned how to cultivate crops. In sum, it seems like at least two highly divergent groups became the world's first famers: the Zagros people of the Neolithic eastern Fertile Crescent that are ancestral to most modern Afghans and Pakistanis, and the Aegeans that colonized Europe some 8000 years ago.
~ Chronology ~
Aceramic Neolithic founding 7000-5500 BC
Neolithic Period II 5500-4800 BC
Chalcolithic Period III 4800-3500 BC
Chalcolithic Period IV, 3500-3250 BC
Chalcolithic V 3250-3000 BC
Chalcolithic VI 3000-2800 BC
Chalcolithic VII-Early Bronze Age 2800-2600 BC
~ Aceramic Neolithic ~
The earliest settled portion of Mehrgarh is found in an area called MR.3, in the northeast corner of the immense site. Mehrgarh was a small farming and pastoralist village between 7000-5500 BC, with mud brick houses and granaries. The early residents used local copper ore, basket containers lined with bitumen, and an array of bone tools. Plant foods used during this period included domesticated and wild six-rowed barley, domestic einkorn and emmer wheat, and wild Indian jujube (Zizyphus spp) and date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). Sheep, goats, and cattle were herded at Mehrgarh beginning during this early period. Hunted animals include gazelle, swamp deer, nilgai, blackbuck onager, chital, water buffalo, wild pig and elephant. The earliest residences at Mehrgarh were freestanding, multi-roomed rectangular houses built with long, cigar-shaped and mortared mudbricks: these structures are very similar to Prepottery Neolithic (PPN) hunter-gatherers in early 7th millennium Mesopotamia. Burials were placed in brick-lined tombs, accompanied by shell and turquoise beads. Even at this early date, the similarities of crafts, architecture, and agricultural and funerary practices indicate some sort of connection between Mehrgarh and Mesopotamia.
~ Neolithic Period II 5500-4800 ~
By the sixth millennium, agriculture had become firmly established at Mehrgarh, based on mostly (~90%) locally domesticated barley but also wheat from the near east. The earliest pottery was made by sequential slab construction, and the site contained circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles and large granaries, characteristics also of similarly dated Mesopotamian sites. Buildings made of sun-dried brick were large and rectangular, symmetrically divided into small square or rectangular units. They were doorless and lack of residential remains, suggesting to researchers that at least some of they were storage facilities for grains or other commodities which were communally shared. Other buildings are standardized rooms surrounded by large open work spaces where craft-working activities took place, including the beginnings of the extensive bead-making characteristic of the Indus.
~ Chalcolithic Period III 4800-3500 & IV 3500-3250 BC ~
By the Chalcolithic Period III at Mehrgarh, the community, now well over 100 hectares, consisted of large spaces with groups of building divided into residences and storage units, but more elaborate, with foundations of pebbles embedded in clay. The bricks were made with molds, and along with fine painted wheel-thrown pottery, and a variety of agricultural and craft practices. Chalcolithic Period IV showed a continuity in pottery and crafts but progressive stylistic changes. During this period, the region split into small and medium sized compact settlements connected by canals. Some of the settlements included blocks of houses with courtyards separated by small passageways; and the presence of large storage jars in rooms and courtyards.
~ Later Periods at Mehrgarh ~
Later periods included craft activities such as flint knapping, tanning, and expanded bead production; and a significant level of metal-working, particularly copper. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BC, when it was abandoned, about the time when the Harappan periods of the Indus civilization began to flourish at Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Kot Diji, among other sites. Mehrgarh was discovered and excavated by an international led by French archaeologist Jean-François Jarrige; the site was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986 by the French Archaeological Mission in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology of Pakistan.
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