Iranian Hall of Fame
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Ostad
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Mossadegh fought both internal corruption and British colonialism, enacted social reforms and nationalized the Iranian oil industry.
In 1953, he was overthrown by a British-American coup, arrested and tried as a traitor in military tribunal court. It was the CIA's first successful dismantling of a foreign government.
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Biography and nationalization of oil story:
Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh Biography :: Mohammad Mossadegh .com
parts of Biography :
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Abii
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I like the format you used. Short and sweet. Please edit your first post and make a note of this for people to follow. It'll make it easier to follow the thread.
Ostad
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"It's a sad story that really began in the 1950's..."
- President Bill Clinton
"Why did we, our government, help overthrow Mossadegh in 1953? It had to do with oil. So our foreign policy is designed to protect our oil interests."
- Congressman Ron Paul
"Lord knows what we'd do without Iranian oil."
- President Dwight D. Eisenhower
"In the middle of the Cold War, the United States played a role in the overthrow of a democratically elected Iranian government."
- President Barack Obama
“Many of our covert moves [during the Cold War], such as the Bay of Pigs and the overthrow of Mossadeq in Iran, were ill conceived and cost us dearly.”
- Former U.S. diplomat George C. McGhee
"[T]hat was a disruption of what could have and should've been a natural development of democracy with Iran..."
- Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
"Iran had a democratic government which was overthrown because of oil."
- Congressman Dennis Kucinich
"Iran is a clear example of the West trumping basic democratic and human values to address its short-term political and economic goals."
- Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto
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Mehdi Bazargan (Persian: مهدی بازرگان; Azerbaijani: Mehdi Bazərgan; 1 September 1908 – 20 January 1995, born in Tabriz,Iran) was a prominentIranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Iran's interim government, making him Iran's first prime minister after theIranian Revolution of 1979. He was the head of the first engineering department of University of Tehran. A well-respected religious intellectual, known for his honesty[1] and expertise in the Islamic and secular sciences, he is credited with being one of the founders of the contemporary intellectual movement in Iran.
Early life and education[edit]
A young Bazargan
Bazargan was born into an Azeri family[2][3] in Tehran on 1 September 1908.[4][5] His father, Hajj Abbasquoli Tabrizi (died 1954) was a self-made merchant and a religious activist in Bazaar guilds.[4]
Bazargan was sent by the government to France to receive university education as a scholar of the Reza Shah scholarship fund.[6] He studied thermodynamics and engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris.[7][8][9]
Career[edit]
After his graduation, Bazargan voluntarily joined the French army and fought against Nazi Germany.[10]Bazargan then came back from France and became the head of the first engineering department at Tehran University in the late 1940s. In 1951, with the leadership of Mohammad Mossadegh, the Iranian parliament nationalized the Iranian oil industry (National Iranian Oil Company) and removed it from British control. Bazargan served as the first Iranian head of the National Iranian Oil Company under the administration of Prime Minister Mossadegh. He was also a deputy minister in the cabinet.[11]
Bazargan co-founded the Liberation Movement of Iran in 1961,[11] a party similar in its program to Mossadegh's National Front. Although he accepted the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, as the legitimate head of state, he was jailed several times on political grounds.
Iranian Revolution[edit]
On 4 February 1979, Bazargan was appointed prime minister of Iran by Ayatollah Khomeini.[12][13] He was seen as one of the democratic and liberal figureheads of the revolution who came into conflict with the more radical religious leaders – including Khomeini himself – as the revolution progressed. Although pious, Bazargan initially disputed the name Islamic Republic, wanting an Islamic Democratic Republic.[14] He had also been a supporter of the original (non-theocratic) revolutionary draft constitution, and opposed the Assembly of Experts for Constitution and theconstitution they wrote that was eventually adopted as Iran's constitution. In March 1979, he submitted his resignation due to his government's lack of power to Ayatollah Khomeini.[15] However, Khomeini did not accept his resignation.[15] In April 1979, he and the members of cabinet escaped an assassination attempt.[16]
Bazargan resigned along with his cabinet on 4 November 1979 following the US Embassy takeover and hostage-taking.[17][18] His resignation was considered a protest against the hostage-taking and a recognition of his government's inability to free the hostages, but it was also clear that his hopes for liberal democracy and an accommodation with the West would not prevail.
Bazargan sworn in as prime minister behind Ruhollah Khomeini in the absence of Parliament
Bazargan continued in Iranian politics as a member of the first Parliament (Majles) of the newly formed Islamic Republic. He openly opposed Iran's cultural revolution and continued to advocate civil rule and democracy. In November 1982, he expressed his frustration with the direction the Islamic Revolution had taken in an open letter to the then speaker of parliament Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.
The government has created an atmosphere of terror, fear, revenge and national disintegration. ... What has the ruling elite done in nearly four years, besides bringing death and destruction, packing the prisons and the cemeteries in every city, creating long queues, shortages, high prices, unemployment, poverty, homeless people, repetitious slogans and a dark future?[19]
Bazargan with Yasser Arafat
His term as a member of parliament lasted until 1984.[3] During his term, he served as a lawmaker of the Iran Freedom Movement, which he had founded in 1961 and abolished in 1990.[3] In 1985, the Council of Guardians denied Bazargan's petition to run for president.
Views[edit]
Bazargan is considered to be a respected figure within the ranks of modern Muslim thinkers, well known as a representative of liberal-democratic Islamic thought[20] and a thinker who emphasized the necessity of constitutional and democratic policies.[21] In the immediate aftermath of the revolution Bazargan led a faction that opposed the Revolutionary Council dominated by the Islamic Republican Party and personalities such asAyatollah Mohammad Hossein Beheshti.[22] He opposed the continuation of the Iran-Iraq war and the involvement of clerics in all aspects of politics, economy and society. Consequently, he faced harassment from militants and young revolutionaries within Iran.[23]
Attacks[edit]
During the Pahlavi era, Bazargan's house in Tehran was bombed on 8 April 1978.[24] The underground committee for revenge, a state-financed organization, proclaimed the responsibility of the bombing.[24]
Laws of social evolution[edit]
Bazargan is noted for having done some of the first work in human thermodynamics, as found in his 1946 chapter “A Physiological Analysis of Human Thermodynamics” and his 1956 bookLove and Worship: Human Thermodynamics, the latter of which being written while in prison, in which he attempted to show that religion and worship are a byproduct of evolution, as explained in English naturalist Charles Darwin's 1859 Origin of Species, and that the true laws of society are based on the laws of thermodynamics.
Early life and education[edit]
A young Bazargan
Bazargan was born into an Azeri family[2][3] in Tehran on 1 September 1908.[4][5] His father, Hajj Abbasquoli Tabrizi (died 1954) was a self-made merchant and a religious activist in Bazaar guilds.[4]
Bazargan was sent by the government to France to receive university education as a scholar of the Reza Shah scholarship fund.[6] He studied thermodynamics and engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris.[7][8][9]
Career[edit]
After his graduation, Bazargan voluntarily joined the French army and fought against Nazi Germany.[10]Bazargan then came back from France and became the head of the first engineering department at Tehran University in the late 1940s. In 1951, with the leadership of Mohammad Mossadegh, the Iranian parliament nationalized the Iranian oil industry (National Iranian Oil Company) and removed it from British control. Bazargan served as the first Iranian head of the National Iranian Oil Company under the administration of Prime Minister Mossadegh. He was also a deputy minister in the cabinet.[11]
Bazargan co-founded the Liberation Movement of Iran in 1961,[11] a party similar in its program to Mossadegh's National Front. Although he accepted the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, as the legitimate head of state, he was jailed several times on political grounds.
Iranian Revolution[edit]
On 4 February 1979, Bazargan was appointed prime minister of Iran by Ayatollah Khomeini.[12][13] He was seen as one of the democratic and liberal figureheads of the revolution who came into conflict with the more radical religious leaders – including Khomeini himself – as the revolution progressed. Although pious, Bazargan initially disputed the name Islamic Republic, wanting an Islamic Democratic Republic.[14] He had also been a supporter of the original (non-theocratic) revolutionary draft constitution, and opposed the Assembly of Experts for Constitution and theconstitution they wrote that was eventually adopted as Iran's constitution. In March 1979, he submitted his resignation due to his government's lack of power to Ayatollah Khomeini.[15] However, Khomeini did not accept his resignation.[15] In April 1979, he and the members of cabinet escaped an assassination attempt.[16]
Bazargan resigned along with his cabinet on 4 November 1979 following the US Embassy takeover and hostage-taking.[17][18] His resignation was considered a protest against the hostage-taking and a recognition of his government's inability to free the hostages, but it was also clear that his hopes for liberal democracy and an accommodation with the West would not prevail.
Bazargan sworn in as prime minister behind Ruhollah Khomeini in the absence of Parliament
Bazargan continued in Iranian politics as a member of the first Parliament (Majles) of the newly formed Islamic Republic. He openly opposed Iran's cultural revolution and continued to advocate civil rule and democracy. In November 1982, he expressed his frustration with the direction the Islamic Revolution had taken in an open letter to the then speaker of parliament Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.
The government has created an atmosphere of terror, fear, revenge and national disintegration. ... What has the ruling elite done in nearly four years, besides bringing death and destruction, packing the prisons and the cemeteries in every city, creating long queues, shortages, high prices, unemployment, poverty, homeless people, repetitious slogans and a dark future?[19]
Bazargan with Yasser Arafat
His term as a member of parliament lasted until 1984.[3] During his term, he served as a lawmaker of the Iran Freedom Movement, which he had founded in 1961 and abolished in 1990.[3] In 1985, the Council of Guardians denied Bazargan's petition to run for president.
Views[edit]
Bazargan is considered to be a respected figure within the ranks of modern Muslim thinkers, well known as a representative of liberal-democratic Islamic thought[20] and a thinker who emphasized the necessity of constitutional and democratic policies.[21] In the immediate aftermath of the revolution Bazargan led a faction that opposed the Revolutionary Council dominated by the Islamic Republican Party and personalities such asAyatollah Mohammad Hossein Beheshti.[22] He opposed the continuation of the Iran-Iraq war and the involvement of clerics in all aspects of politics, economy and society. Consequently, he faced harassment from militants and young revolutionaries within Iran.[23]
Attacks[edit]
During the Pahlavi era, Bazargan's house in Tehran was bombed on 8 April 1978.[24] The underground committee for revenge, a state-financed organization, proclaimed the responsibility of the bombing.[24]
Laws of social evolution[edit]
Bazargan is noted for having done some of the first work in human thermodynamics, as found in his 1946 chapter “A Physiological Analysis of Human Thermodynamics” and his 1956 bookLove and Worship: Human Thermodynamics, the latter of which being written while in prison, in which he attempted to show that religion and worship are a byproduct of evolution, as explained in English naturalist Charles Darwin's 1859 Origin of Species, and that the true laws of society are based on the laws of thermodynamics.
Ostad
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@Islam shall be the winner
nice post thanks.
nice post thanks.
Serpentine
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Ostad
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Gholam reza Takhti
Title: Olympic and World champion
Alias: Jahan Pahlevan Takhti
Jahan Pahlevan Gholam Reza Takhti (August 27, 1930 – January 7, 1968) is the most famous wrestler in Iranian history. He was known for his chivalrous behavior and sportsmanship, and he continues to symbolize the essence of sport to the Iranian people. He competed in the international freestyle wrestling arena for 16 consecutive years and remains one of only two Iranian athletes -- along with weightlifter Mohammad Nassiri -- to have participated in four Olympics.
Early life
Takhti was born in Tehran, Iran (Persia) on August 27, 1930.They were poor, leaving Takhti with only 9 years of schooling. Yet he was recognized as a natural athlete and was taken into the Poolad gymnasium for further training . Takhti was among the most famous practitioners of Varzesh-e Bastani, the famous Persian "Sport of the Heroes." The sport included club swinging and juggling followed by submission wrestling known as Koshti Pahlavani. Varzesh-e Pahlavani was one of the formative influences of American catch wrestling.
Character
In 1962, a terrible earthquake occurred in Bou'in-Zahra in western Iran, killing 45,000. Takhti was deeply touched by the suffering. Already one of Iran's biggest stars, he began to walk one of the main avenues of Tehran, asking for assistance for the victims. He inspired other champions to follow in his footseps, and thousands gave to alleviate the suffering. Another example of his character comes from a match in Moscow. After defeating the then-world champion Anatoli Albul, Takhti saw the sorrow on the face of Albul's mother. Takhti went to her and said, "I'm sorry about the result, but your son is a great wrestler." She smiled and kissed him. In another instance, he had a match with Russian wrestler Alexander Medved who had an injured right knee. When Takhti found out that he was injured, he never attacked that leg. Instead, he tried to attack the other leg. He lost the match, but showed that he valued honorable behavior more than reaching victory. Alexander Medved, out of respect, has visited Takhti's grave many times in Iran over the years.
Death
Takhti was found dead in his hotel room on January 7, 1968. The Iranian government officially proclaimed his death a suicide. However, some claim that he was murdered because of his political activities against the Pahlavi regime, accusing SAVAK, the Iranian intelligence agency at that time. As a national hero his funeral, organized by Hossein Towfigh, editor in chief of the late Towfigh magazine, drew hundreds of thousands of mourners. Towfigh magazine issued a special edition of their popular weekly magazine where they caricatured Takhti with angel wings flying high above the throngs of Iranian mourners at his own funeral with a caption that read "Don't cry for me, cry for your own plight." This was a direct reference not only to the plight of the Iranian people under the dictatorial regime of the Shah, but also showed Takhti's democratic beliefs, one of the reasons cited for his mysterious death. Towfigh magazine was shut down by the Shah for several months after printing this cartoon. He is buried at Ebn-e Babooyeh cemetery in Southern part of Tehran, near Shahr-e Ray, where he is commemorated every year by his fans, even now many years after his death. He was survived by his wife and son, Babak Takhti, an author and translator. The movie Takhti, begun by Ali Hatami and finished by Behrooz Afkhami, examined some of the theories about Takhti's death.
Title: Olympic and World champion
Alias: Jahan Pahlevan Takhti
Jahan Pahlevan Gholam Reza Takhti (August 27, 1930 – January 7, 1968) is the most famous wrestler in Iranian history. He was known for his chivalrous behavior and sportsmanship, and he continues to symbolize the essence of sport to the Iranian people. He competed in the international freestyle wrestling arena for 16 consecutive years and remains one of only two Iranian athletes -- along with weightlifter Mohammad Nassiri -- to have participated in four Olympics.
Early life
Takhti was born in Tehran, Iran (Persia) on August 27, 1930.They were poor, leaving Takhti with only 9 years of schooling. Yet he was recognized as a natural athlete and was taken into the Poolad gymnasium for further training . Takhti was among the most famous practitioners of Varzesh-e Bastani, the famous Persian "Sport of the Heroes." The sport included club swinging and juggling followed by submission wrestling known as Koshti Pahlavani. Varzesh-e Pahlavani was one of the formative influences of American catch wrestling.
Character
In 1962, a terrible earthquake occurred in Bou'in-Zahra in western Iran, killing 45,000. Takhti was deeply touched by the suffering. Already one of Iran's biggest stars, he began to walk one of the main avenues of Tehran, asking for assistance for the victims. He inspired other champions to follow in his footseps, and thousands gave to alleviate the suffering. Another example of his character comes from a match in Moscow. After defeating the then-world champion Anatoli Albul, Takhti saw the sorrow on the face of Albul's mother. Takhti went to her and said, "I'm sorry about the result, but your son is a great wrestler." She smiled and kissed him. In another instance, he had a match with Russian wrestler Alexander Medved who had an injured right knee. When Takhti found out that he was injured, he never attacked that leg. Instead, he tried to attack the other leg. He lost the match, but showed that he valued honorable behavior more than reaching victory. Alexander Medved, out of respect, has visited Takhti's grave many times in Iran over the years.
Death
Takhti was found dead in his hotel room on January 7, 1968. The Iranian government officially proclaimed his death a suicide. However, some claim that he was murdered because of his political activities against the Pahlavi regime, accusing SAVAK, the Iranian intelligence agency at that time. As a national hero his funeral, organized by Hossein Towfigh, editor in chief of the late Towfigh magazine, drew hundreds of thousands of mourners. Towfigh magazine issued a special edition of their popular weekly magazine where they caricatured Takhti with angel wings flying high above the throngs of Iranian mourners at his own funeral with a caption that read "Don't cry for me, cry for your own plight." This was a direct reference not only to the plight of the Iranian people under the dictatorial regime of the Shah, but also showed Takhti's democratic beliefs, one of the reasons cited for his mysterious death. Towfigh magazine was shut down by the Shah for several months after printing this cartoon. He is buried at Ebn-e Babooyeh cemetery in Southern part of Tehran, near Shahr-e Ray, where he is commemorated every year by his fans, even now many years after his death. He was survived by his wife and son, Babak Takhti, an author and translator. The movie Takhti, begun by Ali Hatami and finished by Behrooz Afkhami, examined some of the theories about Takhti's death.
Ostad
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Sayyed Mahmoud Hessaby (Persian: سید محمود حسابی alternative spellings:Mahmood Hesabi) (February 23, 1903, Tehran – September 3, 1992, Geneva) was an Iranian scientist, researcher and professor of University of Tehran. During the congress on "60 years of physics in Iran" the services rendered by him were deeply appreciated and he was called "the father of modern physics in Iran".
_______________________________________________________
Hesabi, Iran’s father of modern physics
Afshin Majlesi
Every one is aware of the huge change during the 20th century when new ideas of science and technology reshaped the world. Progression of science and technology would have been impossible without the efforts put in by genius figures known as the scientists. Sayyed Mahmoud Hesabi was one of those scientists whose contributions to the world of knowledge are commendable.
Known as the father of modern physics and modern engineering in Iran, he was a prominent Iranian researcher and distinguished professor of the University of Tehran.
Born in Tehran in 1903, Hesabi obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from Sorbonne University at the age of 25. He was also one of Albert Einstein’s assistants. In a meeting with him at Princeton in America, Hesabi presented a theory called “Infinitely Extended Particles.”
With the help and guidance of Einstein and his own research in Chicago University, Hesabi was able to develop his theory and explain it to other great scientists such as Niels Bohr and Erwin Schrodinger.
Hesabi was the recipient of "Commandeur De La Legion D'honneure", France's greatest scientific medal. Returning to Princeton, Einstein elected him as a substitute of himself at this university and it was a very big honor that he received.
Hesabi spoke five languages: Persian, French, English, German and Arabic. He was also well acquainted with the traditional Iranian music as well as the classical Western music and played piano and violin skillfully.
During his lifetime, he held various important scientific and cultural positions. He also founded many cultural and scientific centers in Iran, such as the Civil Engineering School and the Teacher’s College in 1928; the first Iranian Meteorological Station in 1931; the first radiology center in 1931, and the first private hospital called Goharshad, named after his mother.
During the Congress of 60 Years of Physics in Iran, Hesabi was entitled Iran’s father of modern physics. Hesabi passed away on September 3, 1992 while under medical care at Geneva Cardiac Hospital. He was buried in Tafresh, central Iran, according to his will.
A museum established in his personal house by his family, colleagues and students in order to value his 60 years of efforts. There is a collection of his personal belongings as well as his communications with various scientific, and cultural distinguished figures. Every item of the museum is a reminder of an aspect of his life and bears a valuable lesson of life.
_______________________________________________________
Hesabi, Iran’s father of modern physics
Afshin Majlesi
Every one is aware of the huge change during the 20th century when new ideas of science and technology reshaped the world. Progression of science and technology would have been impossible without the efforts put in by genius figures known as the scientists. Sayyed Mahmoud Hesabi was one of those scientists whose contributions to the world of knowledge are commendable.
Known as the father of modern physics and modern engineering in Iran, he was a prominent Iranian researcher and distinguished professor of the University of Tehran.
Born in Tehran in 1903, Hesabi obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from Sorbonne University at the age of 25. He was also one of Albert Einstein’s assistants. In a meeting with him at Princeton in America, Hesabi presented a theory called “Infinitely Extended Particles.”
With the help and guidance of Einstein and his own research in Chicago University, Hesabi was able to develop his theory and explain it to other great scientists such as Niels Bohr and Erwin Schrodinger.
Hesabi was the recipient of "Commandeur De La Legion D'honneure", France's greatest scientific medal. Returning to Princeton, Einstein elected him as a substitute of himself at this university and it was a very big honor that he received.
Hesabi spoke five languages: Persian, French, English, German and Arabic. He was also well acquainted with the traditional Iranian music as well as the classical Western music and played piano and violin skillfully.
During his lifetime, he held various important scientific and cultural positions. He also founded many cultural and scientific centers in Iran, such as the Civil Engineering School and the Teacher’s College in 1928; the first Iranian Meteorological Station in 1931; the first radiology center in 1931, and the first private hospital called Goharshad, named after his mother.
During the Congress of 60 Years of Physics in Iran, Hesabi was entitled Iran’s father of modern physics. Hesabi passed away on September 3, 1992 while under medical care at Geneva Cardiac Hospital. He was buried in Tafresh, central Iran, according to his will.
A museum established in his personal house by his family, colleagues and students in order to value his 60 years of efforts. There is a collection of his personal belongings as well as his communications with various scientific, and cultural distinguished figures. Every item of the museum is a reminder of an aspect of his life and bears a valuable lesson of life.
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Ostad
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@Serpentine i think this thread deserves to be a sticky one.your call.
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The SiLent crY
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Dr Mostafa Chamran
Mostafa Chamran Savei (8 March 1932 – 20 June 1981) was an Iranian scientist who served as first defence minister of post-revolutionary Iran and as member of parliament, as well as commander of paramilitary volunteers in Iran–Iraq War. He was killed during the war. He helped found the Amal Movement in southern Lebanon.
Early life and education
Chamran was born into a religious family on 8 March 1932 in Tehran. Earlier he was educated by Ayatollah Taleqani and Morteza Motahari. He studied at Alborz High School and then graduated from Tehran University with a bachelor's degree in electro mechanics.
In the late 1950s, he moved to the United States for higher education, obtaining a M.S. degree from the Texas A&M University. He then went on to obtain his Ph.D. in electrical engineering and plasma physics in 1963 from the University of California, Berkeley.
He was then hired as a senior research staff scientist at Bell Laboratories and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the 1960s. He was fluent in Persian, English, Arabic, French, and German.
Career and activities
Chamran was one of the senior members of the Freedom Movement led by Mehdi Bazargan in the 1960s. He was part of the radical external wing together with Ebrahim Yazdi, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ali Shariati.
Following graduation, Chamran went to Cuba to receive military training. In December 1963, he along with Ghotbzadeh and Yazdi left the US for Egypt where he was trained in guerilla warfare. They met the Egyptian authorities to establish an anti-Shah organization in the country, which was later called SAMA, special organization for unity and action. Chamran was chosen as its military head. Upon his return to the US in 1965 he founded a group, Red Shiism, in San Jose with the aim of training militants. His brother, Mehdi, was also part of the group. In 1968, he founded another group, the Muslim Students’ Association of America (MSA), and it was led by Ebrahim Yazdi. The group managed to establish branches in the United Kingdom and France.
In 1971 Chamran left the US for Lebanon and joined the camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Amal movement. He became a leading and founding member of the Islamic revolutionary movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrillas and revolutionary forces in Algeria, Egypt, Syria. During the civil war in Lebanon he actively cooperated with Musa Al Sadr, founder of the Amal movement. Chamran also became an Amal member and "right-hand man of Sadr".
With the Islamic Revolution taking place in Iran, Chamran returned to Iran. In 1979, he served as deputy prime minister in the cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan. He was appointed commander of Iran's Pasdaran (March 1979 – 1981) and led the military operations in Kurdistan where Kurds rebelled against the Islamic regime. He served as minister of defense from September 1979 to 1980, being the first civil defense minister of the Islamic Republic.
In March 1980, he was elected to the Majlis of Iran (the Iranian Parliament) as a representative of Tehran. In May 1980, he was named the Ayatollah's representative to the Supreme Council of National Defense.
Death
Chamran led an infantry unit during the Iran–Iraq War and was shot twice in his left leg by shrapnel from a mortar shell. However, he refused to leave his unit. He was killed in Dehlavieh on 20 June 1981 as the war was raging on. His death was regarded as "suspicious" and the related details have remained unclear. Chamran was buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.
Legacy
Khomenei publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam." Chamran was posthumously given a hero status, and many buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon were named for him, as well as a major expressway. In 2012, Mohsen Alavi Pour published Chamran's biography. A species of moth were named after him in 2013. Nick Robinson published an English biography of Chamran in the United Kingdom in 2013, 22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity!.
In 2014 a film named Che was released to honor Chamran, the film portrays the last two days of Chamran's life until he is 'martyred', the film received lots of attention and even won some awards.
Mostafa Chamran Savei (8 March 1932 – 20 June 1981) was an Iranian scientist who served as first defence minister of post-revolutionary Iran and as member of parliament, as well as commander of paramilitary volunteers in Iran–Iraq War. He was killed during the war. He helped found the Amal Movement in southern Lebanon.
Early life and education
Chamran was born into a religious family on 8 March 1932 in Tehran. Earlier he was educated by Ayatollah Taleqani and Morteza Motahari. He studied at Alborz High School and then graduated from Tehran University with a bachelor's degree in electro mechanics.
In the late 1950s, he moved to the United States for higher education, obtaining a M.S. degree from the Texas A&M University. He then went on to obtain his Ph.D. in electrical engineering and plasma physics in 1963 from the University of California, Berkeley.
He was then hired as a senior research staff scientist at Bell Laboratories and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the 1960s. He was fluent in Persian, English, Arabic, French, and German.
Career and activities
Chamran was one of the senior members of the Freedom Movement led by Mehdi Bazargan in the 1960s. He was part of the radical external wing together with Ebrahim Yazdi, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ali Shariati.
Following graduation, Chamran went to Cuba to receive military training. In December 1963, he along with Ghotbzadeh and Yazdi left the US for Egypt where he was trained in guerilla warfare. They met the Egyptian authorities to establish an anti-Shah organization in the country, which was later called SAMA, special organization for unity and action. Chamran was chosen as its military head. Upon his return to the US in 1965 he founded a group, Red Shiism, in San Jose with the aim of training militants. His brother, Mehdi, was also part of the group. In 1968, he founded another group, the Muslim Students’ Association of America (MSA), and it was led by Ebrahim Yazdi. The group managed to establish branches in the United Kingdom and France.
In 1971 Chamran left the US for Lebanon and joined the camps of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Amal movement. He became a leading and founding member of the Islamic revolutionary movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrillas and revolutionary forces in Algeria, Egypt, Syria. During the civil war in Lebanon he actively cooperated with Musa Al Sadr, founder of the Amal movement. Chamran also became an Amal member and "right-hand man of Sadr".
With the Islamic Revolution taking place in Iran, Chamran returned to Iran. In 1979, he served as deputy prime minister in the cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan. He was appointed commander of Iran's Pasdaran (March 1979 – 1981) and led the military operations in Kurdistan where Kurds rebelled against the Islamic regime. He served as minister of defense from September 1979 to 1980, being the first civil defense minister of the Islamic Republic.
In March 1980, he was elected to the Majlis of Iran (the Iranian Parliament) as a representative of Tehran. In May 1980, he was named the Ayatollah's representative to the Supreme Council of National Defense.
Death
Chamran led an infantry unit during the Iran–Iraq War and was shot twice in his left leg by shrapnel from a mortar shell. However, he refused to leave his unit. He was killed in Dehlavieh on 20 June 1981 as the war was raging on. His death was regarded as "suspicious" and the related details have remained unclear. Chamran was buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.
Legacy
Khomenei publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam." Chamran was posthumously given a hero status, and many buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon were named for him, as well as a major expressway. In 2012, Mohsen Alavi Pour published Chamran's biography. A species of moth were named after him in 2013. Nick Robinson published an English biography of Chamran in the United Kingdom in 2013, 22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity!.
In 2014 a film named Che was released to honor Chamran, the film portrays the last two days of Chamran's life until he is 'martyred', the film received lots of attention and even won some awards.
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Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir
Mirza Taqi Farahani was born in 1807 in Farahan, Iran, entitled Ataback-e Azam (The Chief Minister), Amir Nezaam (The Prince of the State), and Amir Kabir (The Great Prince), is one of the greatest politicians in the recent two centuries of Iran. He initiated reforms that marked the effective beginning of the modernisation of Iran.
At an early age Mirza Taqi learned to read and write despite his humble origins. Because of his natural gift and talent, he mastered the required knowledge and skills when still very young. He joined the provincial bureaucracy as a scribe and, by his abilities, rapidly advanced within the hierarchy of the administration. In 1829, as a junior member of an Iranian mission to St. Petersburg, he observed the power of Russia, Iran's great neighbour. He concluded that important and fundamental reforms were needed if Iran was to survive as a sovereign state. As a minister in Azerbaijan he witnessed the inadequacies of Iranian provincial administration, and during tenure in Ottoman Turkey he studied their progress toward modernisation. Upon his return to Iran in 1847, Mirza Taqi was appointed by Mohammad Shah of Qajar Dynasty to the court of the crown prince, Naser o-Din, in Azerbaijan.
With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. Out of gratitude, the young monarch appointed him Chief Minister and gave him the hand of his own sister in marriage. At this time Mirza Taqi took the title of Amir Kabir. He gained his Premiership at a time when the affairs of the country were completely ruined and its internal system was totally torn down. Iran was virtually bankrupt, its central government was weak, and its provinces were almost autonomous. During the next two and a half years the Amir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society.
Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the privy and public purses. The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and the Amir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. Foreign interference in Iran's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. A new secular college, the Dar ol-Fonun (The Skills House), was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with modern techniques. Among his other accomplishments was the foundation of a newspaper called "Vaqaye Etefaqieh" (The Happened Events).
Many exploits in political affairs as well as in the relationships with the neighbouring and other foreign countries were made; he also attended to the order of Iranian Embassies across the world. The ambassadors of great lands in Iran were behaved in a way as expected from the Premier of an independent and self-governing government.
With a firm, doubtless, strong, and steady will, Amir Kabir continued his reformations and exploitations, and all alone, resisted the most selfish, tyrannous and despotic king of the Qajar Dynasty along with his corrupt relatives, courtiers, and flatterers, among whom some had been excluded from the government. They regarded the Amir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. She convinced the young Shah that the Amir wanted to usurp the throne.
In October 1851 the Shah dismissed him and exiled him to Kashan, where he was murdered on the Shah's orders in 1852. Historians and those who are acquainted with Amir Kabir and have studied his life and manners appreciate and regard him as a great and remarkable man.
- See more at: History of Iran: Mirza Taqi Khan, Amir Kabir
The SiLent crY
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Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir
Mirza Taqi Farahani was born in 1807 in Farahan, Iran, entitled Ataback-e Azam (The Chief Minister), Amir Nezaam (The Prince of the State), and Amir Kabir (The Great Prince), is one of the greatest politicians in the recent two centuries of Iran. He initiated reforms that marked the effective beginning of the modernisation of Iran.
At an early age Mirza Taqi learned to read and write despite his humble origins. Because of his natural gift and talent, he mastered the required knowledge and skills when still very young. He joined the provincial bureaucracy as a scribe and, by his abilities, rapidly advanced within the hierarchy of the administration. In 1829, as a junior member of an Iranian mission to St. Petersburg, he observed the power of Russia, Iran's great neighbour. He concluded that important and fundamental reforms were needed if Iran was to survive as a sovereign state. As a minister in Azerbaijan he witnessed the inadequacies of Iranian provincial administration, and during tenure in Ottoman Turkey he studied their progress toward modernisation. Upon his return to Iran in 1847, Mirza Taqi was appointed by Mohammad Shah of Qajar Dynasty to the court of the crown prince, Naser o-Din, in Azerbaijan.
With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. Out of gratitude, the young monarch appointed him Chief Minister and gave him the hand of his own sister in marriage. At this time Mirza Taqi took the title of Amir Kabir. He gained his Premiership at a time when the affairs of the country were completely ruined and its internal system was totally torn down. Iran was virtually bankrupt, its central government was weak, and its provinces were almost autonomous. During the next two and a half years the Amir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society.
Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the privy and public purses. The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and the Amir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. Foreign interference in Iran's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. A new secular college, the Dar ol-Fonun (The Skills House), was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with modern techniques. Among his other accomplishments was the foundation of a newspaper called "Vaqaye Etefaqieh" (The Happened Events).
Many exploits in political affairs as well as in the relationships with the neighbouring and other foreign countries were made; he also attended to the order of Iranian Embassies across the world. The ambassadors of great lands in Iran were behaved in a way as expected from the Premier of an independent and self-governing government.
With a firm, doubtless, strong, and steady will, Amir Kabir continued his reformations and exploitations, and all alone, resisted the most selfish, tyrannous and despotic king of the Qajar Dynasty along with his corrupt relatives, courtiers, and flatterers, among whom some had been excluded from the government. They regarded the Amir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. She convinced the young Shah that the Amir wanted to usurp the throne.
In October 1851 the Shah dismissed him and exiled him to Kashan, where he was murdered on the Shah's orders in 1852. Historians and those who are acquainted with Amir Kabir and have studied his life and manners appreciate and regard him as a great and remarkable man.
- See more at: History of Iran: Mirza Taqi Khan, Amir Kabir
Amir Kabir was one of the greatest men Iran has ever seen .
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