gslv mk3
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I got it from ISRO facebook page...
Indian Space Capabilities
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I got it from ISRO facebook page...
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GSLV D5 is getting ready inside GSLV vehicle assembly facility at Sriharikota
When is to scheduled for launch?
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Looking spaceward, feet firmly on the ground
Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary, Department of Space, spoke to Madhumathi D.S. on the national space programme’s present concerns and what is in store for it as it grapples with global competition and rising internal demand. Excerpts:
The national space programme faces a double whammy: a transponder deficit on communication satellites and a delay in achieving the capability to launch our own communication satellites. How is ISRO addressing this problem?
First, I would like to stress that applications are our thrust unlike, say, in Russia, the United States or China which are after human space flights, space stations and such activities. We are very clear about being down to earth.
We have a capacity augmentation plan. Increasing capacity, enhancing capability and creating advanced technologies, these are all taking place in parallel. Thanks to the promotion of satellite communication and new services in it, there is a large demand [for transponders]. One objective is to increase capacity in the Ku and C bands. The other is to enhance capability, for example, with digital multimedia broadcasting on GSAT-6.
To remain state-of-the-art in communication satellites, we are going in for high power and higher frequencies like the Ka band. A multi-beam system with 24 footprints and uplink in the high-power Ka band will come with GSAT-11 in two years. Our target is to be contemporary in this area in five or six years.
Then there are the GSAT-6, 7 and 11 series, and GSAT-15 and 16. In remote sensing, the continuity of services is important for institutional and infrastructure planning, water resources, agriculture, afforestation, disaster management and the like. You need to improve spatial resolution from the present 0.8 metre to 0.6 metre and 0.3 metre. In microwave remote sensing we have to get into L, X and S bands.
We have two established application areas in communication and remote sensing. Now navigation satellites will add a new dimension of location-based services. Gagan is our space-based augmentation to GPS mainly for the civil aviation sector. GSAT-10 carries the second of three Gagan payloads. The first satellite of our own regional navigation system, the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System, will go in 2013.
What is being done to mitigate the transponder shortage on Insat/GSATs for broadcasting and telecommunication purposes? Of the 263 transponders available today, ISRO has leased 95 on foreign satellites.
A [few] weeks ago we released advertisements for leasing transponders because VSAT and direct-to-home (DTH) operators require them. The process may take up to two months.
Today we are not talking about replacements of the leased capacity but about how to meet requirements. We have 168 transponders of our own [provided by the domestic Insat/GSAT fleet].
If you look at the upcoming satellites, you get more than 100 [Indian] transponders [in the short term]. GSAT-10 [launched on September 29] is going to immediately give us 30 transponders from November onwards. GSAT-14 will give another 12 if [its launch vehicle] GSLV performs well. GSAT-9 will mean another 12 transponders, GSAT-15 will add 24 in the Ku band and GSAT-16 another 36.
With these 100 transponders being added, will the leases go back?
I don’t think they will go back but the usage will be more. There is nothing wrong in using [them] provided they are available at a reasonable price.
Has the queue for DTH levelled out? There are seven DTH operators now and these and new players want more satellite capacity.
India is a large market. Today you have some 600 TV channels and DTH has revolutionised the services. Every [broadcaster] is looking for enhanced capacity, because high-definition TV is coming in. This is a worldwide phenomenon. There will always be some gap between what they want and what is available. This is dynamic. The positive thing is, the demand is very high today.
Where do we stand in the launch vehicle programme, particularly the delayed GSLV?
If you look at the queue, the GSLV cryogenic stage has to get ready and fly. The GSLV Mark III cryogenic stage has to be developed and then the semi-cryogenic stage which is approved. All are progressing. First we have to prove the GSLV. We had problems due to small issues. There is nothing wrong with the vehicle per se, but the problems were attributable to certain components. Of course, GSLV cryogenics have to be developed and tested. The next thing is to improve the reliability of the vehicle which will take us to [a capability to lift] 2.2-tonne satellites to geostationary transfer orbits.
Cryogenic testing for the next GSLV-D5 vehicle is going on. Two crucial tests have to be completed: testing in vacuum and the endurance of the fuel booster turbo pump. If they are successful we can say it is flying on the ground.
GSLV Mk III is making good progress. It will take us to four tonnes. Its cryogenics are to be developed fully. During the 12th Plan period we want to do two to three flights of Mk III.
What improvements are happening with communication and remote-sensing satellites? Our Insat/GSAT communication satellites, for example, are in the 3,000-kg, 36-transponder class, while the world has moved towards spacecraft double and triple that size and capacity.
We, too, have to [do that]. Not [just] larger, it is in terms of power, bandwidth, mass and features like having 100 transponders in one satellite. Whether it is six or ten tonnes is one aspect, how much power it can carry is another.
[Elsewhere] today there are satellites with power levels of 16-17 kilowatts. From the 100-watt Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE) experiment [in 1981], we moved on to 5,500 watts of power in GSAT-8 [in 2011].
In 1995 we were the best civilian remote sensing satellite operator with IRS 1C and 1D. TES and the Cartosat-2 series have 0.8 m resolution. We, too, are getting to 0.6 m, 0.5 m and better.
You have spoken of nearly 60 satellite and launch missions in the next five years, planetary exploration and more. What are the plans for infrastructure and manpower to make future programmes possible?
ISRO has to enhance capability for the next five years. We also have to sow the seeds now for what we will do 10 years on; for R&D, for future technologies. We need to identify groups in the country and within the organisation for such activity.
The Space Research Complex [coming up] on 540 acres in the Science City near Challakere in Chitradurga will be ISRO’s resource for the next 25-50 years. What we will do there will evolve in one or two years. It could be planetary explorations, space habitat; astrobiology. The Department of Atomic Energy, the Defence Research & Development Organisation, the Indian Institute of Science, ISRO and the Karnataka government are working together there on a township and common amenities.
Right from the 1980s our manpower has remained around 16,000 while the number of missions has grown because of the industry participation. That number will increase by 2,000-3,000 to both replace and supplement our people.
Because of the actions taken in the 1970s on partnering the industry, today we have almost 500 firms contributing to the space programme. Where things are standardised and operational one can look for a larger role for industry in realising goals or taking responsibility for it. This is a major initiative that we are working on.
The Hindu : Opinion / Op-Ed : Looking spaceward, feet firmly on the ground
Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary, Department of Space, spoke to Madhumathi D.S. on the national space programme’s present concerns and what is in store for it as it grapples with global competition and rising internal demand. Excerpts:
The national space programme faces a double whammy: a transponder deficit on communication satellites and a delay in achieving the capability to launch our own communication satellites. How is ISRO addressing this problem?
First, I would like to stress that applications are our thrust unlike, say, in Russia, the United States or China which are after human space flights, space stations and such activities. We are very clear about being down to earth.
We have a capacity augmentation plan. Increasing capacity, enhancing capability and creating advanced technologies, these are all taking place in parallel. Thanks to the promotion of satellite communication and new services in it, there is a large demand [for transponders]. One objective is to increase capacity in the Ku and C bands. The other is to enhance capability, for example, with digital multimedia broadcasting on GSAT-6.
To remain state-of-the-art in communication satellites, we are going in for high power and higher frequencies like the Ka band. A multi-beam system with 24 footprints and uplink in the high-power Ka band will come with GSAT-11 in two years. Our target is to be contemporary in this area in five or six years.
Then there are the GSAT-6, 7 and 11 series, and GSAT-15 and 16. In remote sensing, the continuity of services is important for institutional and infrastructure planning, water resources, agriculture, afforestation, disaster management and the like. You need to improve spatial resolution from the present 0.8 metre to 0.6 metre and 0.3 metre. In microwave remote sensing we have to get into L, X and S bands.
We have two established application areas in communication and remote sensing. Now navigation satellites will add a new dimension of location-based services. Gagan is our space-based augmentation to GPS mainly for the civil aviation sector. GSAT-10 carries the second of three Gagan payloads. The first satellite of our own regional navigation system, the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System, will go in 2013.
What is being done to mitigate the transponder shortage on Insat/GSATs for broadcasting and telecommunication purposes? Of the 263 transponders available today, ISRO has leased 95 on foreign satellites.
A [few] weeks ago we released advertisements for leasing transponders because VSAT and direct-to-home (DTH) operators require them. The process may take up to two months.
Today we are not talking about replacements of the leased capacity but about how to meet requirements. We have 168 transponders of our own [provided by the domestic Insat/GSAT fleet].
If you look at the upcoming satellites, you get more than 100 [Indian] transponders [in the short term]. GSAT-10 [launched on September 29] is going to immediately give us 30 transponders from November onwards. GSAT-14 will give another 12 if [its launch vehicle] GSLV performs well. GSAT-9 will mean another 12 transponders, GSAT-15 will add 24 in the Ku band and GSAT-16 another 36.
With these 100 transponders being added, will the leases go back?
I don’t think they will go back but the usage will be more. There is nothing wrong in using [them] provided they are available at a reasonable price.
Has the queue for DTH levelled out? There are seven DTH operators now and these and new players want more satellite capacity.
India is a large market. Today you have some 600 TV channels and DTH has revolutionised the services. Every [broadcaster] is looking for enhanced capacity, because high-definition TV is coming in. This is a worldwide phenomenon. There will always be some gap between what they want and what is available. This is dynamic. The positive thing is, the demand is very high today.
Where do we stand in the launch vehicle programme, particularly the delayed GSLV?
If you look at the queue, the GSLV cryogenic stage has to get ready and fly. The GSLV Mark III cryogenic stage has to be developed and then the semi-cryogenic stage which is approved. All are progressing. First we have to prove the GSLV. We had problems due to small issues. There is nothing wrong with the vehicle per se, but the problems were attributable to certain components. Of course, GSLV cryogenics have to be developed and tested. The next thing is to improve the reliability of the vehicle which will take us to [a capability to lift] 2.2-tonne satellites to geostationary transfer orbits.
Cryogenic testing for the next GSLV-D5 vehicle is going on. Two crucial tests have to be completed: testing in vacuum and the endurance of the fuel booster turbo pump. If they are successful we can say it is flying on the ground.
GSLV Mk III is making good progress. It will take us to four tonnes. Its cryogenics are to be developed fully. During the 12th Plan period we want to do two to three flights of Mk III.
What improvements are happening with communication and remote-sensing satellites? Our Insat/GSAT communication satellites, for example, are in the 3,000-kg, 36-transponder class, while the world has moved towards spacecraft double and triple that size and capacity.
We, too, have to [do that]. Not [just] larger, it is in terms of power, bandwidth, mass and features like having 100 transponders in one satellite. Whether it is six or ten tonnes is one aspect, how much power it can carry is another.
[Elsewhere] today there are satellites with power levels of 16-17 kilowatts. From the 100-watt Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment (APPLE) experiment [in 1981], we moved on to 5,500 watts of power in GSAT-8 [in 2011].
In 1995 we were the best civilian remote sensing satellite operator with IRS 1C and 1D. TES and the Cartosat-2 series have 0.8 m resolution. We, too, are getting to 0.6 m, 0.5 m and better.
You have spoken of nearly 60 satellite and launch missions in the next five years, planetary exploration and more. What are the plans for infrastructure and manpower to make future programmes possible?
ISRO has to enhance capability for the next five years. We also have to sow the seeds now for what we will do 10 years on; for R&D, for future technologies. We need to identify groups in the country and within the organisation for such activity.
The Space Research Complex [coming up] on 540 acres in the Science City near Challakere in Chitradurga will be ISRO’s resource for the next 25-50 years. What we will do there will evolve in one or two years. It could be planetary explorations, space habitat; astrobiology. The Department of Atomic Energy, the Defence Research & Development Organisation, the Indian Institute of Science, ISRO and the Karnataka government are working together there on a township and common amenities.
Right from the 1980s our manpower has remained around 16,000 while the number of missions has grown because of the industry participation. That number will increase by 2,000-3,000 to both replace and supplement our people.
Because of the actions taken in the 1970s on partnering the industry, today we have almost 500 firms contributing to the space programme. Where things are standardised and operational one can look for a larger role for industry in realising goals or taking responsibility for it. This is a major initiative that we are working on.
The Hindu : Opinion / Op-Ed : Looking spaceward, feet firmly on the ground
ajtr
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17 years on, ISRO spy case comes back to haunt AK Antony
Ripples created in the state Congress (I) by the recent re-opening of the 17-year-old espionage case centred on the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) appear to be inching towards Union Defence Minister A.K. Antony.
This follows former Chief Minister K Karunakaran's family raising a demand for a probe into the "political conspiracy" behind the case and action against the three officers in Kerala Police whom the CBI found in 1996 to have fabricated the espionage scandal.
Though Muralidharan has exonerated Antony, a senior Congress leader M.M. Jacob (85) said that the Union Defence Minister also played a role in the conspiracy and was its direct beneficiary. Muralidharan's immediate target clearly appears to be the present Chief Minister Oommen Chandy who had led the campaign against Karunakaran, leading to his ouster as Chief Minister in 1995, paving the way for Antony.
Muralidharan has also accused KPCC president Ramesh Chennithala of doing nothing to redeem Karunakaran's name though he enjoyed many privileges as his protege. Antony has refused to say anything on the subject.
The ISRO case re-surfaced recently when the state high court directed the state government to pay Rs.10 lakh as interim compensation to K. Nambi Narayananan, a senior scientist who was an accused in the spy case. Following this K Muralidharan and Padmaja Venugopal - the son and daughter of former Chief Minister K Karunakaran - have asked for an investigation to reveal the "political conspiracy" behind the case.
At the height of the case Karunakaran was forced to resign as Chief Minister after he was accused of shielding Raman Srivasatava, then IG of Police, an accused in the espionage case. "It was Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao who had asked my father to resign. It is clear that Rao had a hand in the political conspiracy. Rao's goal was to finish off the career of all senior Congress leaders who he thought become Prime Minister" says Muralidharan, MLA and former KPCC President.
"My father used to forgive all his enemies. But not Rao who he told us should never be trusted" said Padmaja, a KPCC Executive Member.
Muralidharan has also asked Chief Minister Oommen Chandy to initiate action against three Kerala police officials who the CBI had accused of having fabricated the spy case. The officials include Siby Mathews, a former Director General of Police and presently the state's Chief Information Commissioner.
"I don't see anything wrong in Muralidharan's demand as he wanted to redeem his father's name. I have handed over the letter to the Home secretary. But it is ridiculous to drag A.K. Antony into this" said Chandy.
A month after the present UDF ministry came to power it had closed the file against the three police officials accepting the Advocate General's report. It was the previous Left Democratic Front government which had sought the AG's report on the issue.
"It was the last LDF government which first decided to close the file. We have only continued on this stand" said Chandy. The last LDF government had decided in 2010 not to initiate any action against the officers following the report from the Home department and the then Director General of Police.
Later the Advocate General too endorsed this.
But Chandy's response has infuriated Muralidharan.
"Chief Minister should have at least called or given me a reply for my letter instead of handing over the letter to Home Secretary" said Muralidharan. He also said the CM should have consulted him before accepting the AG's report recommending no action against the police officials.
"For doesn't he know that I have a personal stake in the case as it maligned my father's name" says Muralidharan. "As an inquiry doesn't appear to happen, I will request the Governor for a probe now and the removal of the Chief Information Commissioner" he said.
Muralidharan has said that it was not right for the UDF government to have dismissed the plea for a re-investigation.
It is now clear what Muralidharan actually wants. He wants Chandy and the "A" (for A.K. Antony) faction which had campaigned in 1995 for their factional rival Karunakaran to quit as CM. The campaign saw Rao asking Karunakaran to step down to pave way for Antony whom was at Delhi at the time.
Antony was flown down to Trivandrum on a special aircraft owned by the Indian army to be sworn in as CM.
Karunakaran always used to jeer at Antony's haste to take over his seat. But even though Antony was thus the main beneficiary of the events, Muralidharan who enjoys a close rapport with him now has exonerated the Defence Minister. "I would not even think of Antony as having played any role. But I don't have that attitude about many others" said Muralidharan.
Muralidharan's demand for an inquiry into the political conspiracy has found many backers in the Congress, like Union Minister Vayalar Ravi who too wants Chandy to be booked.
Though Ravi also exonerated Antony, another senior Congress leader MM Jacob (85), former Governor and a staunch Karunakaran loyalist, has not spared the Defence Minister. "Everyone knows Antony was the direct beneficiary of the political conspiracy against Karunakaran. His role should be certainly probed".
Now, many top Congress leaders are running to Antony's defence. P.J. Kurian, Rajya Sabha vice chairman said it was preposterous to accuse Antony. He has actually claimed to reveal something unknown until now. "Antony was actually opposed to the then campaign against Karunakaran. In fact he was not prepared to take over as CM" said Kurian, a long time Antony loyalist.
But Muralidharan faced a setback when Mullappalli Ramachandran, Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, who is from Kerala, dismissed his demand for any new probe. For Ramachandran, a staunch Karunakaran loyalist, had recently played a major role in rehabilitating Muralidharan in the Congress in 2011 after he was suspended from the party.
But the Karunakaran family's attempts are not likely to be successful.
Except a few isolated voices, they are up against a formidable camp led by Antony and Chandy who dominate the state party. Besides, the camp led by KPCC President Ramesh Chennithala, who claims the legacy of the Karunakaran faction, has also distanced itself from Muralidharan. "All the steps taken by Chief Minister were correct. Muralidharan can raise his complaints inside the party" said Chennithala.
Read more at: 17 years on, ISRO spy case comes back to haunt AK Antony : India, News - India Today
Ripples created in the state Congress (I) by the recent re-opening of the 17-year-old espionage case centred on the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) appear to be inching towards Union Defence Minister A.K. Antony.
This follows former Chief Minister K Karunakaran's family raising a demand for a probe into the "political conspiracy" behind the case and action against the three officers in Kerala Police whom the CBI found in 1996 to have fabricated the espionage scandal.
Though Muralidharan has exonerated Antony, a senior Congress leader M.M. Jacob (85) said that the Union Defence Minister also played a role in the conspiracy and was its direct beneficiary. Muralidharan's immediate target clearly appears to be the present Chief Minister Oommen Chandy who had led the campaign against Karunakaran, leading to his ouster as Chief Minister in 1995, paving the way for Antony.
Muralidharan has also accused KPCC president Ramesh Chennithala of doing nothing to redeem Karunakaran's name though he enjoyed many privileges as his protege. Antony has refused to say anything on the subject.
The ISRO case re-surfaced recently when the state high court directed the state government to pay Rs.10 lakh as interim compensation to K. Nambi Narayananan, a senior scientist who was an accused in the spy case. Following this K Muralidharan and Padmaja Venugopal - the son and daughter of former Chief Minister K Karunakaran - have asked for an investigation to reveal the "political conspiracy" behind the case.
At the height of the case Karunakaran was forced to resign as Chief Minister after he was accused of shielding Raman Srivasatava, then IG of Police, an accused in the espionage case. "It was Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao who had asked my father to resign. It is clear that Rao had a hand in the political conspiracy. Rao's goal was to finish off the career of all senior Congress leaders who he thought become Prime Minister" says Muralidharan, MLA and former KPCC President.
"My father used to forgive all his enemies. But not Rao who he told us should never be trusted" said Padmaja, a KPCC Executive Member.
Muralidharan has also asked Chief Minister Oommen Chandy to initiate action against three Kerala police officials who the CBI had accused of having fabricated the spy case. The officials include Siby Mathews, a former Director General of Police and presently the state's Chief Information Commissioner.
"I don't see anything wrong in Muralidharan's demand as he wanted to redeem his father's name. I have handed over the letter to the Home secretary. But it is ridiculous to drag A.K. Antony into this" said Chandy.
A month after the present UDF ministry came to power it had closed the file against the three police officials accepting the Advocate General's report. It was the previous Left Democratic Front government which had sought the AG's report on the issue.
"It was the last LDF government which first decided to close the file. We have only continued on this stand" said Chandy. The last LDF government had decided in 2010 not to initiate any action against the officers following the report from the Home department and the then Director General of Police.
Later the Advocate General too endorsed this.
But Chandy's response has infuriated Muralidharan.
"Chief Minister should have at least called or given me a reply for my letter instead of handing over the letter to Home Secretary" said Muralidharan. He also said the CM should have consulted him before accepting the AG's report recommending no action against the police officials.
"For doesn't he know that I have a personal stake in the case as it maligned my father's name" says Muralidharan. "As an inquiry doesn't appear to happen, I will request the Governor for a probe now and the removal of the Chief Information Commissioner" he said.
Muralidharan has said that it was not right for the UDF government to have dismissed the plea for a re-investigation.
It is now clear what Muralidharan actually wants. He wants Chandy and the "A" (for A.K. Antony) faction which had campaigned in 1995 for their factional rival Karunakaran to quit as CM. The campaign saw Rao asking Karunakaran to step down to pave way for Antony whom was at Delhi at the time.
Antony was flown down to Trivandrum on a special aircraft owned by the Indian army to be sworn in as CM.
Karunakaran always used to jeer at Antony's haste to take over his seat. But even though Antony was thus the main beneficiary of the events, Muralidharan who enjoys a close rapport with him now has exonerated the Defence Minister. "I would not even think of Antony as having played any role. But I don't have that attitude about many others" said Muralidharan.
Muralidharan's demand for an inquiry into the political conspiracy has found many backers in the Congress, like Union Minister Vayalar Ravi who too wants Chandy to be booked.
Though Ravi also exonerated Antony, another senior Congress leader MM Jacob (85), former Governor and a staunch Karunakaran loyalist, has not spared the Defence Minister. "Everyone knows Antony was the direct beneficiary of the political conspiracy against Karunakaran. His role should be certainly probed".
Now, many top Congress leaders are running to Antony's defence. P.J. Kurian, Rajya Sabha vice chairman said it was preposterous to accuse Antony. He has actually claimed to reveal something unknown until now. "Antony was actually opposed to the then campaign against Karunakaran. In fact he was not prepared to take over as CM" said Kurian, a long time Antony loyalist.
But Muralidharan faced a setback when Mullappalli Ramachandran, Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, who is from Kerala, dismissed his demand for any new probe. For Ramachandran, a staunch Karunakaran loyalist, had recently played a major role in rehabilitating Muralidharan in the Congress in 2011 after he was suspended from the party.
But the Karunakaran family's attempts are not likely to be successful.
Except a few isolated voices, they are up against a formidable camp led by Antony and Chandy who dominate the state party. Besides, the camp led by KPCC President Ramesh Chennithala, who claims the legacy of the Karunakaran faction, has also distanced itself from Muralidharan. "All the steps taken by Chief Minister were correct. Muralidharan can raise his complaints inside the party" said Chennithala.
Read more at: 17 years on, ISRO spy case comes back to haunt AK Antony : India, News - India Today
Azazel
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Isro's centre in Ahmedabad helped track Hurricane Sandy
MUMBAI: Indian Space Research Organization (Isro)'s Oscat radio scatterometer on board its 960kg Oceansat-2 remote sensing satellite had tracked ocean surface winds of Hurricane Sandy that wrought havoc in eastern US on Monday, a Nasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory announcement has said.
Nasa had sought Isro's help as its QuikSat satellite stopped operating in November 2009. QuikSat resembles the Oscat radio scatterometer.
Officials said Isro's Ahmedabad-based Space Applications Centre has designed and developed the scatterometer, an active microwave device, which among other things is equipped with one-meter parabolic dish antenna. It has been designed to provide global ocean coverage.
Isro chief spokesperson Dev Prasad Karnik said Isro, Nasa and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USNOAA) have an agreement regarding sharing Oceansat-2's data.
"The sharing of data of Hurricane Sandy only reflects the growing collaboration between Isro, Nasa and USNOAA," he told TOI.
The scatterometer's image of Hurricane Sandy obtained at 9.30 am (IST) on Monday was transmitted to Nasa and USNOAA and shows it heading towards the eastern US coast.
The satellite was launched from four-stage Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on September 23, 2009 and operates at an altitude of 720km in the sun-synchronous orbit. Oceansat-2 is the Isro's sixth remote sensing satellite.
Isro's centre in Ahmedabad helped track Hurricane Sandy - The Times of India
MUMBAI: Indian Space Research Organization (Isro)'s Oscat radio scatterometer on board its 960kg Oceansat-2 remote sensing satellite had tracked ocean surface winds of Hurricane Sandy that wrought havoc in eastern US on Monday, a Nasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory announcement has said.
Nasa had sought Isro's help as its QuikSat satellite stopped operating in November 2009. QuikSat resembles the Oscat radio scatterometer.
Officials said Isro's Ahmedabad-based Space Applications Centre has designed and developed the scatterometer, an active microwave device, which among other things is equipped with one-meter parabolic dish antenna. It has been designed to provide global ocean coverage.
Isro chief spokesperson Dev Prasad Karnik said Isro, Nasa and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USNOAA) have an agreement regarding sharing Oceansat-2's data.
"The sharing of data of Hurricane Sandy only reflects the growing collaboration between Isro, Nasa and USNOAA," he told TOI.
The scatterometer's image of Hurricane Sandy obtained at 9.30 am (IST) on Monday was transmitted to Nasa and USNOAA and shows it heading towards the eastern US coast.
The satellite was launched from four-stage Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on September 23, 2009 and operates at an altitude of 720km in the sun-synchronous orbit. Oceansat-2 is the Isro's sixth remote sensing satellite.
Isro's centre in Ahmedabad helped track Hurricane Sandy - The Times of India
trident2010
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Good work by ISRO. I am eagerly waiting for the GSLV launch. Once we perfected the cryogenic engine technology, developing more powerful rockets won't be that difficult.
kurup
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China proposes space collaboration with India
BEIJING (PTI): China on Friday rolled out a red carpet to "Missile man" and ex-President APJ Abdul Kalam on his first visit to the country, proposing a joint collaboration for a space solar power mission with India and inviting him to teach at the prestigious Peking University here.
In a surprise move, the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), the official body operating host of China's space missions as well as satellite launches, invited Kalam to its headquarters where he was given a "great reception" by the Chinese scientists.
Besides briefing the 82-year-old Kalam about its recent mission to send three astronauts, including China's first woman to space, CAST officials have shown "great interest" in partnering the mission with international collaboration for Space based Solar Power initiative, said V Ponraj, a scientist who is part of Kalam's delegation.
"Wu Yansheng, President of CAST has said his organisation is very much interested to collaborate with India and ISRO on the space mission and would like to establish a formal initiative from both the nations," he said in a statement.
"Kalam assured, certainly he will take up this interest to the Govt of India and ISRO, so that a hard cooperation and collaboration between ISRO, DRDO and CAST is realised on one of the great mission, may be Space-based Solar Power initiative so that both India and China can work for long term association with proper funding along with other willing space faring nations to bring space solar power to earth," the statement said.
"Such a mission will be a great example for the entire world and will bring peace and prosperity to the both the nations as well as to the world," it said.
China proposes space collaboration with India - Brahmand.com
BEIJING (PTI): China on Friday rolled out a red carpet to "Missile man" and ex-President APJ Abdul Kalam on his first visit to the country, proposing a joint collaboration for a space solar power mission with India and inviting him to teach at the prestigious Peking University here.
In a surprise move, the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), the official body operating host of China's space missions as well as satellite launches, invited Kalam to its headquarters where he was given a "great reception" by the Chinese scientists.
Besides briefing the 82-year-old Kalam about its recent mission to send three astronauts, including China's first woman to space, CAST officials have shown "great interest" in partnering the mission with international collaboration for Space based Solar Power initiative, said V Ponraj, a scientist who is part of Kalam's delegation.
"Wu Yansheng, President of CAST has said his organisation is very much interested to collaborate with India and ISRO on the space mission and would like to establish a formal initiative from both the nations," he said in a statement.
"Kalam assured, certainly he will take up this interest to the Govt of India and ISRO, so that a hard cooperation and collaboration between ISRO, DRDO and CAST is realised on one of the great mission, may be Space-based Solar Power initiative so that both India and China can work for long term association with proper funding along with other willing space faring nations to bring space solar power to earth," the statement said.
"Such a mission will be a great example for the entire world and will bring peace and prosperity to the both the nations as well as to the world," it said.
China proposes space collaboration with India - Brahmand.com
BlueDot_in_Space
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Exactly four years back Chandrayaan 1 successfully completed the lunar orbit insertion operation on November 08, 2008 at 16:51 IST and become first Indian built spacecraft entering the lunar orbit.
This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds when the spacecraft passed within 500 km from the Moon. The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with 7502 km aposelene (point farthest away from the Moon) and 504 km periselene, (nearest to the Moon). The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours. With the successful completion of this operation, India became the sixth nation to put a spacecraft in lunar orbit.
Poster : Chandrayaan 1 Xray Spectrometer (C1XS)
INSAT 3A ASIA SECTOR
Composite Image vs Infrared Image
06:00 AM IST
Infrared image of Cyclone Nilam at 11:30 a.m. IST October 31, 2012. ISRO closely monitors Cyclone Nilam with Indian Meteorological Department.
This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds when the spacecraft passed within 500 km from the Moon. The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with 7502 km aposelene (point farthest away from the Moon) and 504 km periselene, (nearest to the Moon). The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours. With the successful completion of this operation, India became the sixth nation to put a spacecraft in lunar orbit.
Poster : Chandrayaan 1 Xray Spectrometer (C1XS)
INSAT 3A ASIA SECTOR
Composite Image vs Infrared Image
06:00 AM IST
Infrared image of Cyclone Nilam at 11:30 a.m. IST October 31, 2012. ISRO closely monitors Cyclone Nilam with Indian Meteorological Department.
Mirza Jatt
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This time GSLV will be a success...dont worry.
kurup
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ISRO planning to acquire Ka-Band Communication satellites for India
The Indian Space Research Organisation [ISRO] has sought 'Expression of Interest' [EOI] for construction of communication satellites operating in the Ka-band of the frequency spectrum.
The company, whom ISRO would eventually award the contract to, would be required to build one such satellite initially, with the possible option of a follow-on order to build one more. The manufacturer would be required to supply the satellite within three years from the time of signing the contract. With the 'requirement specifications document' being made available on November 6, responders have time up to December 20 to send in their EOI. Thus, assuming it takes one year to execute the various steps prior to the actual inking of the agreement, the first of these satellites would be placed in orbit sometime in 2016 or beyond.
The satellite, identified as 'ISRO Ka Band High Throughput Communication Satellite', is most likely to be placed at the a Geosynchronous Earth Orbit [GEO] orbit between 48o E to 93.5o E longitudes though they mention the 55o East Longitude as being the more probable location [INSAT-3E, launched in 2003, currently occupies that space]. It is required to have coverage over the entire country, including the southernmost islands of Andaman & Nicobar as well as Lakshadweep as its primary objective. Ideally ISRO would also like the satellite's footprint to extend over South-East Asia, Africa & Middle-East Asia, if possible. It is stated that the satellite would be used to ramp up the broadband internet service capability in the country, thus indicating intent to cater to the increasingly internet-connectivity dependant nature of high-technology industries setting up operations in the country [uplink & downlink speeds of 4 Mbps & 10 Mbps respectively with 50 Gbps throughput, at the very least]. Secondary application that ISRO requires the builder to explore, include its use in DTH television broadcast, though with rain fade effect even more severe than that experienced with the current C & Ku-band transmission, it remains to be seen how serious ISRO is about using this satellite for that purpose.
Transmitting in the Ka-band would bring with it many tangible advantages, notable among them being the ability to transfer much larger amount of data within the available spectrum, along with the need to use smaller receiver sets to pick up its signals. This opens up the possibility of wider applications for the use of satellite-based communication. Some existing international communication satellites capable of utilising the Ka-Band are the ViaSat-1, the EchoStar XVII, HYLAS 2 among others. An interesting requirement that ISRO has specified is for the satellite to have the ability to link-up & operate with up to 8 other ISRO communications satellites orbiting over the Indian Ocean region.
GSAT-11
It is unclear whether this call to build the satellite is, in fact, in place of its own effort to build the GSAT-11 satellite. The GSAT-11 had been billed as the 1st Indian communication satellite carrying Ka-Band transponders, for commercial applications, to be launched using the GSLV Mark III. The GSAT-4 [a.k.a GSLV-D3] carried a test Ka-Band transponder. Though, being a much lower weight class satellite, it would be carrying fewer number of Ka-band transponders than these that it is looking to buy. In all likelihood, this acquisition is distinct from its own developmental efforts. ISRO, being the sole agency in the country catering to both the civilian &, to a lesser extent, the military requirement, has often been called out for not keeping up with the increasing communication needs of ISRO-Ka-Band-Communication-Satellite-Coverage-Indiathe country. The problem got further exacerbated with the dual failures of the GSAT-4 & GSAT-5P satellites. This forced the organisation to do a rejig, launching the GSAT-12 satellite in double quick time using a lesser used configuration of its own PSLV system, something it does not normally do for its commercial communication satellites [Arianespace is contracted to carry out the launches]. Currently the organisation has had to take on lease 95 transponders on-board foreign satellites.
Even ISRO's stated aim of launching 14 satellites by 2017 would have put in Space not enough transponders for the country's growing needs [it has no plans to give up their leased transponders even after its own satellites are in orbit]. In this situation, therefore, this decision to buy & operate a satellite not of its own making would make for a prudent step. Adding to the country's capacity through concurrent sourcing & deployment. While this would have ideally meant that the responsibility be taken up by yet another Indian satellite builder, the country has only one such constructor & it itself has issued this call. As a result, it is invariably going to be an internationally-located company that would be selling India the satellites. Companies that could possibly respond, having built similar systems for other customers, would include the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company [EADS], Space Systems/Loral, Avanti Communications, among others.
In the worst case scenario, this move could indicate that its own efforts [GSAT-11] have met with some graver-than-trivial roadblocks, leading to slippage in its programme schedule. Not wanting to pile on the country's transponder woes, thus this decision. However, this last possibility, fortunately, seems to be somewhat of a stretch, given that even as recently as towards the end of October [last month], ISRO's Chairman had stated its goal of launching the GSAT-11 by 2013, & as estimated earlier these satellites, that are being purchased, would be ready for launch only by around 2016.
Although, it is to buy the 6-tonne weight-range satellite, instead of building one on its own [though of a lower weight-class, I-4K Bus being the largest it has] as it is its practise, ISRO has made clear that it would like to have a whole range of access to the satellite as it proceeds through its build,
"ISRO shall get fully involved during the System Engineering, configuration finalization, design, development, fabrication and AIT stages of spacecraft. This means an active interaction and participation of manpower from ISRO during various phases of spacecraft building. The activities like overall configuration finalization, design drivers, system level definitions and configuration ,build plan and process shall be well coordinated , and understood by ISRO team . This may also include some discussions and knowledge sharing on latest technology domains. It is foreseen that a full time participation of a few engineers from ISRO is required during the entire spacecraft realization period. ISRO engineers will be stationed at selected manufacturers premises and should have access to ongoing activities. The bidder shall clearly express their approach on the subject and also propose a mechanism for execution of the same."
"The bidder shall provide ISRO with the right to participate in or execute surveys, audits, reviews, source inspection, test observation, mandatory inspections and any other activity during the contract, or have resident or itinerant personnel at the plants of the bidder, Subcontractors, Suppliers and Manufacturers"
The bidder would also be required to supply the upgrade hardware & software for ISRO's ground-stations, along with imparting training to its staff, for handling & operating the satellite through its 15 years [minimum] lifespan.
This path taken by ISRO is a significant departure from its normal practise and, among other things, calls for the need to encourage develop indigenous industrial capability to cater to the requirements. ISRO, from recent announcements, does appear to have taken some steps towards addressing this issue. If pursued on a priority basis, this would pay the country great dividends in the future, adding to the country's technology base, also being favourably positioned to bid for similar contracts being awarded by other countries.
ISRO planning to acquire Ka-Band Communication satellites for India [Space] - AA Me, IN
arp2041
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India's space program focuses on the needs of the 'base' of human
India recently put toughest communications satellite in orbit, marking the success of the operation space to the 101 South Asian countries.
The launch complex in French Guiana space, and the satellite is only one indicator that the Indian space program is conducting a major step.
Indian Space Research Organisation [ISRO] is planning their most ambitious program next year - 30 launch, and ultimately in the form of sending unmanned aircraft to orbit Mars.
Mission to Mars will be a separate exam for engineering keantariksaan India. Only the United States who successfully many times to send a spacecraft there. Russia, China, and Japan all have tried, but failed.
"After 50 years and 100 missions, the Indian space program is now growing faster," the Christian Science Monitor reported on October 1.
"Currently, the space program made in the country India is considered one of the top six in the world."
In the past five years, there will be 58 more planned space mission.
These achievements need to be placed in a wider context. India still have not even managed to put astronauts into orbit the spacecraft of their own. Is still far from the ability to develop unmanned cargo rockets.
Very different from the Chinese, who routinely put at once three taikonaut (Chinese astronauts) in the orbit of the complex space them at Lop Nor. China also successfully landing and ground penginjakan in space. The country also has taken great measures to have its own manned space station in low Earth orbit [LEO].
In comparison, the Indian space program operates from headquarters industrial and scientific research are much smaller, due to the still very lack of scientific and technological infrastructure in the country.
Despite their limited resources compared to the space programs of the United States and China in particular, India's space program has actually grown since originally developed to address the needs of the economy and communications.
'Pragmatic and tight'
Christian Science Monitor reports that ISRO's budget is relatively small, only 7.5 percent of the Agency for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States, which is $ 1.3 billion [U.S.] during the fiscal year 2012-13. It was already more than double the budget of the organization which only 591 million dollars [U.S.] in 2004-05. In fact, conservative estimates for all flights on the space program U.S. space shuttle has cost more than $ 1 billion [U.S.].
India Program is focused on efforts to put communication satellites and unmanned reconnaissance in low Earth orbit for the connection of telecommunications and broadcasting, hoping to compensate for the current lack of infrastructure development of India's IT sector and its associated high technology has advanced rapidly.
"Over the past few years, the Indian approach is always pragmatic and tight space," wrote Chaitanya Giri, analyst Rediff.com on 4 October. "The leaders of this country believe that the space program would be acting in line with the socio-economic strategy and will use the space as a means to spur technological infrastructure. Indian Space Research Organisation [ISRO], founded in 1969, almost as long as it is limited to problems in the earth. "
Although until now the Indian space program has not been developed in a spectacular, but pretty steady, Like a "vital sector". This program has the experience, reliability, and expertise in operational technology base. CSM reports indicate that India has become one of the countries with the largest satellite communication systems.
Policy direction becomes very important to provide treatment services and distance education for hundreds of millions of poor rural country. Space-based communications to the poor villagers are generally available in just a few years after they receive electric service for the first time.
The use of remote sensing-based system is very important for space weather forecasting. These basic services annually save thousands of lives through flow forecast typhoons and monsoon patterns. Finding new sources of water from space are other important benefits.
Priority ISRO is dedicated to serving the residents
This year ISRO has devoted more than half [55%] budget to various satellite communications, navigation, and remote sensing. 36% is allocated to the launch vehicle, and only 9% to support exploration missions, such as moon mission Chandrayan 2 and Mars orbiters are planned.
The strategy seems contrary to the achievement of the principal sectors of scientific and military research. Indian scientists and engineers among the best in the world, it's just that, as revealed in a special report of The Economist, the numbers are still too few.
"In the issue of October 29 to November 5, the magazine wrote:" A survey by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors estimates that by 2010 India only have 500,000 more civil engineers but needs 4 million, and 45,000 architects but needs 366 000. "
All of these shortcomings do not directly affect the core capabilities of a world-class scientists and engineers and technocrats of excellence. India may be constrained in their efforts to implement the ambitious program to build a manned space station or perform missions beyond Earth orbit.
ISRO vision and instincts inherited from the founding fathers serve Vikram Sarabhai. He rejected what he called "fantasy to compete with countries whose economies are already well established" in missions to the moon and other planets. Instead, he stressed that the ultimate goal of the Indian space program is the use of space technology for day-to-day needs of ordinary people.
The program indeed has yielded great results and lasting. Nor was there any public pressure on India to cut annual operating budget of the national space program, and gained wide support both the parties in the Lok Sabha, India's national parliament main assembly in New Delhi.
Success in the commercial launch market
India has also been able to utilize the experience and reliability. Call it the country's skill in placing their satellites in low Earth orbit, to enter the international market in the multibillion dollar commercial launch.
In these areas, India is more successful than the United Kingdom and Japan, and a tough competitor even for the United States.
Through Antrix Corporation, the commercial operating company, India "has launched 29 foreign satellites during the past decade, including the simultaneous launch of the satellite and the French SPOT 6 satellite micro Japan in September," the CSM reported. The Indian space industry executives are optimistic that the sector will grow in the coming years.
India developed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle [PSLV] they themselves are reliable. It successfully sends an average of two satellites per year and has the potential to send up to six per year. However, state control over the production of rocket remains an obstacle to grow even more.
Government rejects proposal for the privatization of manufacturing rockets civilian satellite market. However, some senior executives ISRO has begun signaling that the government should encourage the creation of a consortium of several large companies such as space technology models in the U.S. and Europe.
Some critics, such as Giri, acknowledged that the success of the country's main space is dedicated to a variety of domestic needs are realistic and practical. Even so, Giri pointed out that India's space exploration program lacked focus and discipline, and failed to prioritize resources for the scientific goals are sharp and can be achieved.
"This is the difference in India with other nations that also advanced antariksanya program," said Giri told Rediff.com. "The United States ... China prioritizes prioritizing Mars exploration to the Moon Chang'e program, including orbiters, landers, and a mission to bring back samples. Japanese Hayabusa mission ... and Europe through missions, the European Space Agency's Giotto and Rosetta has allowed them to explore asteroids and comets. All of this will be the important things in the future, when asteroids and comets will be mining resources. "
The defenders of pure Indian Space Research said that plans unmanned mission to the moon and Mars is quite efficient cost. According to them these missions do not deplete resources or divert focus from the ISRO telecommunications programs and resources of the earth in low earth orbit that has long been developed.
PROGRAM ANTARIKSA INDIA BERFOKUS PADA KEBUTUHAN 'DASAR' MANUSIA - Asia-Pacific Defense Forum
India recently put toughest communications satellite in orbit, marking the success of the operation space to the 101 South Asian countries.
The launch complex in French Guiana space, and the satellite is only one indicator that the Indian space program is conducting a major step.
Indian Space Research Organisation [ISRO] is planning their most ambitious program next year - 30 launch, and ultimately in the form of sending unmanned aircraft to orbit Mars.
Mission to Mars will be a separate exam for engineering keantariksaan India. Only the United States who successfully many times to send a spacecraft there. Russia, China, and Japan all have tried, but failed.
"After 50 years and 100 missions, the Indian space program is now growing faster," the Christian Science Monitor reported on October 1.
"Currently, the space program made in the country India is considered one of the top six in the world."
In the past five years, there will be 58 more planned space mission.
These achievements need to be placed in a wider context. India still have not even managed to put astronauts into orbit the spacecraft of their own. Is still far from the ability to develop unmanned cargo rockets.
Very different from the Chinese, who routinely put at once three taikonaut (Chinese astronauts) in the orbit of the complex space them at Lop Nor. China also successfully landing and ground penginjakan in space. The country also has taken great measures to have its own manned space station in low Earth orbit [LEO].
In comparison, the Indian space program operates from headquarters industrial and scientific research are much smaller, due to the still very lack of scientific and technological infrastructure in the country.
Despite their limited resources compared to the space programs of the United States and China in particular, India's space program has actually grown since originally developed to address the needs of the economy and communications.
'Pragmatic and tight'
Christian Science Monitor reports that ISRO's budget is relatively small, only 7.5 percent of the Agency for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States, which is $ 1.3 billion [U.S.] during the fiscal year 2012-13. It was already more than double the budget of the organization which only 591 million dollars [U.S.] in 2004-05. In fact, conservative estimates for all flights on the space program U.S. space shuttle has cost more than $ 1 billion [U.S.].
India Program is focused on efforts to put communication satellites and unmanned reconnaissance in low Earth orbit for the connection of telecommunications and broadcasting, hoping to compensate for the current lack of infrastructure development of India's IT sector and its associated high technology has advanced rapidly.
"Over the past few years, the Indian approach is always pragmatic and tight space," wrote Chaitanya Giri, analyst Rediff.com on 4 October. "The leaders of this country believe that the space program would be acting in line with the socio-economic strategy and will use the space as a means to spur technological infrastructure. Indian Space Research Organisation [ISRO], founded in 1969, almost as long as it is limited to problems in the earth. "
Although until now the Indian space program has not been developed in a spectacular, but pretty steady, Like a "vital sector". This program has the experience, reliability, and expertise in operational technology base. CSM reports indicate that India has become one of the countries with the largest satellite communication systems.
Policy direction becomes very important to provide treatment services and distance education for hundreds of millions of poor rural country. Space-based communications to the poor villagers are generally available in just a few years after they receive electric service for the first time.
The use of remote sensing-based system is very important for space weather forecasting. These basic services annually save thousands of lives through flow forecast typhoons and monsoon patterns. Finding new sources of water from space are other important benefits.
Priority ISRO is dedicated to serving the residents
This year ISRO has devoted more than half [55%] budget to various satellite communications, navigation, and remote sensing. 36% is allocated to the launch vehicle, and only 9% to support exploration missions, such as moon mission Chandrayan 2 and Mars orbiters are planned.
The strategy seems contrary to the achievement of the principal sectors of scientific and military research. Indian scientists and engineers among the best in the world, it's just that, as revealed in a special report of The Economist, the numbers are still too few.
"In the issue of October 29 to November 5, the magazine wrote:" A survey by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors estimates that by 2010 India only have 500,000 more civil engineers but needs 4 million, and 45,000 architects but needs 366 000. "
All of these shortcomings do not directly affect the core capabilities of a world-class scientists and engineers and technocrats of excellence. India may be constrained in their efforts to implement the ambitious program to build a manned space station or perform missions beyond Earth orbit.
ISRO vision and instincts inherited from the founding fathers serve Vikram Sarabhai. He rejected what he called "fantasy to compete with countries whose economies are already well established" in missions to the moon and other planets. Instead, he stressed that the ultimate goal of the Indian space program is the use of space technology for day-to-day needs of ordinary people.
The program indeed has yielded great results and lasting. Nor was there any public pressure on India to cut annual operating budget of the national space program, and gained wide support both the parties in the Lok Sabha, India's national parliament main assembly in New Delhi.
Success in the commercial launch market
India has also been able to utilize the experience and reliability. Call it the country's skill in placing their satellites in low Earth orbit, to enter the international market in the multibillion dollar commercial launch.
In these areas, India is more successful than the United Kingdom and Japan, and a tough competitor even for the United States.
Through Antrix Corporation, the commercial operating company, India "has launched 29 foreign satellites during the past decade, including the simultaneous launch of the satellite and the French SPOT 6 satellite micro Japan in September," the CSM reported. The Indian space industry executives are optimistic that the sector will grow in the coming years.
India developed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle [PSLV] they themselves are reliable. It successfully sends an average of two satellites per year and has the potential to send up to six per year. However, state control over the production of rocket remains an obstacle to grow even more.
Government rejects proposal for the privatization of manufacturing rockets civilian satellite market. However, some senior executives ISRO has begun signaling that the government should encourage the creation of a consortium of several large companies such as space technology models in the U.S. and Europe.
Some critics, such as Giri, acknowledged that the success of the country's main space is dedicated to a variety of domestic needs are realistic and practical. Even so, Giri pointed out that India's space exploration program lacked focus and discipline, and failed to prioritize resources for the scientific goals are sharp and can be achieved.
"This is the difference in India with other nations that also advanced antariksanya program," said Giri told Rediff.com. "The United States ... China prioritizes prioritizing Mars exploration to the Moon Chang'e program, including orbiters, landers, and a mission to bring back samples. Japanese Hayabusa mission ... and Europe through missions, the European Space Agency's Giotto and Rosetta has allowed them to explore asteroids and comets. All of this will be the important things in the future, when asteroids and comets will be mining resources. "
The defenders of pure Indian Space Research said that plans unmanned mission to the moon and Mars is quite efficient cost. According to them these missions do not deplete resources or divert focus from the ISRO telecommunications programs and resources of the earth in low earth orbit that has long been developed.
PROGRAM ANTARIKSA INDIA BERFOKUS PADA KEBUTUHAN 'DASAR' MANUSIA - Asia-Pacific Defense Forum
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