Prophet Abraham Had 2 sons. Ishmael and Isaac. Both were prophet. Ishmael settled in Arab region - while Isaac Settled in Jordan Palestine region. Isaac had a son , named Jacob who was a prophet too. Jacob had 12 sons. Jacob's another name is Israel and these 12 sons and their descendents are called 12 tribes of Israel. Jacob migrated to Egypt with his sons to live where His favorite son Joseph was a governor and a prophet. Thats how jews ended up in Egypt. Moses rescued them from Pharao and took them in Palestine, the land promised and Given to them by God as they say. Then they had series of prophets like Solemon, David who established Jews as a strong nation and built their temple in Jerusalem making it a holy city for Jews. Then centuries later Babylon destroyed their temple and took them as prisoners all the way to babylon. Thats how they were expelled from Jerusalem. However ,they were let to regather in Palestine by Another babylonian king Possibly Cyrus the Great as far as i remember. Then they came under romans who started persecuting them as the romans converted to Christianity.
They expelled Jews from their temples and destroyed it again. Caliph Umar defeated Romans and allowed Jews back in Jerusalem . But the temple was destroyed by Romans and the Jews have been praying near the wall since then .
Jews donot consider Muhammad a prophet because he is a descendant of Ishmael not Isaac. That is where all the problem.
Its from my memory. So ignore my mistakes if there is any.
As far as I know Cyrus the Great was a Persian King who established large Achamenid empire.