PFT is the free trade equilibrium price. At that price, the excess demand by the importing country equals excess supply by the exporter.
The quantity of imports and exports is shown as the blue line segment on each country's graph. (That's the horizontal distance between the supply and demand curves at the free trade price) When a large importing country implements a tariff it will cause an increase in the price of the good on the domestic market and a decrease in the price in the rest of the world (RoW). Suppose after the tariff the price in the importing country rises to
and the price in the exporting country falls to
. If the tariff is a specific tax then the tariff rate would be
, equal to the length of the green line segment in the diagram. If the tariff were an ad valorem tax then the tariff rate would be given by
.
The following Table provides a summary of the direction and magnitude of the welfare effects to producers, consumers and the governments in the importing and exporting countries. The aggregate national welfare effects and the world welfare effects are also shown. Online, or with a color print-out, positive welfare effects are shown in black, negative effects in red.
Tariff Effects on:
Importing Country Consumers - Consumers of the product in the importing country suffer a reduction in well-being as a result of the tariff. The increase in the domestic price of both imported goods and the domestic substitutes reduces the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in consumer surplus is represented.
Importing Country Producers - Producers in the importing country experience an increase in well-being as a result of the tariff. The increase in the price of their product on the domestic market increases producer surplus in the industry. The price increases also induces an increase in output of existing firms (and perhaps the addition of new firms), an increase in employment, and an increase in profit and/or payments to fixed costs. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in producer surplus is represented.
Importing Country Government - The government receives tariff revenue as a result of the tariff. Who benefits from the revenue depends on how the government spends it. Typically the revenue is simply included as part of the general funds collected by the government from various sources. In this case it is impossible to identify precisely who benefits. However, these funds help support many government spending programs which presumably help either most people in the country, as is the case with public goods, or is targeted at certain worthy groups. Thus, someone within the country is the likely recipient of these benefits. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the tariff revenue is represented.
Importing Country - The aggregate welfare effect for the country is found by summing the gains and losses to consumers, producers and the government. The net effect consists of three components: a positive terms of trade effect (G), a negative production distortion (B), and a negative consumption distortion (D). Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in national welfare is represented.
Because there are both positive and negative elements, the net national welfare effect can be either positive or negative. The interesting result, however, is that it can be
positive. This means that
a tariff implemented by a "large" importing country may raise national welfare.
Generally speaking,
1) whenever a "large" country implements a small tariff, it will raise national welfare.
2) if the tariff is set too high, national welfare will fall
and 3) there will be a positive optimal tariff that will maximize national welfare.
Click here for more information about optimal tariffs.
However, it is also important to note that everyone's welfare does not rise when there is an increase in national welfare. Instead there is a redistribution of income. Producers of the product and recipients of government spending will benefit, but consumers will lose. A national welfare increase, then, means that the sum of the gains exceeds the sum of the losses across all individuals in the economy. Economists generally argue that, in this case, compensation from winners to losers can potentially alleviate the redistribution problem.
Click here to learn more about the compensation principle.
Tariff Effects on:
Exporting Country Consumers - Consumers of the product in the exporting country experience an increase in well-being as a result of the tariff. The decrease in their domestic price raises the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in consumer surplus is represented.
Exporting Country Producers - Producers in the exporting country experience a decrease in well-being as a result of the tariff. The decrease in the price of their product in their own market decreases producer surplus in the industry. The price decline also induces a decrease in output, a decrease in employment, and a decrease in profit and/or payments to fixed costs. Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in producer surplus is represented.
Exporting Country Government - There is no effect on the exporting country government revenue as a result of the importer's tariff.
Exporting Country - The aggregate welfare effect for the country is found by summing the gains and losses to consumers and producers. The net effect consists of three components: a negative terms of trade effect (g), a negative consumption distortion (f), and a negative production distortion (h). Refer to the Table and Figure to see how the magnitude of the change in national welfare is represented.
Since all three components are negative, the importer's tariff must result in a reduction in national welfare for the exporting country. However, it is important to note that a redistribution of income occurs, i.e., some groups gain while others lose. In this case the sum of the losses exceeds the sum of the gains.
Tariff Effects on:
World Welfare - The effect on world welfare is found by summing the national welfare effects in the importing and exporting countries. By noting that the terms of trade gain to the importer is equal to the terms of trade loss to the exporter, the world welfare effect reduces to four components: the importer's negative production distortion (B), the importer's negative consumption distortion (D), the exporter's negative consumption distortion (f), and the exporter's negative production distortion (h). Since each of these is negative,
the world welfare effect of the import tariff is negative. The sum of the losses in the world exceeds the sum of the gains. In other words, we can say that
an import tariff results in a reduction in world production and consumption efficiency.
