Energy Projects...Updates
- Thread starter ghazi52
- Start date
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Construction work on Bhasha, Tangir projects reviewed
The Newspaper'
March 26, 2021
The construction work on 21MW Tangir Hydropower Project, meant for providing electricity to the people in various areas during construction phase of Diamer Bhasha Dam, has commenced. — AFP/File
LAHORE: The construction work on 21MW Tangir Hydropower Project, meant for providing electricity to the people in various areas during construction phase of Diamer Bhasha Dam, has commenced, according to the Water and Power Development Authority (Wapda).
The construction works on eight sites of Diamer Bhasha Dam and nine of the Dasu Hydropower projects are also underway these days on a fast-track basis.
Bhasha Dam project sites where the construction work was going on include access tunnel, access roads, upstream and downstream cable bridges, a senior official told Wapda Chairman retired Lt Gen Muzammil Hussain who visited the area on Wednesday.
During the visit, the Wapda chairman reviewed construction work on Bhasha as well as Tangir hydropower projects.
Speaking on the occasion, the Wapda chief said that construction work on Bhasha Dam was progressing despite the Covid-19 pandemic. He, however, maintained that the project authorities must ensure achieving major construction milestones in accordance with the timelines set for this purpose.
Gen Hussain opened the newly-constructed cable way bridge across River Indus. Rest of three such bridges are scheduled to be completed in April and May one after the other for swift mobilisation on both banks of the river during high-flow season.
Pontoon bridge across the River Indus had already been completed ahead of schedule in December last year to facilitate mobilisation of machinery and workforce during the current low-flow season.
Diamer Bhasha Dam will have a gross water storage capacity of 8.1 MAF to irrigate 1.23 million acres of additional land. With installed power generation capacity of 4,500 MW, the project will provide more than 18 billion units per annum to the National Grid.
Earlier, the Wapda chairman witnessed construction activities on Dasu Hydropower Project Stage-I, being built across River Indus upstream Dasu town in Kohistan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During the briefing about progress on the project, he was informed that the construction work on nine different sites is in progress.
He was told that river diversion works are expected to be completed by the end of this year. Afterwards, the mighty Indus would pass through the two diversion tunnels paving the way for construction of the main dam.
The Dasu Hydropower Project will be completed in two stages. Wapda is currently working on 2,160 MW-Stage-I, likely to be completed in 2025.The Stage-I will provide 12bn green and low-cost electricity to the national grid annually while the Stage-II will also contribute another 9bn units per annum.
Published in Dawn, March 26th, 2021
The Newspaper'
March 26, 2021
The construction work on 21MW Tangir Hydropower Project, meant for providing electricity to the people in various areas during construction phase of Diamer Bhasha Dam, has commenced. — AFP/File
LAHORE: The construction work on 21MW Tangir Hydropower Project, meant for providing electricity to the people in various areas during construction phase of Diamer Bhasha Dam, has commenced, according to the Water and Power Development Authority (Wapda).
The construction works on eight sites of Diamer Bhasha Dam and nine of the Dasu Hydropower projects are also underway these days on a fast-track basis.
Bhasha Dam project sites where the construction work was going on include access tunnel, access roads, upstream and downstream cable bridges, a senior official told Wapda Chairman retired Lt Gen Muzammil Hussain who visited the area on Wednesday.
During the visit, the Wapda chairman reviewed construction work on Bhasha as well as Tangir hydropower projects.
Speaking on the occasion, the Wapda chief said that construction work on Bhasha Dam was progressing despite the Covid-19 pandemic. He, however, maintained that the project authorities must ensure achieving major construction milestones in accordance with the timelines set for this purpose.
Gen Hussain opened the newly-constructed cable way bridge across River Indus. Rest of three such bridges are scheduled to be completed in April and May one after the other for swift mobilisation on both banks of the river during high-flow season.
Pontoon bridge across the River Indus had already been completed ahead of schedule in December last year to facilitate mobilisation of machinery and workforce during the current low-flow season.
Diamer Bhasha Dam will have a gross water storage capacity of 8.1 MAF to irrigate 1.23 million acres of additional land. With installed power generation capacity of 4,500 MW, the project will provide more than 18 billion units per annum to the National Grid.
Earlier, the Wapda chairman witnessed construction activities on Dasu Hydropower Project Stage-I, being built across River Indus upstream Dasu town in Kohistan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During the briefing about progress on the project, he was informed that the construction work on nine different sites is in progress.
He was told that river diversion works are expected to be completed by the end of this year. Afterwards, the mighty Indus would pass through the two diversion tunnels paving the way for construction of the main dam.
The Dasu Hydropower Project will be completed in two stages. Wapda is currently working on 2,160 MW-Stage-I, likely to be completed in 2025.The Stage-I will provide 12bn green and low-cost electricity to the national grid annually while the Stage-II will also contribute another 9bn units per annum.
Published in Dawn, March 26th, 2021
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Demand for solar modules rise as Pakistan moves towards renewable energy.
As Pakistan moves towards renewable energy production, the demand for solar modules has increased dramatically.
China-based LONGi Solar, a world-leading manufacturer of high-efficiency mono-crystalline solar cells and modules has confirmed solar module sales to Pakistan for 2021 have reached 500MWp, the majority of which are for its Hi-MO 5 series modules, which account for 422MWp of the total (84.4%).
As Pakistan moves towards renewable energy production, the demand for solar modules has increased dramatically.
China-based LONGi Solar, a world-leading manufacturer of high-efficiency mono-crystalline solar cells and modules has confirmed solar module sales to Pakistan for 2021 have reached 500MWp, the majority of which are for its Hi-MO 5 series modules, which account for 422MWp of the total (84.4%).
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
The Peshawar based journalists also visited along with Chairman WAPDA Access Tunnel of Mohmand Dam for swift excavation of Diversion Tunnels has been completed, while construction work is in progress simultaneously on 9 different sites of the project. Mohmand Dam Project Director and General Manager Muhammad Javed Afridi, Security and Land Acquisition & Resettlement Director General Brigadier Imtiaz Hussain, representatives of the consultants and the contractors were also present on the occasion.
The Chairman was briefed that excavation work on main dam, spillway, power intake, diversion tunnels and re-regulation pond is under way in addition to construction work on irrigation tunnel, access roads, project colony and offices. The baily bridge across River Swat is also being constructed for mobilization of construction machinery, workforce and equipment on both banks of the river.
Reviewing construction activities at the project, WAPDA Chairman said that Mohmand Dam, like all other water and hydropower projects, is instrumental for economic stability of Pakistan and social development in the country, Khyber Pakhtunknwa in particular, therefore, timely completion of this project is of paramount importance.
He directed the project management to gear up their efforts the purpose. It is the 5th highest concrete-face-rock-fill Dam (CFRD) in the world. On completion, the dam will store about 1.2-million-acre feet (MAF) of water and help mitigate floods in Peshawar, Charsadda and Nowshera districts.
Besides supplementing 160,000 acres of existing land, about 18,237 acres of new land will also be irrigated. Mohmand Dam Power House will generate 800 megawatt (MW) hydel electricity, contributing 2.86 billion units of low-cost and environment friendly electricity annually to the National Grid. In addition, 300 million gallons water per day will also be provided to Peshawar for drinking purpose.
Annual benefits of the project have been estimated at Rs. 51.6 billion. The progress and prosperity of the locals residing in the project area is one of the top most priorities. Hence, a hefty amount of Rs. 4.53 billion will be spent on Confidence Building Measures for socio-economic development in the project area.
The Chairman was briefed that excavation work on main dam, spillway, power intake, diversion tunnels and re-regulation pond is under way in addition to construction work on irrigation tunnel, access roads, project colony and offices. The baily bridge across River Swat is also being constructed for mobilization of construction machinery, workforce and equipment on both banks of the river.
Reviewing construction activities at the project, WAPDA Chairman said that Mohmand Dam, like all other water and hydropower projects, is instrumental for economic stability of Pakistan and social development in the country, Khyber Pakhtunknwa in particular, therefore, timely completion of this project is of paramount importance.
He directed the project management to gear up their efforts the purpose. It is the 5th highest concrete-face-rock-fill Dam (CFRD) in the world. On completion, the dam will store about 1.2-million-acre feet (MAF) of water and help mitigate floods in Peshawar, Charsadda and Nowshera districts.
Besides supplementing 160,000 acres of existing land, about 18,237 acres of new land will also be irrigated. Mohmand Dam Power House will generate 800 megawatt (MW) hydel electricity, contributing 2.86 billion units of low-cost and environment friendly electricity annually to the National Grid. In addition, 300 million gallons water per day will also be provided to Peshawar for drinking purpose.
Annual benefits of the project have been estimated at Rs. 51.6 billion. The progress and prosperity of the locals residing in the project area is one of the top most priorities. Hence, a hefty amount of Rs. 4.53 billion will be spent on Confidence Building Measures for socio-economic development in the project area.
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Pakistan and Denmark on Monday formed a joint technical working group to frame terms of reference (ToRs) for government-to-government agreements in the field of energy.
The working group was set up during a virtual meeting, co-chaired by Minister for Energy Omar Ayub Khan and Danish Ambassador to Pakistan Lis Rosenholm.
A Danish team, comprising technical experts in the energy sector, presented a report and briefed the meeting on ways and means of increased cooperation in the renewable energy sector of Pakistan.
The two sides deliberated on the findings and recommendations of the Danish energy team for G2G (government-to-government) collaboration between Denmark and Pakistan in the energy sector, keeping in view the latter’s newly approved alternative energy policy.
The Danish team presented the report on technical support to Pakistan in renewable energy and energy efficiency, underlining the need for strategic energy cooperation between the two countries.
https://tribune.com.pk/story/229210...Y1uaZH4hJjYdVL0EBm9Qa0lEVU6y-gjG1khqdLcHtNOU8
The working group was set up during a virtual meeting, co-chaired by Minister for Energy Omar Ayub Khan and Danish Ambassador to Pakistan Lis Rosenholm.
A Danish team, comprising technical experts in the energy sector, presented a report and briefed the meeting on ways and means of increased cooperation in the renewable energy sector of Pakistan.
The two sides deliberated on the findings and recommendations of the Danish energy team for G2G (government-to-government) collaboration between Denmark and Pakistan in the energy sector, keeping in view the latter’s newly approved alternative energy policy.
The Danish team presented the report on technical support to Pakistan in renewable energy and energy efficiency, underlining the need for strategic energy cooperation between the two countries.
https://tribune.com.pk/story/229210...Y1uaZH4hJjYdVL0EBm9Qa0lEVU6y-gjG1khqdLcHtNOU8
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Govt yet to release Rs240bn for two dams, SC told
Nasir Iqbal
March 31, 2021
Wapda requires to inject a total of Rs700bn as equity on its part for development of the two mega projects. — AFP/File
ISLAMABAD: The Water and Power Development Authority (Wapda) told the Supreme Court on Tuesday that the government had not yet released a staggering Rs240 billion for equity injection on part of the authority for construction of much-needed Diamer Basha and Mohmand dams.
Despite earlier undertaking given to the Supreme Court on Feb 20, 2020, the Power Division had not released the outstanding receivables, which currently stood at Rs240bn, being the authority’s equity contribution, Wapda Chairman Muzzamil Hussain told a five-judge SC bench.
Wapda requires to inject a total of Rs700bn as equity on its part for development of the two mega projects.
Headed by Chief Justice of Pakistan Gulzar Ahmed, the Supreme Court bench had taken up the case to oversee the projects of construction of 4,500 MW Diamer Basha dam and 700 MW Mohmand dam.
Assisted by Advocate Nayyar Abbas Rizvi, the Wapda chairman gave a presentation to the court highlighting speedy construction of the projects.
At the last hearing on Feb 12, 2020, the apex court had ordered the power secretary to ensure payment of the dues to Wapda within a year by adhering to the payment schedule for the construction of the two dams.
When called, Additional Attorney General Sohail Mahmood told the court he needed instructions from the government to explain why the amount had not been released.
Other than the stuck-up amount, Wapda is comfortable with the cash flows out of the allocated amounts in the Public Sector Development Programme for the year 2020-21 amounting to Rs16.5bn for Diamer Basha dam and Rs7bn for Mohmand dam.
The Wapda chairman told the Supreme Court that the authority was going to launch $500 million Green Eurobond by the middle of next month. This would be a regular feature of the authority’s strategy to access the market through a plan of issuing bonds in a phased manner for which the government had given its consent through a letter of comfort, he said.
According to a report furnished before the Supreme Court, the foreign currency requirement for the next two years for the construction of the two dams is $600m but Wapda intends to approach the market for a debut benchmark size of $500m for which the services of the J.P. Morgan Bank have been hired.
To a query by the court, the Wapda chairman said the completion date for Mohmand dam was May-June 2025 and that of Diamer Basha dam 2028.
Despite the challenges Wapda faced in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, like restrictions on the movement of the foreigners and the locals, non-supply of material and equipment from the local and foreign markets and cross-border incidents restricting foreign movements, the construction schedule had not been impeded and the timelines for the mega projects were being met, Mr Hussain said.
Moreover, the resettlement issues of Mohmand dam and the long outstanding boundary dispute of Diamer Basha dam project had been resolved and the legitimate demands of the locals were being fulfilled, he said.
However, the report highlighted that the reduction in the prevailing rate of return on Wapda equity from 17 per cent to 10pc by the federal government might impair Wapda’s ability to contribute its share on the equity since it would then be met through additional debt with its ensuring cost.
Though this decision was across-the-board for the hydel and thermal powerhouses, the federal government however had committed to fill this gap through special grants, the report said.
The Wapda chairman said the government had been suggested to consider building of 8-10 km long Babusir tunnel which would cut down at least one year in the construction of Diamer Basha Dam and the government had issued directives to the National Highway Authority in this regard. The tunnel would be a force multiplier, he said, adding the construction of the dams would also mitigate flooding concerns of Charsadda, Mardan and Naushera, etc.
The chief justice regretted why they always had to seek assistance of foreigners and why services of fresh graduates were not utilised. The chief justice also wondered why the services of the dormant Pakistan Steel Mills were not utilised instead of importing steel for the projects.
Published in Dawn, March 31st, 2021
Nasir Iqbal
March 31, 2021
Wapda requires to inject a total of Rs700bn as equity on its part for development of the two mega projects. — AFP/File
ISLAMABAD: The Water and Power Development Authority (Wapda) told the Supreme Court on Tuesday that the government had not yet released a staggering Rs240 billion for equity injection on part of the authority for construction of much-needed Diamer Basha and Mohmand dams.
Despite earlier undertaking given to the Supreme Court on Feb 20, 2020, the Power Division had not released the outstanding receivables, which currently stood at Rs240bn, being the authority’s equity contribution, Wapda Chairman Muzzamil Hussain told a five-judge SC bench.
Wapda requires to inject a total of Rs700bn as equity on its part for development of the two mega projects.
Headed by Chief Justice of Pakistan Gulzar Ahmed, the Supreme Court bench had taken up the case to oversee the projects of construction of 4,500 MW Diamer Basha dam and 700 MW Mohmand dam.
Assisted by Advocate Nayyar Abbas Rizvi, the Wapda chairman gave a presentation to the court highlighting speedy construction of the projects.
At the last hearing on Feb 12, 2020, the apex court had ordered the power secretary to ensure payment of the dues to Wapda within a year by adhering to the payment schedule for the construction of the two dams.
When called, Additional Attorney General Sohail Mahmood told the court he needed instructions from the government to explain why the amount had not been released.
Other than the stuck-up amount, Wapda is comfortable with the cash flows out of the allocated amounts in the Public Sector Development Programme for the year 2020-21 amounting to Rs16.5bn for Diamer Basha dam and Rs7bn for Mohmand dam.
The Wapda chairman told the Supreme Court that the authority was going to launch $500 million Green Eurobond by the middle of next month. This would be a regular feature of the authority’s strategy to access the market through a plan of issuing bonds in a phased manner for which the government had given its consent through a letter of comfort, he said.
According to a report furnished before the Supreme Court, the foreign currency requirement for the next two years for the construction of the two dams is $600m but Wapda intends to approach the market for a debut benchmark size of $500m for which the services of the J.P. Morgan Bank have been hired.
To a query by the court, the Wapda chairman said the completion date for Mohmand dam was May-June 2025 and that of Diamer Basha dam 2028.
Despite the challenges Wapda faced in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, like restrictions on the movement of the foreigners and the locals, non-supply of material and equipment from the local and foreign markets and cross-border incidents restricting foreign movements, the construction schedule had not been impeded and the timelines for the mega projects were being met, Mr Hussain said.
Moreover, the resettlement issues of Mohmand dam and the long outstanding boundary dispute of Diamer Basha dam project had been resolved and the legitimate demands of the locals were being fulfilled, he said.
However, the report highlighted that the reduction in the prevailing rate of return on Wapda equity from 17 per cent to 10pc by the federal government might impair Wapda’s ability to contribute its share on the equity since it would then be met through additional debt with its ensuring cost.
Though this decision was across-the-board for the hydel and thermal powerhouses, the federal government however had committed to fill this gap through special grants, the report said.
The Wapda chairman said the government had been suggested to consider building of 8-10 km long Babusir tunnel which would cut down at least one year in the construction of Diamer Basha Dam and the government had issued directives to the National Highway Authority in this regard. The tunnel would be a force multiplier, he said, adding the construction of the dams would also mitigate flooding concerns of Charsadda, Mardan and Naushera, etc.
The chief justice regretted why they always had to seek assistance of foreigners and why services of fresh graduates were not utilised. The chief justice also wondered why the services of the dormant Pakistan Steel Mills were not utilised instead of importing steel for the projects.
Published in Dawn, March 31st, 2021
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Stator frame for Generating unit has been arrived at Suki Kinari Hydropower Project Site.
884 MW
Stator frame for Generating unit has been arrived at Suki Kinari Hydropower Project Site.
884 MW
884 MW
Stator frame for Generating unit has been arrived at Suki Kinari Hydropower Project Site.
884 MW
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
DG FWO, along with his team, visited Diamer Basha Dam site on 10 April 2021.
DG was briefed about latest updates of various construction works.
Plans for construction of temporary and permanent bridges were verified on ground and issues related to future work on the main dam were discussed on site.
DG was briefed about latest updates of various construction works.
Plans for construction of temporary and permanent bridges were verified on ground and issues related to future work on the main dam were discussed on site.
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Rs. 936 million Contract awarded for Civil Works of 2nd Rehabilitation Project of Warsak Hydel Power Station
April 12, 2021: The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) awarded the contract of Civil Works worth Rs.936.29million through an international competitive bidding for 2nd Rehabilitation of Warsak Hydroelectric Power Station to Technicon Enterprises.
The contract was signed in a ceremony held here at WAPDA House. General Manager (Hydel) Development Nadeem Iqbal and Chief Executive Officer Iqbal Yunas signed the contract on behalf of WAPDA and Technicon Enterprises respectively. WAPDA Member (Power) Jamil Akhtar and other senior officers of WAPDA were also present on the occasion.
WAPDA has been vigorously implementing a least-cost energy generation plan to add low-priced hydel electricity to the system. In addition to constructing new projects, WAPDA has also been rehabilitating and up-grading its aging hydel power stations, including the Warsak, under the plan.
WAPDA is executing Second Rehabilitation Project of Warsak Hydel Power Station to regain its generation capacity, which has decreased to 193 MW from 243 MW due to aging factor of the electro-mechanical equipment.
The rehabilitation works are planned to be carried out with an approved PC-I cost of Rs.22.25 billion with the objective to overcome the aging problems, regain the capacity loss of 50 MW with reliable annual energy generation of 1.14 billion units, upgrade and modernize the old system and achieve another life cycle of 30 to 40 years.
It is pertinent to mention that Warsak is the first ever main hydropower project executed in Pakistan after independence. The first phase of the Warsak Dam and Hydel PowerStation was completed in 1960-61 consisting of the dam, irrigation tunnels, four generating units with cumulative capacity of 160 MW, switchyard and transmission line.
In the second phase, two more generating units of about 83 MW were added in 1980-81 to raise the installed capacity of the hydel power station to 243 MW. The first rehabilitation was carried out during 1996-2006 to stabilize civil structure and recover lost generation of about 70 MW.
Credits: WAPDA
.
April 12, 2021: The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) awarded the contract of Civil Works worth Rs.936.29million through an international competitive bidding for 2nd Rehabilitation of Warsak Hydroelectric Power Station to Technicon Enterprises.
The contract was signed in a ceremony held here at WAPDA House. General Manager (Hydel) Development Nadeem Iqbal and Chief Executive Officer Iqbal Yunas signed the contract on behalf of WAPDA and Technicon Enterprises respectively. WAPDA Member (Power) Jamil Akhtar and other senior officers of WAPDA were also present on the occasion.
WAPDA has been vigorously implementing a least-cost energy generation plan to add low-priced hydel electricity to the system. In addition to constructing new projects, WAPDA has also been rehabilitating and up-grading its aging hydel power stations, including the Warsak, under the plan.
WAPDA is executing Second Rehabilitation Project of Warsak Hydel Power Station to regain its generation capacity, which has decreased to 193 MW from 243 MW due to aging factor of the electro-mechanical equipment.
The rehabilitation works are planned to be carried out with an approved PC-I cost of Rs.22.25 billion with the objective to overcome the aging problems, regain the capacity loss of 50 MW with reliable annual energy generation of 1.14 billion units, upgrade and modernize the old system and achieve another life cycle of 30 to 40 years.
It is pertinent to mention that Warsak is the first ever main hydropower project executed in Pakistan after independence. The first phase of the Warsak Dam and Hydel PowerStation was completed in 1960-61 consisting of the dam, irrigation tunnels, four generating units with cumulative capacity of 160 MW, switchyard and transmission line.
In the second phase, two more generating units of about 83 MW were added in 1980-81 to raise the installed capacity of the hydel power station to 243 MW. The first rehabilitation was carried out during 1996-2006 to stabilize civil structure and recover lost generation of about 70 MW.
Credits: WAPDA
.
ghazi52
PDF THINK TANK: ANALYST
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2007
- Messages
- 102,698
- Reaction score
- 106
- Country
- Location
Jaggran-I Hydropower Project is operational since October 2000 with 05 Pelton Turbines and providing electricity to Peshawar Electricity Supply Company (PESCO) through 132 KV Muzaffarabad Grid Station.
There are total 06 Hydropower Projects proposed on Jaggran Nullah. Jaggran-I is completed while Jaggran-II is about to complete. Jaggran-III is at the EPC stage reportedly while Saudi Arabia to fund Jaggran-IV which shall be started by the end of 2022.
Out of 06 projects, Jagran I, II & IV are under public sector whereas, the Jagran– III hydropower project will be a private sector project. Jaggran-V and Jaggran-VI are in the pipeline which shall be started in later stages.
There are total 06 Hydropower Projects proposed on Jaggran Nullah. Jaggran-I is completed while Jaggran-II is about to complete. Jaggran-III is at the EPC stage reportedly while Saudi Arabia to fund Jaggran-IV which shall be started by the end of 2022.
Out of 06 projects, Jagran I, II & IV are under public sector whereas, the Jagran– III hydropower project will be a private sector project. Jaggran-V and Jaggran-VI are in the pipeline which shall be started in later stages.
