@Desertfalcon ,
Like most countries in the world, China supports the ideal of human rights depicted and advocated in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international documents and agrees with the idea that human rights should be universal. However, China also holds it that to better realize the common goals of human rights needs each country to explore and find the best and most efficient way in accordance with their own conditions. One of the reasons for fast development of human rights in China since its reform and opening-up is that China chose a development path for human rights according to its own conditions. The path fits the conditions of China and therefore efficiently promotes the realization of universal human rights.
I. Promoting the realization of economic, social and cultural rights on the basis of full economic development
Economic, social and cultural rights are the support of a country or a society to provide individuals with their material and cultural life. They are a kind of national or social benefits in nature that require strong financial supports. Many social rights can be achieved only after the economy is improved to a certain level. With the economy lagging behind and people suffering from poverty, the economic, social and cultural rights are only luxuries out of reach. Only when the economy reaches a certain level, can these rights be realized. Put it another way, it is in fact a kind of reallocation of social resources to realize the economic, social and cultural rights. There must be enough resources created for allocation. Therefore, economic development is a prerequisite for realizing economic, social and cultural rights.
Before the reform and opening-up, China could not provide enough goods due to its backward economy and scarcity. To change such status, the Chinese government formed the strategy of "three steps for modernization." Step one: by the end of the 1980s, the GDP doubles that of 1980 and people get basic food and clothing; Step two: by the end of the 20th century, the GDP of 2000 should double again and the people enjoy a fairly well-off life. Step Three: By the middle of the 21st Century, the per capita GDP is expected to be on par with the mid-ranking developed countries and the people will be living a well-off life. At that time, China will have basically realized modernization. For many years, China has been taking economic development as its top priority and the work to develop economy its core task. All levels of government authorities and officials from the central government to local ones made economic development on their top agenda and all other work have been spontaneously supportive to this overwhelming task.[page]
As great attention has been paid to economic development and a right strategy has been taken in the entire country, China's economy has realized continuous fast growth. It is just because of this rapid development that China has better conditions to achieve its economic, social, and cultural rights. With the growth of its economic and financial power, China has been dramatically increasing its investment in poverty alleviation, education, medical care and social insurance, which results in the sharp decline in the number of poverty-stricken people, the fast growth of the length of schooling for the people, the obvious improvement of public health, and the establishment of social security system.
II. Promoting full development of human rights with realizing the economic, social and cultural rights as the starting point
Human rights are comprehensive and interlinked. They should be developed in an all-around way. Civil and political rights are the guarantee to fully realize economic, social, and cultural rights, while the latter is the basic conditions for realizing the former. Both of the two are indispensable parts of human rights. They are equally important, necessary, and needy for development. But it's not a simple task to develop human rights, as it involves the reallocation of interests among different groups, the adjustment of social structure, and the change of the way the country is managed and even impacts on the behavior and self-identity of the people in the country. It's not a task that can be made through government notices or decrees. To what levels can human rights achieve is closely linked to the entire development level of a society. Only those rights that meet the demands of social development and are beneficial to the social and economic advancement can be truly realized. Therefore, the government must find its best way to develop human rights in line with the conditions of the country by following the principle of improving human rights in a comprehensive way. From the historical view of human rights, it can also be found that countries with a long history of human rights have achieved their goals one by one in the long period of centuries. Each right, being the result of struggles and compromises among different social groups, is the consensus reached by all the people in the process of exploring the direction where their society shall head.
Article 2 of the Constitution of China specifies: All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people. It indicates that in China, the people are owners and executors of the state power; and the people have the right to singly or collectively administer the state affairs, the economic and cultural undertakings, and other public affairs through various forms and channels according to law. Practicing the political rights and freedom of speech and the press is one of the rights. According to Article 35 of the Constitution of China, citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.
Freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration as prescribed in Article 35 of the Constitution of China jointly form the political rights and freedom enjoyed by citizens of China, i.e., citizens enjoy the freedom to state clearly their attitude toward and express opinions and viewpoints on the state and social public affairs. It includes the freedom to exercise these rights in the individual way, as well as the collective way. Citizens can express their viewpoints and opinions through publishing works, or give voice to their own political views through the improvisational and short assembly, procession and demonstration.
Though Article 35 of the Constitution does not include the term “freedom of expression,” it contains various rights and freedom involving the normal operation of the modern democratic society; hence we can regard this group of rights and freedom as the right to freedom of expression, and name Article 35 of the Constitution as the article on freedom of expression.