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By Victoria GillScience reporter, BBC Nature
19 January 2012
Last updated at 07:53
The curvature of barn owls' wings helps them fly slowly and silently
Their screech is one of nature's eeriest sounds, but barn owls hunt in almost total silence.
Now researchers in Germany have revealed how the predators' wings are specially adapted to allow noiseless flight.
Their supreme stealth is thanks, largely, to their ability to fly so slowly - with relatively little beating of their wings.
And the shape and size of the owls' wings enables this very slow flight.
Dr Thomas Bachmann from the Technical University Darmstadt in Germany recently presented his study of barn owl wings at the Society for Integrative and Comparitive Biology's annual meeting in Charleston, South Carolina.
He explained to BBC Nature that barn owls were highly specialised nocturnal hunters.
"They hunt mainly in the dark, so visual information is very limited.
"They use acoustic information to locate their prey."
Their silent flight helps them listen for the scurrying of the voles they hunt for, and also reduces their chances of being heard by the prey as they approach.
To find out how they managed to fly so slowly and quietly, Dr Bachmann examined the birds' wings in minute detail.
He examined the plumage and took 3-D medical scans of their skeletal structure.
The wings' most important features, he explained, were the high curvature or "camber" of the wings. This curvature means that each wing beat produces more lift.
This is because, Dr Bachmann explained, the air flow is accelerated over the upper surface of the curved wing. "So the pressure drops," he said. "[And] the wing is sucked upwards into the lower pressure on the upper wing surface."
The feathery edges of each wing are also extremely fine - reducing any loud turbulence during flight, explained Dr Bachmann.
"Friction noise between single feathers is also reduced [by] their velvety surface," he told BBC Nature.
In fact, Dr Bachmann explained, "all the body parts of the owl are covered by very dense plumage - owls have more feathers than other similarly sized birds".
This soft, dense plumage absorbs other sounds the birds make as they fly.
Dr Bachmann and his team say their eventual aim is to use the structure of barn owl wings to inform the design of new, much quieter airfoils for the aviation industry.
"We're trying to understand the basic principles... that influence the airflow over aircraft and thus reduce noise," he explained.
"[But] we are far away from that point. Maybe in 20 years we can present such a wing.
"Until then, we will conduct many more experiments on owl wings."
The structure of barn owls' wings could provide a guide for the design of quieter and more efficient airfoils
The fine feathery fringes of each wing also help silence the owl's flight
BBC Nature - Barn owl wings adapted for silent flight
The three-dimensional shape of serrations at barn owl wings: towards a typical natural serration as a role model for biomimetic applications
Thomas Bachmann and Hermann Wagner
Barn owl feathers at the leading edge of the wing are equipped with comb-like structures termed serrations on their outer vanes. Each serration is formed by one barb ending that separates and bends upwards. This structure is considered to play a role in air-flow control and noise reduction during flight. Hence, it has considerable potential for engineering applications, particularly in the aviation industry. Several publications have reported possible functions of serrations at artificial airfoils. However, only crude approximations of natural serrations have so far been investigated. We refer to these attempts as zero-order approximations of serrations. It was the goal of this study to present a quantitative three-dimensional characterization of natural serrations as first-order approximations (mean values) and second-order approximations (listed differences depending on the position of the serration along the leading edge). Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used for a three-dimensional reconstruction and investigation with high spatial resolution. Each serration was defined by its length, profile geometry and curvature. Furthermore, the orientation of the serrations at the leading edge was characterized by the inclination angle, the tilt angle and the separation distance of neighboring serrations. These data are discussed with respect to possible applications of serration-like structures for noise suppression and air-flow control.
J Anat. 2011 Aug; 219(2): 192–202.
The three-dimensional shape of serrations at barn owl wings: towards a typical natural serration as a role model for biomimetic applications
19 January 2012
Last updated at 07:53
The curvature of barn owls' wings helps them fly slowly and silently
Their screech is one of nature's eeriest sounds, but barn owls hunt in almost total silence.
Now researchers in Germany have revealed how the predators' wings are specially adapted to allow noiseless flight.
Their supreme stealth is thanks, largely, to their ability to fly so slowly - with relatively little beating of their wings.
And the shape and size of the owls' wings enables this very slow flight.
Dr Thomas Bachmann from the Technical University Darmstadt in Germany recently presented his study of barn owl wings at the Society for Integrative and Comparitive Biology's annual meeting in Charleston, South Carolina.
He explained to BBC Nature that barn owls were highly specialised nocturnal hunters.
"They hunt mainly in the dark, so visual information is very limited.
"They use acoustic information to locate their prey."
Their silent flight helps them listen for the scurrying of the voles they hunt for, and also reduces their chances of being heard by the prey as they approach.
To find out how they managed to fly so slowly and quietly, Dr Bachmann examined the birds' wings in minute detail.
He examined the plumage and took 3-D medical scans of their skeletal structure.
The wings' most important features, he explained, were the high curvature or "camber" of the wings. This curvature means that each wing beat produces more lift.
This is because, Dr Bachmann explained, the air flow is accelerated over the upper surface of the curved wing. "So the pressure drops," he said. "[And] the wing is sucked upwards into the lower pressure on the upper wing surface."
The feathery edges of each wing are also extremely fine - reducing any loud turbulence during flight, explained Dr Bachmann.
"Friction noise between single feathers is also reduced [by] their velvety surface," he told BBC Nature.
In fact, Dr Bachmann explained, "all the body parts of the owl are covered by very dense plumage - owls have more feathers than other similarly sized birds".
This soft, dense plumage absorbs other sounds the birds make as they fly.
Dr Bachmann and his team say their eventual aim is to use the structure of barn owl wings to inform the design of new, much quieter airfoils for the aviation industry.
"We're trying to understand the basic principles... that influence the airflow over aircraft and thus reduce noise," he explained.
"[But] we are far away from that point. Maybe in 20 years we can present such a wing.
"Until then, we will conduct many more experiments on owl wings."
- Barn owls can locate their prey in total darkness, using only their hearing
- The owls' heart-shaped face works in a similar way to humans' outer ears - collecting and directing sound toward the inner ears
- Each of a barn owls' two ears is a slightly different size and shape, and one is higher on the bird's head than the other. The owls can analyse the differences in the sound received by each ear to automatically calculate the exact position of that sound-source
The structure of barn owls' wings could provide a guide for the design of quieter and more efficient airfoils
The fine feathery fringes of each wing also help silence the owl's flight
BBC Nature - Barn owl wings adapted for silent flight
The three-dimensional shape of serrations at barn owl wings: towards a typical natural serration as a role model for biomimetic applications
Thomas Bachmann and Hermann Wagner
Barn owl feathers at the leading edge of the wing are equipped with comb-like structures termed serrations on their outer vanes. Each serration is formed by one barb ending that separates and bends upwards. This structure is considered to play a role in air-flow control and noise reduction during flight. Hence, it has considerable potential for engineering applications, particularly in the aviation industry. Several publications have reported possible functions of serrations at artificial airfoils. However, only crude approximations of natural serrations have so far been investigated. We refer to these attempts as zero-order approximations of serrations. It was the goal of this study to present a quantitative three-dimensional characterization of natural serrations as first-order approximations (mean values) and second-order approximations (listed differences depending on the position of the serration along the leading edge). Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used for a three-dimensional reconstruction and investigation with high spatial resolution. Each serration was defined by its length, profile geometry and curvature. Furthermore, the orientation of the serrations at the leading edge was characterized by the inclination angle, the tilt angle and the separation distance of neighboring serrations. These data are discussed with respect to possible applications of serration-like structures for noise suppression and air-flow control.
J Anat. 2011 Aug; 219(2): 192–202.
The three-dimensional shape of serrations at barn owl wings: towards a typical natural serration as a role model for biomimetic applications
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