Modern economic system is increasingly DEBT driven worldwide.
American DEBT is also a source of revenue generation (e.g. Treasury Bonds):
How the Federal Government Borrows Money
The federal government borrows money from the public by issuing securities—bills, notes, and bonds—through the Treasury. Treasury securities are attractive to investors because they are:
- Backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government
- Offered in a wide range of maturities
- Exempt from state and local taxes
- Mostly marketable, meaning they can be resold in the financial market (a small portion are nonmarketable and can’t be resold, like U.S. Savings Bonds).
Investors can easily trade Treasury securities because there are many people interested in buying and selling them at any given time. Investors are willing to pay more for this safety and liquidity—leading to lower borrowing costs (interest on the debt) for the government.
Here is a breakdown of the investors and holders of intragovernmental debt (debt held by government accounts):
Details in the following link:
https://www.gao.gov/americas_fiscal_future?t=federal_debt
Important considerations are BALANCE OF PAYMENTS and Managing the DEBT respectively.
Modern economic system is a complex mix of POSITIVES and NEGATIVES in theory and practice. Things are to be balanced and managed in the long-term.
Russian DEBT is very small (POSITIVE?) but this does not suggest that Russian economy is in good shape and/or worth investing in (NEGATIVE?).
Look at the sheer size of American economy in comparison to that of others:
Some of the greatest minds are in the works to manage a economy that big.
There are contingency arrangements in place as well:
Modern economic system is also subject to SPECULATIONS in practice. You are taking these too seriously... Economists think differently - they have the mindset to take on challenges.