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Wildfire Season

RescueRanger

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Image 1: Panoramic view of the Margalla Hills

The Margalla Hill, Islamabad capital of Pakistan (33o 043'N and 72o 104 055'E, are situated on the north-eastern part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Among Pakistan’s naturally significant safe areas, Margalla national park contains a scrub tree environment associated with biodiversity. It is located in the north-eastern part of the capital city of Islamabad, Punjab and occupies nearly 15,883 hectares.

The park is rich in biodiversity, especially rich in Sino-Himalayan fauna, most notably gray goral, barking deer and the Leopard. Combined MHNP is home to around 600 plant species, 402 bird varieties, 38 mammals and 27 species of reptiles.

Fauna:
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Lark
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Paradise Fly Catcher
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Black Partridge
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Shrikes
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Pheasant
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Spotted Dove
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Egyptian Vulture
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Falcon
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GoshHawk
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Eagles
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Large billed crow
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Leopard
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Jungle Cat
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Asia Leopard Cat
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Wolf
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Golden Jackal
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Caracal
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Red Fox
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White footed fox
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Yellow throated marten
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Grey Mongoose
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Javan mongoose
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Crested porcupine
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Hedgehog
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Pangolin
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Marked palm civet
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Asian Palm Civet
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Small Indian Civet
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Rhesus Macaque
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Northern Palm Squirrel
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Kashmiri Flying Squirrel
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Indian Flying Fox
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Grey Goral
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Muntjac
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Murree Vole
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Wild Boar
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Himalayan Brown Bear
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Russel Viper
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Cobra
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Echis carinatus (Viper)
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Flora: 600 plant species including 32 different type of trees and over 120 herbs.
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The problem:
In the past few days there have been a number of wildfire incidents along trails 6, 4 & 3 and the footpaths leading into the remote villages past the national park boundaries.
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Image 2: Smoke can be seen from the wildfire on Trial No.6 taken on May, 28th. 2021.





The fires have had an impact not just on the local flora but also the fauna that reside within the national park, especially the local wild boar and black bear population:
View attachment 748777
Image 3: Black bears of Margalla Hills

Even unsuspecting tourists had to be rescued who had been affected by heat and smoke inhalation as a result of the wildfires:

As I write this, the fires are still raging, but what is more troubling is that this is nothing new for the city of Islamabad and its iconic hills. Each year, Margalla Hills experience fire incidents mainly in the Chir pine, owing to their dry indicators as a litter over the field having raisin in it and is often named as "hot wood." Incidents of fire arise because of two primary causes i.e. normal and anthropogenic behaviour.

Rock weathering, lightening and hot environment are the normal means of forest fire rising and spreading in the area, while human presence and disturbance in the woodland region and cause of woodland vegetation burning falls in second place based on reports of fire incidents (Brooks and Lusk 2008; Iqbal et al. 2013; Collen et al. 2015).

According to geospatial analysis and mapping carried out of historic wildfires, it was discovered that the majority of wildfires occurred in the months of May - July.

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Image 4: Geospatial Mapping of Burn areas from 2005 - 2018

This map shows Normalized Burn Ratio of Margalla Hills in different distinguished colours from 2005 to 2018 respectively. It can be observed that delta normalized burned area is concentrated in the eastern, central and southern area and had been expanding from 2005 to 2018. The proportion of delta normalised burn ratio increased from 1.4% to 21.9% in 2005 to 2018. Delta normalized burn ratio areas are mainly located near residential and road network covered areas.
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Image 5: Geospatial Mapping of Burn areas from 2005 - 2018

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Image 6: Geospatial Mapping of Burn areas from 2005 - 2018 - Daily Average Max Temperature

Previous studies have suggested that the environment provides 330 a major influence on the intensity of fire and the fire activity under severe climate change pressure 331 (SCHOENNAGEL et al. 2004; Aldersley et al. 2011; Stan et al. 2014).

Further analysis was conducted into terrain density, windspeed, temperature and the forest road network, the data revealed that whilst there is a correlation Average Warmest Quarter Max Temperature (AWQmaT) and Average warmest quarterly precipitation (AWQP) = Hot and dry weather spells, the majority of fires recorded were spread due to anthropogenic (human activity).

Solutions:
 
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Solutions can include the following:

Preventative measures focusing around awareness and education such as:
  • Conducting School Programs
  • Guided walks educating children and the public about wildfire risk and safety and the importance of protecting the biodiversity of the forest
  • Wildfire Prevention Marketing via social media and mass media
  • Effective Wildfire Prevention Patrol (Engaging volunteers to bolster Wildlife Marshals to patrol trails in the wildfire seasons (May-July)
  • Fire Safety around Recreation Areas [Trail 3 and Trail 6]
  • Exhibits and Displays around public trails, parks and in the city educating the public about the risk of open fires in the forest area and what steps to take if a fire is discovered:
FSG+Campfires+11x17+Web+%281%29.jpg


Protective Measures:
Human Patrols around trails 6&3 to reduce risk
Fixed penalty fines for littering and use of open fires in the forest areas.
Placing of incipient fire fighting utilities such as fire stations at strategic locations:
red-fire-buckets-at-an-old-railway-station-picture-id1134656444


Proactive measures:

Internet of Things:
IoT Sensors can measure so many different parameters and it’s time to get creative. With sensors, you could monitor different parameters to detect (and prevent) wildfires.
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • CO2
  • CO
With the development of a wireless multi-sensor network mixing sensors with cameras in a wireless network, you could detect and verify fire in more rural parts of the world and in forest areas. With early signs of an emerging fire, it would be possible to act before disaster strikes. AI & Vital data would be needed for wildfire prevention planning and it can come from a range of sources. Here is a list of potential sources (but it’s not limited to these examples):
  • IoT sensors
  • Cameras
  • Weather data
  • Archived data from the past
  • Modelling tools
  • Satellite images (Geospatial)
  • Social media
By gathering and analysing data with AI, the diverse range of data could help us prevent and even predict the likelihood of a wildfire.

Use of drones:
First responders facing an advancing fire need all the help they can get, and information from smart systems would give firefighters a remarkable advantage along with tools to be able to tackle the fire from a distance. When the Notre Dame Cathedral burned in spring of 2019, French firefighters used DJI drones to survey the blaze and assess their attack plan. Drones might change the way we are fighting fires now and in the future. The Danish Startup Robotto is developing an autonomous drone in collaboration with the Danish Emergency Management Agency, which uses AI to provide a faster and more accurate way to measure fires. Drones can be used to:
  • Survey the fire
  • Extinguish fires
  • Help restore and rebuild infrastructure
  • Find and save people and animals
 
As can be seen from one of the video that they don't have water to put out the fire, i think a pressurized water line is required in that area so that fire fighters can access it in case of emergency.
Moreover you can add a combination of smoke and heat sensors to send alarm in case of fire.
 
As can be seen from one of the video that they don't have water to put out the fire, i think a pressurized water line is required in that area so that fire fighters can access it in case of emergency.
Moreover you can add a combination of smoke and heat sensors to send alarm in case of fire.

Pakistan needs to learn from Australia and California about wildfire management. Wildfires in Islamabad have always been a serious problem for the environment.
 
Around 90pc fires in Margalla Hills work of villagers: IWMB
Ikram Junaidi | Jamal ShahidPublished May 30, 2021 - Updated 37 minutes ago
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This file photo shows smoke rising from a fire in the Margalla Hills. — White Star

This file photo shows smoke rising from a fire in the Margalla Hills. — White Star

ISLAMABAD: About 80 to 90 per cent of fires in the Margalla Hills National Park are the work of residents of surrounding villages, Islamabad Wildlife Management Board (IWWB) Chairperson Rina Saeed Khan told Dawn on Saturday.

Every summer the Capital Development Authority (CDA) inducts nearly 400 villagers on daily wages to patrol and spot forest fires. “But those who are not inducted, set forests on fires in retaliation,” Ms Khan said.

In 2017-18, arsonists caused nearly 50pc damage to the forest area spread across 200 square kilometers. Fortunately, rains kept damage to a minimum last year.

This time, forest fires could be seen from D-12 on Trails 3 and 5 and across Bari Imam. Even Trail 6, one of the pristine conservation areas, was also set ablaze for the first time in 15 years.

“This time, we saw someone setting fire in different patches. Our staff tried to give chase but lost the arsonist in the darkness. The villagers are familiar with the terrain and move fast,” she said.

She said everything was so dry in the fire season, including springs, the shrubs and the pines, that the forest caught fire and spread quickly.

Ms Khan said she had at her disposal only 50 staff members. She said the fires were preventable but CDA did not cooperate and refused to assist the IWMB in making the park better.

“We are the custodian of the national park but we are still a small setup. The parliament should formulate IWMB rules, giving us more powers to hire more staff and have more funding without which we are helpless.”

Though forest fires clear shrubs and let the forest floor catch some sunlight, they were extremely bad for the wildlife especially for the nesting birds as the breeding season is underway, she said.
“We now have funds to use drones to monitor and for surveillance purposes,” she said, explaining that fighting fires was dangerous for her staff.

She reminded trekkers that all the trails were closed to let the fire staff do their job in fighting the forest fires. She said with better coordination among all government departments, fires could be prevented.

Fire fighting operations continue
Capital Development Authority (CDA) Chairman Amer Ali Ahmed on Saturday inspected a fire fighting operation in Margalla Hills National Park.

He encouraged the teams from various civic agencies jointly carrying out all such operations.
Instructions were issued to environment formations to monitor the area and ensure to prevent any fire incident which may occur due to the hot weather.

He further instructed that police, water bowsers and all fire fighting equipment be present in the vicinity to initiate prompt response.

The chairman stressed the need for engaging the local population to prevent such accidents and getting timely information about the locations.

He said it is a challenge which can only be overcome with joint efforts of civil society organisations, local population and all other government organisations.

A number of fire incidents were reported in the Margalla Hills during the current week.
Director Environment Regional Rana Tahir, who headed the fire fighting operation on Saturday, claimed that after five-hour-long efforts the fire was brought under control. He said apparently the cause of the fire was human error as someone might have thrown a burning cigarette into dried bushes which caught the fire. However, a fire later again broke out on the hills.

Spread over 12,605 hectares, the Margalla Hills National Park witnesses fire incidents in the summer every year.

Meanwhile, CDA’s Member Finance and spokesperson Rana Shakil Asghar said that in accordance with the vision of Prime Minister Imran Khan the CDA was giving a new look to the federal capital.

He was speaking at a flag-hoisting ceremony held at Faisal Avenue greenbelt. He said maintaining respect for the national flag was the top priority of the department.

“This flag is the symbol of independence. It will be hoisted with the rising sun and lowered with the setting sun.” He said the CDA had assigned special duties to its workers for this purpose. The flag was hoisted here in 2014.

“But due to the negligence of the previous administration it could not be maintained. However, the flag has been hoisted again due to the interest of the current administration of CDA,” he said.

Published in Dawn, May 30th, 2021
 
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